Next Article in Journal
Potassium-Incorporated Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Modulate Human Dendritic Cell Immune Response to Mycobacterium leprae
Previous Article in Journal
Relevance of the Microbiota on Ocular Diseases: A Bibliometric and Citation Network Analysis
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Lichens from the Roosevelt River Area in the Brazilian Amazon

Instituto de Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenida Costa e Silva, s/n Bairro Universitário, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
Microbiol. Res. 2023, 14(2), 755-786; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14020054
Submission received: 9 May 2023 / Revised: 4 June 2023 / Accepted: 7 June 2023 / Published: 8 June 2023

Abstract

:
Lichens were investigated in Brazil in a small area along the Roosevelt River in Amazonas; 25 species are first reports for Brazil, and 190 additional species are first records for Amazonas state. As many as 24 species are described that are new to science: Allographa lineatipruinosa, Allographa variopruinata, Arthonia xanthopycnidiata, Astrothelium aurantioseptemseptatum, Astrothelium bulbosum, Astrothelium coloratum, Astrothelium inspersonovemseptatum, Astrothelium insulare, Astrothelium laureroides, Astrothelium marjoleinae, Astrothelium meandratum, Astrothelium multireflexum, Astrothelium myopicum, Astrothelium parabathelium, Astrothelium stellare (also known from Mato Grosso state), Astrothelium suprainspersum, Astrothelium xanthocavatum, Ocellularia fuscolichexanthonica, Ocellularia lichexanthocavata, Pertusaria amazonica, Phaeographis xantholirellinata, Porina ramiisidiata, Pseudopyrenula connexa, and Sprucidea squamulosa.

1. Introduction

The serious study of lichens in the Amazon started only recently, with the systematic exploration of all Amazonian states by the author and colleagues. In the last century and before, no papers were published citing more or less complete lists of species from a certain locality. The only paper citing more than 100 lichens from the Amazon [1] cited foliicolous species.
Somewhat surprisingly, apparently no lichenologist has ever carried out comprehensive collection in an Amazon area, or even one single tree, before we started this work (or at least the results were never published). This can be seen from the monographs from the last century. For instance, only 35 species of Trypetheliaceae [2] were known from the whole of Amazonian Brazil (an area of around 5 million km2), based on all records available since the end of the 18th century. Here, I report as many as 83 species of this family in just one small locality of around 10 km2 (less than a thousandth percent). Similarly, the monograph of Laurera Reichenb. (now partly included in Astrothelium Eschw. and partly in Bathelium Ach.) from 1957 [3] treats 23 species for the whole earth (150 million km2), a number that is almost exactly equaled here on 10 km2.
One of the main research questions of our work is how diverse the lichens are in the Amazon. Even after 11 years of intense fieldwork, this is still difficult to assess. The Amazon is known to be a biodiversity hotspot for many groups of organisms, e.g., trees and butterflies, or probably even plants and insects. For other organism groups, such as bryophytes, it is reported to be much less diverse than, e.g., the Andes. In the past ten years, I visited and published lichen records and species from the Amazonian states of Rondônia [4,5,6,7,8,9], Amazonas [10], Amapá [11,12], Acre [13], Pará [14], Mato Grosso [15], and Tocantins [14]. Not every specimen could be identified or described yet, but the majority of the material has been published, although over 50 new Graphidaceae from the Amazon are still waiting to be published.
The Roosevelt river area is located in Amazonas state, at the southern border of the Amazone forest region. The visited area consists largely of mature undisturbed tropical rainforest along a river with many rapids and some exposed siliceous rock with shrubs and small trees. Not far (around 30 km) to the west, there are areas with exposed rocks with drier forest; in all other directions, there are hundreds of kilometers of virtually undisturbed rainforest. No logging has ever taken place in the area or near it.
The area is adjacent to an Amerindian Reserve but privately owned. Occupation started 30 years ago, but little effect of this is visible; there are only a few mango trees aged 30. All there is are a small airstrip and several cabins and a restaurant. It is mostly frequented by fishermen, but there are trails for naturalists. The river is navigable, but there are major rapids just upstream and a bit downstream of the locality, which prevents traffic by boats other than those owned by the owner.
The climate is hot tropical; it is never below 20 degrees Celsius, and the average temperature approaches 30 degrees Celsius. Rainfall is abundant but somewhat seasonal: from October till April, it rains every day; from May till September, it rains intermittently, but still almost every day. There is no weather station nearby, so the average total amount of rainfall is unknown.

2. Materials and Methods

Specimens were observed with an Olympus SZX7 (Olympus, Nieuwegein, Netherlands), and pictures were taken with Nikon Coolpix 995 (Nikon, Breda, Netherlands). Hand-made sections of ascomata and thallus were studied in water, 5% KOH (K), and/or Lugol’s reagent (1% I2) after pre-treatment with KOH (IKI). Microscopic photographs were prepared using an Olympus BX50 (Olympus, Nieuwegein, Netherlands) with Nomarski interference contrast and Nikon Coolpix 995 (Nikon, Breda, Netherlands). Chemical spot reactions are abbreviated as K (5% KOH), C (commercial bleach), KC (K followed by C), and s\P (paraphenylenediamine), and UV refers to fluorescence at 366 nm. Thin-layer chromatography [16] has been undertaken by the author in solvent A. All pictures are 7 × 5 mm.

3. Results

3.1. Diversity

In five days of intensive field work, lichens were collected on all trees (bark and living leaves) along the c. 12 km of trails through the primary forest, and on trees, shrubs, and rock along the river and waterfalls. In total, 1067 specimens were collected; most were separately collected per species in the field, but leaves with foliicolous lichens were pooled, and the separate species were dissected from them in the lab. In total, about 475 species were found, 406 of which could be identified, 25 of which are new reports for Brazil, and 190 of which are first reports for Amazonas state (Table 1). A further 24 more are described as new to science below. Therefore, more than half of the species found were either new to science, Brazil, or Amazonas, highlighting the poor state of knowledge of the Amazon lichens.
One of the problems with collecting lichens in rainforests is that the canopies of the trees are generally out of reach, and the thicker branches in the lower canopy can be especially full of species. The twigs usually yield the same small set of pioneer species that is widely wind-dispersed, while the zone of the branches is generally still, and species cannot disperse well, leading to local endemism. I of course examined every fallen twig, branch, and tree I saw, but I was lucky to find one recently fallen Enterolobium tree (common names: conacaste, guanacaste, caro caro, devil’s ear tree, monkey-ear tree, or elephant-ear tree; Fabaceae family), which I sampled exhaustively. I collected 136 lichen specimens from it, in which I found 98 different species (Table 2), 84 of which could be identified and 7 of which are described below (only one of which was also found elsewhere). Among the unidentified species, there are three additional undescribed Astrothelium species which are, however, overmature.
An indication of the incompleteness of any field trip is that in the present Roosevelt location, as many as 48 species were only found on one recently fallen Enterolobium tree (including seven new species to science). If I had not found this tree, the list would be considerably shorter; if I had been able to examine more complete trees, who knows how many more species I would have found?
Some additional observations can be made based on the c. 15,000 collections collected in the past ten years in Amazonian Brazil: The borders of the Amazon region in the North (Amapá), West (Acre), and East (Tocantins and Pará) are relatively low in species. The central region (Manaus) is richer, but the richest areas are in the South borders (Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and the Roosevelt locality in Amazonas reported upon here). We have no offhand explanation for this; there is no correlation with the supposedly relict areas where rainforest remained in drier geological times, as compared to other Amazon areas that became savannahs. Cristalino in Mato Grosso and the Roosevelt locality in Amazonas share the abundance of exposed rock which contributes to the diversity, but not by as many species.
One analysis I made was if I ever approached the saturation point while collecting, i.e., whether I knew how many species occur in a visited area. I found that for the two places where I spent several field days (Parque Natural, Porto Velho, Rondônia and Reserva Florestal Adolphe Ducke, Manaus, and Amazonas), the number of new species found every day after the third day was not yet falling.

