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Infectious Disease Reports
Volume 13
Issue 2
10.3390/idr13020036
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Article

Absence of “Cytokine Storm” in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by
Maeghan L. Ciampa
1,
Thomas A. O’Hara
1,
Constance L. Joel
1,
Melinda M. Gleaton
2,
Kirti K. Tiwari
3,
Daniel M. Boudreaux
3 and
Balakrishna M. Prasad
3,*
1
Department of General Surgery, Dwight D Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, GA 30905, USA
2
Department of Pathology, Dwight D Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, GA 30905, USA
3
Department of Clinical Investigation, Dwight D Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, GA 30905, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Infect. Dis. Rep. 2021, 13(2), 377-387; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr13020036
Submission received: 8 March 2021 / Revised: 14 April 2021 / Accepted: 15 April 2021 / Published: 19 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Viral Infections)
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Abstract

Background: A rapidly growing number of publications cite “cytokine storm” as a contributing factor in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathology. However, a few recent reports led to questioning of “cytokine storm” theory in COVID-19. This study’s primary goal is to determine if exaggerated cytokine response in the range of a “cytokine storm” develops during the initial weeks of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Five proinflammatory cytokines reported to be involved in “cytokine storm” and elevated in COVID-19 (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IP-10) were analyzed in COVID-19, influenza (with “cytokine storm”: CS), and burn injury patients. The effect of dexamethasone use on cytokine response in COVID-19 was also analyzed. Results: None of the five cytokines in COVID-19 patients reached the lower threshold (95% CI) of the influenza (CS) group at any point during the study period. Furthermore, mean concentrations of all five cytokines in the influenza (CS) group and IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α in the burn group were significantly greater than in COVID-19 patients (p < 0.01). Dexamethasone treatment did not significantly alter the concentrations of any of the cytokines analyzed. Conclusions: Exaggerated cytokine response similar to “cytokine storm” was not observed in COVID-19 patients during two weeks of hospitalization.
Keywords: coronavirus; immunosuppressant; dexamethasone; interleukin; COVID-19; cytokine coronavirus; immunosuppressant; dexamethasone; interleukin; COVID-19; cytokine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ciampa, M.L.; O’Hara, T.A.; Joel, C.L.; Gleaton, M.M.; Tiwari, K.K.; Boudreaux, D.M.; Prasad, B.M. Absence of “Cytokine Storm” in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2021, 13, 377-387. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr13020036

AMA Style

Ciampa ML, O’Hara TA, Joel CL, Gleaton MM, Tiwari KK, Boudreaux DM, Prasad BM. Absence of “Cytokine Storm” in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Infectious Disease Reports. 2021; 13(2):377-387. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr13020036

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ciampa, Maeghan L., Thomas A. O’Hara, Constance L. Joel, Melinda M. Gleaton, Kirti K. Tiwari, Daniel M. Boudreaux, and Balakrishna M. Prasad. 2021. "Absence of “Cytokine Storm” in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study" Infectious Disease Reports 13, no. 2: 377-387. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr13020036

APA Style

Ciampa, M. L., O’Hara, T. A., Joel, C. L., Gleaton, M. M., Tiwari, K. K., Boudreaux, D. M., & Prasad, B. M. (2021). Absence of “Cytokine Storm” in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Infectious Disease Reports, 13(2), 377-387. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr13020036

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