Graphene Oxide and Graphene Reinforced PMMA Bone Cements: Evaluation of Thermal Properties and Biocompatibility
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Institute for Research in Technology /Mechanical Engineering Dept., Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain
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Materials Science and Engineering Department, IAAB, Materials Performance Group, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganes, Madrid, Spain
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Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Stokes Building, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland
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School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Stokes Building, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland
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School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
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Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2019, 12(19), 3146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193146
Received: 6 September 2019
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Revised: 21 September 2019
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Accepted: 24 September 2019
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Published: 26 September 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Reduction, and Frontier Applications)
The incorporation of well-dispersed graphene oxide (GO) and graphene (G) has been demonstrated as a promising solution to improve the mechanical performance of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cements in an attempt to enhance the long-term survival of the cemented orthopaedic implants. However, to move forward with the clinical application of graphene-based PMMA bone cements, it is necessary to ensure the incorporation of graphene-based powders do not negatively affect other fundamental properties (e.g., thermal properties and biocompatibility), which may compromise the clinical success of the implant. In this study, the effect of incorporating GO and G on thermal properties, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity of PMMA bone cement was investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry studies demonstrated that the extent of the polymerisation reaction, heat generation, thermal conductivity, or glass transition temperature were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the addition of the GO or G powders. The cell viability showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in viability when MC3-T3 cells were exposed to the surface of G- or GO-PMMA bone cements in comparison to the control. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the incorporation of GO or G powder did not significantly influence the thermal properties or biocompatibility of PMMA bone cements, potentially allowing its clinical progression.
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Keywords:
bone cement; graphene oxide; thermal properties; thermal conductivity; kinetics; biocompatibility
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MDPI and ACS Style
Paz, E.; Ballesteros, Y.; Abenojar, J.; del Real, J.C.; Dunne, N.J. Graphene Oxide and Graphene Reinforced PMMA Bone Cements: Evaluation of Thermal Properties and Biocompatibility. Materials 2019, 12, 3146. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193146
AMA Style
Paz E, Ballesteros Y, Abenojar J, del Real JC, Dunne NJ. Graphene Oxide and Graphene Reinforced PMMA Bone Cements: Evaluation of Thermal Properties and Biocompatibility. Materials. 2019; 12(19):3146. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193146
Chicago/Turabian StylePaz, E., Y. Ballesteros, J. Abenojar, J.C. del Real, and N.J. Dunne. 2019. "Graphene Oxide and Graphene Reinforced PMMA Bone Cements: Evaluation of Thermal Properties and Biocompatibility" Materials 12, no. 19: 3146. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193146
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