3.2. New Species

Allographa lineatipruinosa Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 1.
MycoBank MB 848702
Diagnosis: Corticolous Allographa with white pruina on the labia (farinulenta-morph), hamathecium not inspersed and ascospores were at least 4/ascus, muriform, 68–72 × 13–16 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,544 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus crustose, continuous, corticate, glossy, pale mineral grey, under 0.1 mm thick, not surrounded by a prothallus. Photobiont trentepohlioid. Ascomata sessile, solitary, linear, wavy, unbranched, 0.3–0.4 mm wide, up to 3 mm long, c. 0.2 mm high, excipulum completely carbonized, not striate, not covered by thallus, disc closed, with white pruina on the labia (farinulenta-morph fide Lücking et al. 2009). Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores at least 4/ascus, hyaline, muriform, 68–72 × 13–16 µm, without gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–. TLC: nil.
Etymology: Named after the elongated line of pruina.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in primary rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out in the world key to Graphis [17] in Group 9 at couplet 26: Labia with a line of white pruina.
Additional specimens examined: BRAZIL. Same details as the types 86,584 and 86,595 (all cgms, abl).
Allographa variopruinata Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 2.
MycoBank MB 848704
Diagnosis: Corticolous Allographa with often white pruina on the labia (farinulenta-morph), hamathecium inspersed and ascospores 8/ascus, 7-septate, 22–24 × 5.5–6.5 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,436 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus crustose, continuous, corticate, dull, whitish grey, up to 0.1 mm thick, not surrounded by a prothallus. Photobiont trentepohlioid. Ascomata erumpent, solitary, linear, wavy, unbranched or sparingly branched, 0.3–0.4 mm wide, up to 4 mm long, c. 0.2 mm high, excipulum completely carbonized, not striate, laterally covered by thallus, disc closed, with white pruina on some labia (similar to farinulenta-morph fide Lücking et al. 2009). Hamathecium inspersed. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 7-septate, 22–24 × 5.5–6.5 µm, without gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, K+ yellow, KC–, P+ orange. TLC: Stictic acid.
Etymology: Named after the variable pruina.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in primary rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out in the world key to Graphis [17] in Group 10 at couplet 3: Labia often with white pruina.
Arthonia xanthopycnidiata Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 3.
MycoBank MB 848705
Diagnosis: Corticolous Arthonia with pale brown apothecia, ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 1-septate, clavate, 9–10.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm, and pycnidia that are UV+ yellow.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on wood in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,467 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus crustose, continuous, not corticate, dull, pale whitish grey, under 0.1 mm thick, mostly immersed in the wood, not surrounded by a prothallus. Photobiont trentepohlioid. Ascomata sessile, solitary or in fused rows, superficial on the substratum, round to ellipsoid in outline, 0.2–0.3 mm wide, up to 1.5 mm long, c. 0.1 mm high, disc very pale brown. Epihymenium almost hyaline. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 1-septate, clavate, 9–10.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm, without gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia superficial on the thallus, whitish, hemispherical, c. 0.1 mm diam. Conidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–; pycnidia UV+ yellow. TLC: Lichexanthone.
Etymology: Named after the yellow UV reaction of only the pycnidia.
Ecology and distribution: On wood in primary rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species is most similar to common pantropical Arthonia antillarum Fée, but differs by the lichexanthone being only present on the pycnidia instead of the thallus.
Astrothelium aurantioseptemseptatum Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 4.
MycoBank MB 848706
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus orange-green, UV+ orange, ascomata fused, immersed in thallus-covered hemispherical pseudostromata, hamathecium inspersed, and ascospores 7-septate, 40–47 × 14–16 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 87,330 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus dull to shiny, orange-green, surrounded by a 0.2 mm wide black prothallus line. Ascomata pyriform, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., fully immersed in thallus-covered hemispherical pseudostromata. Ostioles skewed, fused, black, one or two per pseudostroma. Hamathecium inspersed with hyaline oil globules. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 7-septate, 40–47 × 14–16 µm, long-ellipsoid, lumina diamond-shaped, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV+ orange, C–, P–, K+ red. TLC: An anthraquinone.
Etymology: Named for the orange thallus and the 7-septate ascospores.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key J, couplet 40: Thallus with superficial orange pigment.
Astrothelium bulbosum Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 5.
MycoBank MB 848707
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus pale metallic green, UV–, pseudostromata mottled whitish and pale brownish, UV+ yellow, ascomata in groups of 10–40 in pseudostromata, ostioles apical, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores muriform, 42–47 × 15–16.5 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on Enterolobium tree bark in primary rain-forest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86111 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus glossy, pale metallic green, not surrounded by a prothallus. Ascomata globose, 0.2–0.4 mm diam., immersed in groups of 10–40 in pseudostromata. Pseudostromata raised, mottled whitish and pale brownish, irregular to somewhat linear or almost reticulate, 1–2 mm wide, up to 6 mm long. Ostioles apical, single, pale brown. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores generally 4/ascus, hyaline, muriform, 42–47 × 15–16.5 µm, long-ellipsoid, without thickened central septum, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, P–, K–; pseudostromata UV+ orange, C–, P–, K+ red. TLC: An anthraquinone.
Etymology: Named for the bulbose pseudostromata.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key L, couplet 16: Pseudostromata with pigment that is not very pronounced but causes a UV+ orange reaction.
Astrothelium coloratum Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 6.
MycoBank MB 848708
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus pale metallic green, UV+ yellow, ascomata in groups of 2–30 in UV+ yellow and orange pseudostromata with both lichexanthone and anthraquinone, ostioles apical, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores muriform, 100–117 × 18–21 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,586 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus glossy, pale metallic green, surrounded by a c. 0.1 mm wide black prothallus line. Ascomata globose, 0.2–0.4 mm diam., immersed in groups of 2–30 in pseudostromata. Pseudostromata raised, yellow, irregular to somewhat linear or almost reticulate, 1–2 mm wide, up to 4 mm long. Ostioles apical, single, black, surrounded by a c. 0.2 mm wide whitish area. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores generally 4/ascus, hyaline, muriform, 100–117 × 18–21 µm, long-ellipsoid, without thickened central septum, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia present in young pseudostromata. Conidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV+ yellow, C–, P–, K––; pseudostromata UV+ yellow and orange (both anthraquinone and lichexanthone present on the pseudostromata), C–, P–, K+ red. TLC: An anthraquinone and lichexanthone.
Etymology: Named for the various, both in daylight and under UV.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key L, couplet 4: Lichexanthone present on thallus and pseudostromata.
Astrothelium inspersonovemseptatum Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 7.
MycoBank MB 848709
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus pale olivaceous green, UV–, ascomata immersed in whitish erumpent pseudostromata, ostioles fused, hamathecium inspersed, and ascospores 9-septate, 60–64 × 12–14 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 85,920 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus shiny, pale olivaceous green, not surrounded by prothallus. Ascomata pyriform, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., fully immersed in mostly thallus-covered erumpent pseudostromata. Pseudostromata whitish. Ostioles skewed, fused, black, four per pseudostroma. Hamathecium inspersed with hyaline oil globules. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 9-septate, 60–64 × 12–14 µm, long-ellipsoid, lumina diamond-shaped, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, P–, K–. TLC: nil.
Etymology: Named for the inspersed hamathecium and the 9-septate ascospores.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key K, couplet 23: Ascospores 9-septate, ostioles fused, pseudostromata whitish, with 1–4 groups of fused ascomata, sideways covered by thallus.
Astrothelium insulare Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 8.
MycoBank MB 848710
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus pale metallic green, UV–, ascomata 3 to 10 per pseudostroma, which are whitish and almost flush with the thallus, ostioles skewed, hamathecium inspersed, and ascospores 13–16-septate, 50–56 × 14–16.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,484 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus shiny, pale metallic green, not surrounded by prothallus. Ascomata pyriform, 0.5–0.8 mm diam., fully immersed inside the bark below the thallus. Pseudostromata almost flush with the thallus, irregularly shaped, whitish, c. 1–2 mm diam. Ostioles skewed, single, pale brown, concave, 3 to 10 per pseudostroma. Hamathecium inspersed with hyaline oil globules. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 13–16-septate, 50–56 × 14–16 µm, long-ellipsoid, lumina diamond-shaped, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, P–, K–. TLC: nil.
Etymology: Named for the island-shaped pattern formed by the pseudostromata.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key K, couplet 23: Ascospores 13–16-septate, ostioles single, pseudostromata whitish, almost flush with the thallus.
Astrothelium laureroides Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 9.
MycoBank MB 848711
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus pale olivaceous green, UV–, ascomata in groups of 10–40 in raised brownish, UV+ orange pseudostromata, ostioles apical, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores muriform, 75–80 × 15–17 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on Enterolobium tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,116 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus glossy, pale olivaceous green, not surrounded by prothallus. Ascomata globose, 0.2–0.4 mm diam., immersed in groups of 10–40 in pseudostromata. Pseudostromata raised, brownish, irregular to somewhat linear or almost reticulate, 1–2 mm wide, up to 4 mm long. Ostioles apical, single, black, surrounded by a c. 0.2 mm wide whitish area. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores generally 4/ascus, hyaline, muriform, 75–80 × 15–17 µm, long-ellipsoid, without thickened central septum, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, P–, K–; pseudostromata UV+ orange, C–, P–, K+ red. TLC: An anthraquinone.
Etymology: Named for the similarity to the former genus Laurera.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key L, couplet 20: Pseudostromata raised, brownish, but UV+ orange.
Astrothelium marjoleinae Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 10.
MycoBank MB 848712
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus orange-green, UV+ orange, ascomata immersed in thallus-covered hemispherical, UV+ orange pseudostromata, ostioles fused, hamathecium inspersed, and ascospores 7–9-septate, 62–67 × 11–13 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,378 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus dull to shiny, orange-green, not surrounded by prothallus. Ascomata pyriform, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., fully immersed in thallus-covered hemispherical pseudostromata. Ostioles skewed, fused, black, surrounded by a 0.2 mm wide whitish area, 1–3 groups per pseudostroma. Hamathecium inspersed with hyaline oil globules. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 7–9-septate, 62–67 × 11–13 µm, long-ellipsoid, lumina diamond-shaped, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV+ orange, C–, P–, K+ red; pseudostromata UV+ orange, C–, P–, K+ red. TLC: An anthraquinone.
Etymology: Named for the my wife, whom I married in the week that I described this species.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key J, couplet 40: Thallus and pseudostromata orange-green, ascospores 7–9-septate, 62–67 × 11–13 µm.
Additional material examined. Same details as the type, Aptroot 86,389, 86,411, & 86,418 (all cgms, abl).
Astrothelium meandratum Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 11.
MycoBank MB 848713
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus pale olivaceous green, UV–, ascomata immersed inside the bark below whitish pseudostromata which are flush with the bark, ostioles fused, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores 1/ascus, muriform, 270–305 × 42–46 µm, fusiform, median septum strongly thickened.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on Enterolobium tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,094 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus shiny, olivaceous green, not surrounded by prothallus. Ascomata pyriform, 0.5–0.8 mm diam., fully immersed inside the bark below the pseudostromata. Pseudostromata almost flush with the thallus, round to lobate following the contours of the ascomata, whitish, c. 1–4 mm diam. Ostioles lateral, 3–10 fused, pale brown, convex, 1 fused group per pseudostroma. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores 1/ascus, hyaline, muriform, 270–305 × 42–46 µm, fusiform, median septum strongly thickened, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, P–, K–. TLC: nil.
Etymology: Named for the meandering outline of the pseudostromata.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key O, couplet 18: Ascospores 270–305 × 42–46 µm.
Astrothelium multireflexum Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 12.
MycoBank MB 848715
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus pale metallic green, UV–, ascomata in groups of 5–30 in raised, yellow, UV+ orange pseudostromata, ostioles apical, UV+ yellow, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores muriform, 65–77 × 12–14 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on Enterolobium tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,112 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus glossy, pale metallic green, not surrounded by prothallus. Ascomata globose, 0.2–0.4 mm diam., immersed in groups of 5–30 in pseudostromata. Pseudostromata raised, yellow, round to irregular in outline, 1–2 mm wide, up to 4 mm long. Ostioles apical, single, c. 0.2 mm wide, whitish to brown. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores generally 4/ascus, hyaline, muriform, 65–77 × 12–14 µm, long-ellipsoid, without thickened central septum, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, P–, K–; pseudostromata UV+ orange, C–, P–, K+ red; ostioles UV+ yellow. TLC: An anthraquinone and lichexanthone.
Etymology: Named for the various UV-reactions of the different thallus parts.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key L, couplet 4: Lichexanthone only on the ostioles; pseudostromata yellow.
Astrothelium myopicum Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 13.
MycoBank MB 848716
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus orange-green, UV+ orange, ascomata in laterally thallus-covered hemispherical, UV+ orange pseudostromata which are at the tops flat, brown, and not thallus-covered, ostioles fused, hamathecium inspersed, and ascospores 7–9-septate, 35–45 × 9–10 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on Enterolobium tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,109 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus dull to shiny, orange-green, not surrounded by prothallus. Ascomata pyriform, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., fully immersed in laterally thallus-covered hemispherical pseudostromata. Pseudostromata at the tops flat, brown, and not thallus-covered. Ostioles skewed, fused, brown, surrounded by a 0.2 mm wide whitish area, 1–3 groups per pseudostroma. Hamathecium inspersed with hyaline oil globules. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 7–9-septate, 35–45 × 9–10 µm, long-ellipsoid, lumina diamond-shaped, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV+ orange, C–, P–, K+ red; pseudostromata UV+ orange, C–, P–, K+ red. TLC: An anthraquinone.
Etymology: Named for the ostioles that give the impression of myopic eyes.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key J, couplet 40: Thallus and pseudostromata orange-green, ascospores 7–9-septate, 35–45 × 9–10 µm.
Astrothelium parabathelium Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 14.
MycoBank MB 848717
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus olivaceous green, UV+ yellow, ascomata in groups of c. 3–40 in brownish, UV-pseudostromata, ostioles apical, UV+ yellow, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores muriform, 115–130 × 18–21 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,535 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus glossy, olivaceous green, not surrounded by prothallus. Ascomata globose, 0.2–0.4 mm diam., immersed in groups of c. 3–40 in pseudostromata. Pseudostromata raised, brownish, irregular to somewhat linear or almost reticulate, 1–2 mm wide, up to 4 mm long. Ostioles apical, whitish to pale or dark brown to black, convex, c. 0.1 mm wide. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores generally 4/ascus, hyaline, muriform, 115–130 × 18–21 µm, long-ellipsoid, without thickened central septum, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV+ yellow, C–, P–, K–; pseudostromata UV–, C–, P–, K–; ostioles UV+ yellow. TLC: Lichexanthone.
Etymology: Named for the similarity to Bathelium.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key L, couplet 13: Pseudostromata brown, superficial; thallus and ostioles UV+ yellow.
Astrothelium stellare Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 15.
MycoBank MB 848718
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus olivaceous green, UV–, ascomata in groups of c. 3–40 in raised, brown to whitish, UV– pseudostromata, ostioles apical, UV+ yellow, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores muriform, 120–140 × 23–27 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on Enterolobium tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,110 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus glossy, olivaceous green, not surrounded by prothallus. Ascomata globose, 0.2–0.4 mm diam., immersed in groups of c. 3–40 in pseudostromata. Pseudostromata raised, brown to whitish, often mottled, occasionally with patches of thallus cover, round to lobate to irregular to somewhat linear or almost reticulate, 1–2 mm wide, up to 4 mm long. Ostioles apical, single, whitish to pale or dark brown, convex, c. 0.1 mm wide. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores generally 4/ascus, hyaline, muriform, 120–140 × 23–27 µm, long-ellipsoid, IKI+ blue, without thickened central septum, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus and pseudostromata UV–, C–, P–, K–; ostioles UV+ yellow, C–, P–, K–. TLC: Lichexanthone.
Etymology: Named for the brilliantly UV+ yellow ostioles that evoke a starry night.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key L, couplet 13: Pseudostromata brown, superficial; only ostioles UV+ yellow.
Additional material examined. Same as the type, Aptroot 86,113, 86,129, 86,338, and 86,343; Mato Grosso: Reserva Cristalino, alt. 250–350 m, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 22–29 April 2021, Aptroot 84,061, 84,065 (all cgms, abl).
Astrothelium suprainspersum Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 16.
MycoBank MB 848719
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus pale olivaceous green, UV+ yellow, ascomata in groups of c. 3–20 in raised, dark brown to black, UV+ yellow pseudostromata with thin to thick whitish, often mottled, pruina, ostioles apical, hamathecium inspersed, and ascospores 3-septate, 18–21 × 6–7.5 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,416 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus glossy, pale olivaceous green, with thin to thick whitish, often mottled, pruina, not surrounded by prothallus. Ascomata globose, 0.2–0.4 mm diam., immersed in groups of c. 3–20 in pseudostromata. Pseudostromata raised, dark brown to to black but with thin to thick whitish, often mottled, pruina, round to lobate to irregular to somewhat linear or almost reticulate, 0.7–1.3 mm wide, up to 3 mm long. Ostioles apical, single, brown, concave, c. 0.1 mm wide. Hamathecium inspersed with hyaline oil droplets, but only in the upper half. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 3-septate, 18–21 × 6–7.5 µm, long-ellipsoid, lumina diamond-shaped, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV+ yellow, C–, P–, K–; pseudostromata UV+ yellow, C–, P–, K–. TLC: Lichexanthone.
Etymology: Named for the inspersion in the upper half of the hamathecium.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key H, couplet 7: Hamathecium inspersed with hyaline oil droplets, but only in the upper half, ascospores 18–21 × 6–7.5 µm.
Astrothelium xanthocavatum Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 17.
MycoBank MB 848720
Diagnosis: Corticolous Astrothelium with thallus pale olivaceous brown, UV–, ascomata in groups of 1–10 in whitish, partly UV+ yellow pseudostramata that are almost flush with the thallus, ostioles apical, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores 1/ascus, hyaline, muriform, 140–175 × 21–24 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,551 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus shiny, pale olivaceous brown, not surrounded by prothallus. Ascomata pyriform, 0.4–0.8 mm diam., mostly immersed inside the bark below the thallus, but usually some black parts exposed. Pseudostromata almost flush with the thallus, round to lobate to somewhat irregularly linear, whitish, c. 1–2 mm wide, up to 3 mm long, containing 1–10 ascomata. Ostioles apical, black, c. 0.1 mm diam. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores 1/ascus, hyaline, muriform, 140–175 × 21–24 µm, long ellipsoid, without thickened median septum, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, P–, K–; pseudostromata partly UV+ yellow, C–, P–, K–. TLC: Lichexanthone.
Etymology: Named for the yellow UV reaction and the cavate ascomata.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key L, couplet 13: Pseudostromata almost flush with the thallus, whitish, with UV+ yellow patches, ascospores 140–175 × 21–24 µm.
Ocellularia fuscolichexanthonica Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 18.
MycoBank MB 848721
Diagnosis: Corticolous Ocellularia with thallus medulla UV+ white, cortex UV+ yellow, columella isodiametric, c. 0.1 mm wide, surface white, internally brown, excipulum with brown ring-shaped tips, hamathecium not inspersed, ascospores brown, 3-septate, ellipsoid, 18–21 × 7.5–8.5 µm
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,492 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus crustose, continuous, corticate, somewhat shiny, pale whitish grey, up to 0.3 mm thick, not surrounded by a prothallus. Photobiont trentepohlioid. Ascomata immersed in the thallus, solitary, round, 0.3–0.4 mm diam., disc brown-black, white pruinose, columella isodiametric, c. 0.1 mm wide, surface white, internally brown. Excipulum with brown ring-shaped tips. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores 8/ascus, brown, 3-septate, ellipsoid, 18–21 × 7.5–8.5 µm, without gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus medulla UV+ white, C–, K–, KC–, P–; thallus cortex UV+ yellow, C–, K–, KC–, P–. TLC: Lichexanthone and hypothamnolic acid.
Etymology: Named after the brown ascospores and the thallus with lichexanthone.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in primary rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species differs from all known species in the genus (and in the family) due to the combination of 3-septate brown ascospores, lichexanthone in the thallus, and the presence of a columella that is brown inside.
Ocellularia lichexanthocavata Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 19.
MycoBank MB 848722
Diagnosis: Corticolous Ocellularia with thallus UV+ yellow, columella isodiametric, c. 0.1 mm wide, surface and internally black, margin of thallus color, medulla with copious orange-yellow crystals, excipulum with black ring-shaped tips, hamathecium not inspersed, ascospores hyaline, 5-septate, long ellipsoid, 18–21 × 5.5–6.5 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,424 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus crustose, continuous, slightly verrucose, corticate, somewhat shiny, pale whitish grey, up to 0.1 mm thick, surrounded by a black prothallus line. Photobiont trentepohlioid. Ascomata erumpent from the thallus, solitary, round, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., disc black, not pruinose, columella isodiametric, c. 0.1 mm wide, surface and internally black, margin of thallus color, medulla with copious orange-yellow crystals. Excipulum with black ring-shaped tips. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 5-septate, long ellipsoid, 18–21 × 5.5–6.5 µm, without gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV+ yellow, C–, K+ red, KC–, P–. TLC: Lichexanthone and an orange-(Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Etymology: Named after the thallus with lichexanthone and similarity to O. cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in primary rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species is very similar to the type of the genus O. cavata, but it has lichexanthone in the thallus.
Pertusaria amazonica Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 20.
MycoBank MB 848723
Diagnosis: Saxicolous Pertusaria with thallus medulla UV+ white, cortex UV+ yellow, with isidia of thallus color but with black tips, sparsely dichotomously branched, c. 0.3 mm wide, up to 1.3 mm long, hamathecium not inspersed, ascomata globose, c. 0.4 mm diam., 2–8 immersed in sessile warts of thallus color that are constricted at the base, 1–2 mm diam., ascospores 8/ascus but usually four ascospores maturating, hyaline, ellipsoid, 75–97 × 32–40 µm, wall c. 8 µm wide, smooth.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on siliceous rock along the river in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,458 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus crustose, continuous, corticate, dull, metallic grey, up to 0.3 mm thick, up to 1 m diam., not surrounded by a c. 2–5 mm wide, zonated prothallus. Isidia sparse or copious, of thallus color but with black tips, sparsely dichotomously branched, c. 0.3 mm wide, up to 1.3 mm long. Photobiont trebouxioid. Ascomata globose, c. 0.4 mm diam., 2–8 immersed in sessile warts of thallus color that are constricted at the base, 1–2 mm diam. And c. 1 mm high. Ostioles concave, grey, c. 0.2 mm diam. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores 8/ascus but usually four ascospores maturating, hyaline, ellipsoid, 75–97 × 32–40 µm, wall c. 8 µm wide, smooth. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus medulla UV+ white, C–, K–, KC–, P–; thallus cortex UV+ yellow, C–, K–, KC–, P–. TLC: Lichexanthone and divaricatic acid aggregate.
Etymology: Named after the small muriform ascospores.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in primary rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out in the world key [19] in Group 21 at couplet 4: Thallus with isidia, with divaricatic acid. Pertusaria species are very scarce in the Amazon, just like Lecanora and in general all lichens with trebouxioid algae. This species is locally very abundant, covering many complete rockfaces. The new species is markedly different from any described species due to the presence of isidia and the chemistry of lichexanthone and divaricatic acid. Over 100 species of Pertusaria are already described or reported from Brazil, but a preliminary analysis of our recently collected specimens suggests that at least 200 species probably occur there.
Additional specimens examined: Same details as the type, Aptroot 86,452, 8457, 86,521, 86,531, 86,441, 86,445, 86,459, 87,342, and 87,347 (all cgms; abl).
Phaeographis xantholirellinata Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 21.
MycoBank MB 848724
Diagnosis: Corticolous Phaeographis with thallus UV– and K–, lirellae deeply crenately furrowed, UV+ yellow, hamathecium not inspersed; ascospores brown, 3-septate, clavate, 19–20 × 7–8 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,349 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus crustose, continuous, corticate, glossy, pale greenish grey, up to 0.1 mm thick, not surrounded by a prothallus. Photobiont trentepohlioid. Ascomata erumpent, linear, wavy and branched in outline, 0.25–0.35 mm wide, up to 7 mm long, c. 0.2 mm high, disc grey (pruinose?), margin raised much above the disc, cream white, deeply crenately furrowed, c. 0.1 mm wide. Excipulum and hypothecium not carbonized. Epihymenium pale brown. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores 8/ascus, brown, 3-septate, clavate, 19–20 × 7–8 µm, without gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–; lirellae UV+ yellow, C–, K–, KC–, P–. TLC: Lichexanthone.
Etymology: Named after the lirellae that are UV+ yellow.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in primary rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species differs from all known species in the genus (and family) by the yellow reflecting crenate lirellae.
Porina ramiisidiata Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 22.
MycoBank MB 848725
Diagnosis: Corticolous Porina with thallus ochraceous green, with isidia in irregular groups, cylindrical, irregularly branched, c. 0.1 mm wide and up to 0.8 mm long, often ending in white prothallus filaments.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,322 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus glossy, olivaceous green, up to 7 cm diam., surrounded by a whitish prothallus line. Isidia in irregular groups, cylindrical, irregularly branched, c. 0.1 mm wide and up to 0.8 mm long, often ending in white prothallus filaments. Ascomata and pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–. TLC: nil.
Etymology: Named for the branched isidia.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species was sterile, but sequence data showed that it is (indeed) a Porina. It differs from all other isidiate species so far described in the irregularly branched isidia that often end in white prothallus.
Pseudopyrenula connexa Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 23.
MycoBank MB 848726
Diagnosis: Corticolous Pseudopyrenula with thallus pale ochraceous white, UV–, ascomata 1–8 immersed in carbonized pseudostroma, ostioles fused, hamathecium inspersed, and ascospores 3-septate, 24–25.5 × 6.5–7.5 µm.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 85,964 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus dull, not corticate, pale ochraceous white, not surrounded by a prothallus. Ascomata pyriform, 0.2–0.4 mm diam., 1–8 immersed in carbonized pseudostroma. Ostioles skewed, fused, black. Hamathecium inspersed with hyaline oil globules. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 3-septate, 24–25.5 × 6.5–7.5 µm, long-ellipsoid, lumina diamond-shaped, not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–. TLC: nil.
Etymology: Named for the connected ostioles.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out as follows in the world key [18]: key Y, couplet 18: Ostioles skewed, fused.
Sprucidea squamulosa Aptroot, sp. nov. Figure 24.
MycoBank MB 848728
Diagnosis: Corticolous Sprucidea with thallus with norsoloronic acid, microsquamulose on a continuous black hypothallus, consisting of a 0.1–0.4 mm thick layer of squamules, greyish green mottled with bright brick red patches, surrounded by a black prothallus line, which is a continuation of the hypothallus. Squamules greatly dissected into lobules of c. 0.03 mm wide, flattened, at the margin, often fragmenting into small propagules.
Type: BRAZIL. Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, Pousada Rio Roosevelt, alt. 100 m, 8°29′ S, 60°58′ W, on Enterolobium tree bark in primary rainforest, 16–20 May 2022, A. Aptroot 86,075 (holotype: cgms; isotype: abl).
Description: Thallus microsquamulose on a continuous black hypothallus, consisting of a 0.1–0.4 mm thick layer of squamules, greyish green mottled with bright brick red patches, surrounded by a black prothallus line, which is a continuation of the hypothallus. Squamules greatly dissected into lobules of c. 0.03 mm wide, flattened, at the margin often fragmenting into small propagules. Photobiont trebouxioid. Ascomata and pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, K+ purple, KC–, P–. TLC: Norsoloronic acid.
Etymology: Named after the squamules.
Ecology and distribution: On tree bark in primary rainforest; only known from Brazil.
Discussion: This species would key out in the world key [20] at couplet 2: Thallus microsquamulose.

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 who provided a visiting professorship to the author. The Stichting Hugo de Vries Fonds kindly gave a generous grant for the fieldwork.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Lücking, R.; Kalb, K. Foliikole Flechten aus Brasilien (vornehmlich Amazonien), inklusive einer Checkliste und Bemerkungen zu Coenogonium und Dimerella (Gyalectaceae). Bot. Jahrbücher Für Syst. Pflanzengesch. Pflanzengeogr. 2000, 122, 1–61. [Google Scholar]
  2. Harris, R.C. The family Trypetheliaceae (Loculoascomycetes: Lichenized Melanommatales) in Amazonian Brazil. Suppl. Acta Amaz. 1984, 14, 55–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Letrouit-Galinou, M.A. Révision monographique du genre Laurera (lichens, Trypéthéliacées). Rev. Bryol. Lichénologique 1957, 26, 207–264. [Google Scholar]
  4. Aptroot, A.; Cáceres, M.E.S. Pyrenocarpous lichens (except Trypetheliaceae) in Rondônia. Lichenologist 2013, 45, 763–785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Aptroot, A.; Cáceres, M.E.S. New lichen species from termite nests in rainforest in Brazilian Rondônia and adjacent Amazonas. Lichenologist 2014, 46, 365–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Aptroot, A.; Cáceres, M.E.S. A key to the microfoliose, foliose and related crustose lichens from Rondônia, Brazil, with the description of four new species. Lichenologist 2014, 46, 783–799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Aptroot, A.; Cáceres, M.E.S. New Trypetheliaceae from the Amazon basin in Rondônia (Brazil), the centre of diversity of the genus Astrothelium. Lichenologist 2016, 48, 693–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Cáceres, M.E.S.; Ertz, D.; Aptroot, A. New species and interesting records of Arthoniales from the Amazon, Rondônia, Brazil. Lichenologist 2014, 46, 573–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Cáceres, M.E.S.; Aptroot, A.; Parnmen, S.; Lücking, R. Remarkable diversity of the lichen family Graphidaceae in the Amazon rain forest of Rondônia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 2014, 189, 87–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Aptroot, A.; Cavalcante, J.G.; dos Santos, L.A.; Oliveira, I., Jr.; Oliveira Lima, D.; Cáceres, M.E.S. Checklist of the lichens of the Reserva Florestal Adolphe Ducke in Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil). Mycotaxon 2021, 136, 685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Cáceres, M.E.S.; Aptroot, A. First inventory of lichens from the Brazilian Amazon in Amapá State. Bryologist 2016, 119, 250–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Aptroot, A.; Cáceres, M.E.S. New Arthoniales from Amapá (Amazonian North Brazil) show unexspected relationships. Lichenologist 2017, 49, 607–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Aptroot, A.; dos Santos, L.A.; Cavalcante, J.G.; Oliveira, I., Jr.; Cáceres, M.E.S. Lichens from Brazil: A checklist of lichenized fungi from Acre, in the Amazon. Mycotaxon 2021, 136, 541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Aptroot, A.; Feuerstein, S.C.; Cunha-Dias, I.P.R.; Nunes, A.R.L.; Honorato, M.E.; Cáceres, M.E.S. New lichen species and lichen reports from Amazon forest remnants and Cerrado vegetation in the Tocantina region, northern Brazil. Bryologist 2017, 120, 320–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Aptroot, A.; Souza, M.F.; dos Santos, L.A.; Oliveira, I., Jr.; Barbosa, B.M.C.; Cáceres, M.E.S. New species of lichenized fungi from Brazil, with a record report of 492 species in a small area of the Amazon Forest. Bryologist 2022, 125, 433–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Orange, A.; James, P.J.; White, F.J. Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens; British Lichen Society: London, UK, 2010. [Google Scholar]
  17. Lücking, R.; Archer, A.W.; Aptroot, A. A world-wide key to the genus Graphis (Ostropales: Graphidaceae). Lichenologist 2009, 41, 363–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Aptroot, A. World key to the species of Pyrenulaceae and Trypetheliaceae. Arch. Lichenol. 2022, 29, 1–90. [Google Scholar]
  19. Archer, A.W.; Elix, J.A. A Preliminary World-Wide Key to the Lichen Genus Pertusaria. 2018. Available online: https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/getmedia/02569f19-bddb-4865-9155-6156d95939f1/Revised-Pertusaria-key-final-August-2018.pdf.aspx (accessed on 7 May 2023).
  20. Cáceres, M.E.S.; Aptroot, A.; Mendonça, C.O.; dos Santos, L.A.; Lücking, R. Sprucidea, a further genus of rain forest lichens in the family Malmideaceae (Ascomycota). Bryologist 2017, 120, 202–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1. Allographa lineatipruinosa.
Figure 1. Allographa lineatipruinosa.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g001
Figure 2. Allographa variopruinata.
Figure 2. Allographa variopruinata.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g002
Figure 3. Arthonia xanthopycnidiata. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with pycnidia yellow.
Figure 3. Arthonia xanthopycnidiata. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with pycnidia yellow.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g003
Figure 4. Astrothelium aurantioseptemseptatum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV-light with thallus orange.
Figure 4. Astrothelium aurantioseptemseptatum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV-light with thallus orange.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g004
Figure 5. Astrothelium bulbosum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with pseudostromata orrange.
Figure 5. Astrothelium bulbosum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with pseudostromata orrange.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g005
Figure 6. Astrothelium coloratum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV-light with thallus yellow and pseudostromata partly yellow, partly orange.
Figure 6. Astrothelium coloratum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV-light with thallus yellow and pseudostromata partly yellow, partly orange.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g006
Figure 7. Astrothelium inspersoseptatum.
Figure 7. Astrothelium inspersoseptatum.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g007
Figure 8. Astrothelium insulare.
Figure 8. Astrothelium insulare.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g008
Figure 9. Astrothelium laurerioides. (left), daylight; (right), under UV-light with pseudostromata orange.
Figure 9. Astrothelium laurerioides. (left), daylight; (right), under UV-light with pseudostromata orange.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g009
Figure 10. Astrothelium marjoleinae. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with thallus and pseudostromata orange.
Figure 10. Astrothelium marjoleinae. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with thallus and pseudostromata orange.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g010
Figure 11. Astrothelium meandratum.
Figure 11. Astrothelium meandratum.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g011
Figure 12. Astrothelium multireflexum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV-light with pseudostromata orange and ostioles yellow.
Figure 12. Astrothelium multireflexum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV-light with pseudostromata orange and ostioles yellow.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g012
Figure 13. Astrothelium myopicum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with thallus and pseudostromata orange.
Figure 13. Astrothelium myopicum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with thallus and pseudostromata orange.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g013
Figure 14. Astrothelium parabathelium. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with thallus and ostioles yellow.
Figure 14. Astrothelium parabathelium. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with thallus and ostioles yellow.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g014
Figure 15. Astrothelium stellare. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with ostioles yellow.
Figure 15. Astrothelium stellare. (left), daylight; (right), under UV light with ostioles yellow.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g015
Figure 16. Astrothelium suprainspersum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV-light with thallus and pseudostromata yellow.
Figure 16. Astrothelium suprainspersum. (left), daylight; (right), under UV-light with thallus and pseudostromata yellow.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g016
Figure 17. Astrothelium xanthocavatum.
Figure 17. Astrothelium xanthocavatum.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g017
Figure 18. Ocellularia fuscolichexanthonica.
Figure 18. Ocellularia fuscolichexanthonica.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g018
Figure 19. Ocellularia lichexanthocavata.
Figure 19. Ocellularia lichexanthocavata.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g019
Figure 20. Pertusaria amazonica.
Figure 20. Pertusaria amazonica.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g020
Figure 21. Phaeographis xantholirellinata.
Figure 21. Phaeographis xantholirellinata.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g021
Figure 22. Porina ramiisidiata.
Figure 22. Porina ramiisidiata.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g022
Figure 23. Pseudopyrenula connexa.
Figure 23. Pseudopyrenula connexa.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g023
Figure 24. Sprucidea squamulosa.
Figure 24. Sprucidea squamulosa.
Microbiolres 14 00054 g024
Table 1. New records for Brazil (BR) or Amazonas State (AM); only one Aptroot collection number is mentioned.
Table 1. New records for Brazil (BR) or Amazonas State (AM); only one Aptroot collection number is mentioned.
SpeciesNew#Substratum
Acanthothecis peplophoraBR87,255bark
Allographa angustataAM86,357bark
Allographa balbisiiAM86,462siliceous rock
Allographa flavensBR86,359twig
Allographa longulaAM85,997bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Allographa rufopallidaAM86,404bark
Anomomorpha sordidaAM87,231bark
Anthracothecium prasinumAM86,298bark
Architrypethelium grandeAM85,967bark
Arthonia parantillarumAM86,549bark
Astrochapsa astroideaAM85,969bark
Astrochapsa calathiformisBR86,197bark
Astrothelium astrolucidumAM87,353bark
Astrothelium aureomaculatumAM86,036bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Astrothelium chapadenseAM86,011bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Astrothelium eustomumAM86,047bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Astrothelium floridanumAM85,917bark
Astrothelium globosumAM86,062bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Astrothelium inspersotuberculosumAM86,114bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Astrothelium introflavidumAM86,017bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Astrothelium leucosessileAM86,053bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Arthonia mediellaBR86,365pebbles
Astrothelium megaeneumAM85,908bark
Astrothelium mesoduplexAM86,103bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Astrothelium neogalbineumAM86,035bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Astrothelium neovariolosumAM86,379bark
Astrothelium nicaraguenseBR86,498bark
Astrothelium novemseptatumAM85,916bark
Astrothelium ochroleucoidesAM86,033bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Astrothelium pallidoflavumBR86,009bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Astrothelium pyrenastrosulphureumAM86,568bark
Astrothelium scoriaAM85,992bark
Astrothelium sepultumAM86,227bark
Astrothelium sphaerioidesAM86,107bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Astrothelium subfuscumAM85,958bark
Astrothelium trypethelioidesBR85,988bark
Bacidina neotropicaAM85,892bark
Bacidina pseudoisidiataBR86,241bark
Bapalmuia lineataAM86,637living leaves
Bapalmuia pallescensAM86,695living leaves
Bathelium madreporiformeAM86,004bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Bathelium mastoideumAM86,088bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Bogoriella megasporaAM85,961bark
Bogoriella oleosaAM86,087bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Buellia subtabacinaAM86,511siliceous rock
Bulbothrix fungicolaAM86,580bark
Byssolecania hymenocarpaAM86,718living leaves
Byssoloma chlorinumAM87,181living leaves
Byssoloma subdiscordansAM86,698living leaves
Calopadia subcoerulescensAM86,474siliceous rock
Caloplaca baueriAM86,439siliceous rock
Caloplaca lecapustulataAM85,900siliceous rock
Canoparmelia carolinianaAM86,413bark
Carbacanthographis latisporaBR87,351bark
Carbacanthographis subchionophoraBR86,601bark
Chapsa chionostomaAM87,302bark
Chapsa defectosorediataAM86,237bark
Chapsa leprocarpaAM85,938twig
Chapsa phlyctidioidesAM86,165bark
Chiodecton malmeiAM87,277bark
Clandestinotrema leucomelaenumAM87,246bark
Coenogonium subdentatumAM86,265bark
Crustospathula amazonicaAM86,200bark
Crustospathula humboldtiiAM85,891bark
Crypthonia corticorygmoidesAM86,229bark
Cryptoschizotrema cryptotremaAM87,325bark
Cryptothecia aleurocarpaAM86,277bark
Cryptothecia effusaAM86,721living leaves
Cryptothecia inexspectataAM87,176living leaves
Cryptothecia macrocephalaAM86,489bark
Cryptothecia striataAM85,939bark
Dichoporis phaeaAM86,140bark
Dictyomeridium proponensAM86,119bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Dictyonema phyllophilumAM87,177living leaves
Diploschistes actinostomusAM86,516siliceous rock
Dirinaria pictaAM86,427bark
Enterographa subserialisAM85,987bark
Ephebe brasiliensisAM86,442siliceous rock
Eschatogonia minutaAM86,207bark
Fellhanera badimioidesBR86,636living leaves
Fellhanera bouteilleiAM86,307root under overhang
Fellhanera fuscatulaAM86,716living leaves
Fellhanera muhleiAM86,731living leaves
Fellhanera rubidaAM86,226termitarium on bark
Fissurina dumastiiAM85,932bark
Fissurina inconditaAM86,469siliceous rock
Fissurina pseudostromaticaAM86,316bark
Fissurina scolecitisAM86,069bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Flavobathelium epiphyllumAM86,711living leaves
Graphis lineolaAM86,477twig
Graphis pinicolaAM86,477abark
Graphis subhiascensAM87,326bark
Graphis subtectaAM86,001bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Graphis syzygiiBR86,128bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Herpothallon adnatumAM86,629bark
Herpothallon minimumAM86,147siliceous rock
Herpothallon nigroisidiatumAM85,968bark
Hypotrachyna minarumAM86,381bark
Lecanora brasilianaAM86,449siliceous rock
Lepra tropicaAM86,025bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Leptogium coralloideumAM86,628bark
Leptogium cyanescensAM85,901siliceous rock
Leptogium moluccanumAM85,927bark
Leucodecton compunctumBR87,346siliceous rock
Leucodecton expallescensAM86,396bark
Lithothelium immersumAM86,291bark
Lithothelium obtectumAM86,145bark
Lyromma confusumAM86,699living leaves
Malmidea bakeriAM85,911bark
Malmidea nigraAM86,501bark
Malmidea piperisAM86,141bark
Malmidea tratianaAM86,076bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Malmidea vinosaAM86,503bark
Mazosia carneaAM86,393bark
Megalospora tuberculosaAM87,269bark
Micarea lithinellaBR85,888siliceous rock
Multisporidea conidiophoraAM85,913bark
Mycoporum lacteumAM86,624wood
Myriostigma xanthominiatumAM86,149bark
Myriotrema frondosolucensAM86,348bark
Myriotrema myrioporoidesAM86,221bark
Myriotrema subclandestinumAM86,194bark
Myriotrema virideAM86,222bark
Myriotrema viridialbumAM85,951bark
Nadvornikia hawaiensisAM86,627bark
Ocellularia ascidioideaAM86,218bark
Ocellularia aurulentaAM86,312bark
Ocellularia barroensisAM87,341siliceous rock
Ocellularia buckiiAM86,564bark
Ocellularia cicraBR86,275bark
Ocellularia dolichotataAM86,195bark
Ocellularia excavataBR86,249bark
Ocellularia inspersulaAM86,166bark
Ocellularia laeviusculoidesAM86,068bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Ocellularia landroniiAM86,534bark
Ocellularia marmorataAM86,337bark
Ocellularia percolumellataAM85,984bark
Ocellularia pulverulentaAM86,159bark
Ocellularia rondonianaAM86,168bark
Ocellularia rugosothallinaAM86,282bark
Ocellularia nataishaeBR86,246bark
Ocellularia usnicolorAM86,490abark
Opegrapha contractaAM86,435bark
Opegrapha ramisorediataAM86,172bark
Opegrapha vegaeAM86,737living leaves
Pallidogramme chapadanaAM86,106bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Pallidogramme chlorocarpoidesAM87,264bark
Parallopsora leucophyllinaAM86,174bark
Parmeliella nigrataAM86,390bark
Parmotrema gardneriAM87,290bark
Parmotrema progenesAM86,493bark
Parmotrema rubifaciensAM87,284bark
Parmotrema tinctorumAM87,340bark
Peltula brasiliensisAM85,879wet siliceous rock
Peltula lingulataAM86,517wet siliceous rock
Phaeographis brasiliensisAM86,146bark
Phaeographis dendriticaAM87,322bark
Phaeographis haematitesAM85,923bark
Phaeographis tortuosaAM86,423bark
Phylliscum vermiformisAM86,527wet siliceous rock
Phyllopsora buettneriAM87,312bark
Phyllopsora ochroxanthaAM86,575siliceous rock
Phyllopsora parvifoliaAM86,133bark
Phyllopsora soraliferaAM85,912bark
Platythecium colliculosumAM87,243bark
Platythecium grammitesAM86,196bark
Polymeridium albidovariansAM86,352bark
Porina applanataBR86,672living leaves
Porina atricepsAM87,190living leaves
Porina chloroticaAM85,893siliceous rock
Porina conspersaAM86,438siliceous rock
Porina distansAM86,086bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Porina epiphylloidesAM86,671living leaves
Porina interjungensBR86,451siliceous rock
Porina internigransAM86,264bark
Porina melanopsAM85,902siliceous rock
Porina nuculaAM87,252bark
Porina ocellataAM86,440siliceous rock
Porina cubanaAM87,204living leaves
Porina sorediataAM86,398bark
Pseudobogoriella exiguaAM87,236bark
Pseudopyrenula subgregariaAM85,903bark
Pterygiopsis densisidiataAM86,514siliceous rock
Pterygiopsis guyanensisAM86,528wet siliceous rock
Pyrenopsis carassensisAM86,523wet siliceous rock
Pyrenopsis cylindrophoraAM86,519wet siliceous rock
Pyrenopsis olivaceaAM86,515wet siliceous rock
Pyrenula acutisporaAM86,267bark
Pyrenula aggregataspisteaAM85,999bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Pyrenula minorAM85,928bark
Pyrenula minutisporaAM86,325bark
Pyrenula monosporaAM87,274bark
Pyrenula obvolutaBR85,949twig
Pyrgillus javanicusAM87,295bark
Pyxine coralligeraAM86,626siliceous rock
Ramboldia badiaAM87,267bark
Redingeria glyphicaAM87,240bark
Relicina subabstrusaAM87,304bark
Rhabdodiscus isidiiferusBR87,237bark
Schizotrema zebrinumBR86,096bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Sclerophyton elegansAM87,229bark
Sclerophyton fluorescensAM86,557bark
Sprucidea granulosaAM86,504bark
Sprucidea penicillataAM86,085bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Stegobolus radiansAM86,244bark
Stirtonia niveaAM86,089bark of fallen Enterolobium tree
Synarthonia inconspicuaAM86,424abark
Synarthothelium cerebriformeAM86,219bark
Thalloloma anguiniformeAM87,306wood
Thalloloma hypoleptumAM86,578bark
Thelotrema adjectumBR87,352bark
Thelotrema suecicumBR86,606bark
Trichothelium horridulumAM86,619bark
Trichothelium mirumAM86,691living leaves
Trypetheliopsis kalbiiAM87,191living leaves
Table 2. Species on the sampled fallen Enterolobium tree; only one Aptroot collection number is mentioned.
Table 2. Species on the sampled fallen Enterolobium tree; only one Aptroot collection number is mentioned.
Species#
Aggregatorygma triseptatum86,000
Allographa longula85,997
Allographa striatula86,124
Ampliotrema amplius86,010
Astrothelium aeneoides86,003
Astrothelium aeneum86,022
Astrothelium aureomaculatum86,036
Astrothelium bulbosum86,111
Astrothelium chapadense86,011
Astrothelium cinnamomeum86,034
Astrothelium crassum86,055
Astrothelium croceum86,039
Astrothelium cryptolucens86,098
Astrothelium disjunctum86,101
Astrothelium eustomum86,047
Astrothelium flavoduplex86,115
Astrothelium globosum86,062
Astrothelium inspersotuberculosum86,114
Astrothelium introflavidum86,017
Astrothelium kunzei86,056
Astrothelium laureroides86,116
Astrothelium leucosessile86,053
Astrothelium meandratum86,094
Astrothelium mesoduplex86,103
Astrothelium multireflexum86,112
Astrothelium myopicum86,109
Astrothelium neogalbineum86,035
Astrothelium nitidiusculum86,100
Astrothelium novemseptatum86,020
Astrothelium ochroleucoides86,033
Astrothelium pallidoflavum86,009
Astrothelium pleiostomum86,037
Astrothelium sphaerioides86,107
Astrothelium stellare86,129
Astrothelium stromatofluorescens86,028
Astrothelium subinterjectum86,029
Astrothelium subscoria86,091
Astrothelium variolosum86,046
Arthothelium (additional species)86,042
Arthothelium (additional species)86,060
Arthothelium (additional species)86,117
Bacidina86,070
Bathelium madreporiforme86,004
Bathelium mastoideum86,088
Bogoriella megaspora86,090
Bogoriella oleosa86,087
Chapsa86,032
Chapsa thallotrema86,122
Cryptothecia86,082
Cryptothecia lichexanthonica86,043
Dictyomeridium proponens86,119
Diorygma confluens86,031
Dyplolabia afzelii86,002
Enterographa lichexanthonica86,030
Erythrodecton granulatum86,057
Eschatogonia prolifera86,063
Fellhanera86,071
Fissurina86,044
Fissurina scolecitis86,069
Flegographa leprieurii86,045
Glaucotrema glaucophaenum86,066
Graphidaceae c sor86,016
Graphis pitmanii86,015
Graphis subtecta86,001
Graphis syzygii86,128
Herpothallon nigroisidiatum85,998
Lepra tropica86,126
Malmidea bakeri86,078
Malmidea polycampia86,074
Malmidea tratiana86,076
Malmographina plicosa86,008
Melanotrema platystomum86,024
Micarea corallothallina86,073
Myriotrema86,054
Myriotrema viridialbum86,059
Ocellularia ascidioidea86,026
Ocellularia cavata86,125
Ocellularia laeviusculoides86,068
Ocellularia referta86,095
Opegrapha85,995
Pallidogramme chapadana86,106
Phaeographis nylanderi86,041
Phyllopsora cinchonarum86,081
Platygramme caesiopruinosa85,996
Polymeridium86,018
Porina86,072
Porina distans86,086
Porina isidioambigua86,104
Pseudopyrenula subnudata86,058
Pyrenula aggregataspistea85,999
Pyrenula inframamillana86,014
Schizotrema zebrinum86,096
Sprucidea penicillata86,085
Sprucidea squamulosa86,079
Stirtonia nivea86,089
Trypethelium platystomum86,049
Tylophoron86,006
Tylophoron moderatum86,130
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Aptroot, A. Lichens from the Roosevelt River Area in the Brazilian Amazon. Microbiol. Res. 2023, 14, 755-786. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14020054

AMA Style

Aptroot A. Lichens from the Roosevelt River Area in the Brazilian Amazon. Microbiology Research. 2023; 14(2):755-786. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14020054

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aptroot, André. 2023. "Lichens from the Roosevelt River Area in the Brazilian Amazon" Microbiology Research 14, no. 2: 755-786. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14020054

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop