Restructuring of the Coal Mining Industry and the Challenges of Energy Transition in Poland (1990–2020)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Restructuring and Structural Changes
1.2. Restructuring of Coal Mining in Europe
1.3. Poland’s Energy Transition and Its Implications
- the process of adapting Polish law to the legislation of the European Union as part of pre-accession negotiations (since 1998) [55],
1.4. Identified Research Deficits
1.5. Research Problem, Goals and Properties of Research
- Measure the impact of key factors on the financial condition of coal mining companies,
- Aggregate the partial determinants of this financial condition as a basis for assessing the financial risk to a going concern (barometer),
- Gauge the impact of restructuring programs on organisational and structural changes in coal mining companies,
- Identify and measure the interdependence between structural changes and the effectiveness of coal mining companies’ operations,
- Identify and measure the impact on production volume of changes in the structure of energy generation.
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Extent to Which the Goals of Coal Mining Restructuring Programs in Poland Have Been Achieved
- delays in organisational changes, in particular in the expected closure of mines in the first years of implementing such changes (1990–1994),
- generous redundancy packages, in particular in the form of financial incentives, which encouraged miners to change profession or take advantage of special mining leaves,
- an inadequate workforce due to an aging mining population and earlier job cuts,
- no investment-intensive policy aimed at upgrading machinery, supporting manual labour and promoting technical efficiency.
3.2. Assessment of the Results of Coal Mining Enterprises
3.3. Assessment of the Structural Changes of Coal Mining Enterprises
3.4. Assessment of Changes in the Structure of Electricity Generation vs. Hard Coal Mining
- 1992–2002—a very strong and negative correlation (r = −0.89, R2 = 0.79) with production volume and a strong and negative correlation with sales of steam coal (r = −0.67, R2 = 0.45);
- 2003–2008—a strong and positive correlation with production volume (r = 0.80, R2 = 0.64) and a very strong and positive correlation with steam coal sales volume (r = 0.93, R2 = 0.87);
- 2009–2020—a very strong and negative correlation with production volume (r = −0.93, R2 = 0.88) and a strong and negative correlation with sales of steam coal (r = −0.90, R2 = 0.81).
4. Discussion
- the current state of hard coal resources will, with rational management (without embarking on the exploitation of new deposits), ensure its supply up to 2049 [161],
- the current difficult financial state of the mining industry poses a serious barrier to, if not makes impossible, the implementation of the necessary development investments that would ensure an adequate supply of raw materials in the future [162].
- The restructuring activities carried out during this period did not bring the expected results, as is evidenced by the poor condition of mining enterprises [163].
- None of the 1992–1997 programs were fully successful, and most did not live up to the hopes placed in them [164,165] because of the inconsistent implementation of restructuring programs. Makieła [166] tried to prove it earlier but limited his research only to the analysis of the magnitude differentiation of only three measures, without attempting a comprehensive evaluation.
- The main methods used to reduce employment were natural redundancy, restrictions on admissions and, to a small extent, retirement incentives (early retirement, retraining courses, relocations, etc.), which was also noted in the research conducted by Bluszcz [169], which pointed out the lack of employment alternatives elsewhere.
- The absence of major changes in employment structures and fixed assets indicates a lack of any decisive policy or ongoing modernisation of these structures. Earlier, Gumiński [170] and Grzybek [171] tried to assess it, but they did not use any statistical evaluation analysis tools with features of coherence.
- A strong and negative correlation was observed between changes in the form and structure of fixed assets and the volume of mining output, with no improvement in the operating efficiency of mining enterprises. The lack of any correlation between the structure of assets and productivity and employment structure clearly indicates that the restructuring measures implemented during this period had no economic effect.
- The failure to achieve the desired changes was a consequence of exogenous processes, namely the task of creating legal and environmental regulations as well as the fact that political pressures did not take into account the economic conditions in which mining enterprises functioned [39].
- Since 2007, the authorities have abandoned the idea of setting coal output and sales targets due to their inconsistency with market trends and the objectives of energy policy [172]. No effective measures were taken in a timely manner to adjust mining enterprises to the changing market situation, which was also confirmed in the studies conducted by Turek & Jelonek-Kowalska [173]. This was due to a number of factors, including geopolitical [174], economic [175] and social [176] factors.
- The cut-back in mining operations and coal output came as a result of the need to abruptly adapt to the declining need for coal, which was only to a small extent caused by the energy transition, and shrinking demand for steam coal. Gumiński, Karbownik and Włodarski [91] came to a similar conclusion, but they did not take into account the analysis of interdependencies carried out in this article.
- Although, as was shown in the research, an important element of the above restructuring programs was ensuring the country’s energy security, especially given the insufficient capacity provided by alternative energy sources [177,178,179], this security has not been adequately guaranteed. This was pointed out by Kaliski et al. [180] in their research, but they did not attempt to indicate the direction of policy changes, which in the current situation is of key importance for Poland.
- an assessment of the effectiveness of the use of lignite for power generation to date and the prospects for maintaining it,
- identification of determinants and barriers for the development of renewable energy sources,
- an assessment of the economically justifiable life of coal-fired power and heat generation sources given the need for energy security,
- evaluation of the limits of the efficiency (upgrades and creation of new ones) of energy generation sources as a relation of effects and expenditures (with the considered use of non-parametric methods: DEA or FDH),
- selection of energy generation sources for the mix as a relativisation of their efficiency to the energy security factor.
- removal of regulatory barriers to the development of wind and solar power generation (e.g., reduction of the minimum distance of windmills from buildings, return to net metering, not just net billing);
- government investments into the expansion and upgrade of electricity grid infrastructure, which is a bottleneck for RES development;
- acceleration of design work and investment contracts for the construction of a nuclear power plant, which is a stable source of energy demand coverage in the face of the significant amplitude of fluctuations inherent in RES;
- upgrading of coal-powered generating units in large power plants using new, already available technologies that reduce the burden on the environment and the amount of emission fees;
- use of accumulated funds from the sale of the EU ETS and their increase using government subsidies for the purpose of accelerating the development of RES and “leapfrogging” the hitherto planned natural gas phase;
- setting new targets and activities in the field of the restructuring of hard coal and lignite mining resulting from (following) the developed new energy policy (increase in efficiency, new technologies, intensification of structural reconstruction), based on the optimisation of the energy mix and the context of energy security.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- resources: fixed and total assets, accumulated depreciation, inventories, receivables, short-term liabilities, number of employees, net working capital,
- flows: revenues from sales, operating and total costs, net operating and financial results, investment expenditures, depreciation, export sales,
- rates of use:
- −
- general financial standing: ACSR asset-capital structure ratio,
- −
- debt: STDR—short-term debt ratio, TDR—total debt ratio,
- −
- static liquidity and solvency: CLR—current liquidity ratio, QLR—quick liquidity ratio, SR—solvency ratio,
- −
- dynamic liquidity: SCER—sales cash efficiency ratio, CFCR—cash flow coverage ratio,
- −
- working capital management: IC—inventories cycle, RC—receivables cycle, STLC—short-term liabilities cycle, NWCC—net working capital cycle,
- −
- profitability: oROS—operating return on sales, oROA—operating return on assets, ROE—return on equity, VAM—value-added margin,
- efficiency and effectiveness: LE—labour effectiveness, LP—labor productivity, AP—assets productivity, CP—cost productivity, AR—fixed asset renewal.
- resources: fixed assets, employment, hard coal production,
- flows: hard coal sales, investment outlays, electricity generation.
- rates of use:
- −
- fixed assets FA,
- −
- employment EMPN,
- −
- investment outlays IO,
- −
- total productivity TP,
- −
- productivity per underground worker PpU,
- −
- energy generation EG,
- −
- power coal mining PCM,
- −
- sale of energy coal SCE.
Appendix B
- Program I—Restrukturyzacja górnictwa węgla kamiennego w Polsce (Hard coal mining restructuring in Poland)—the implementation of the first stage in 1993, within the financial capacity of the state)—realizacja pierwszego etapu w 1993 roku w ramach możliwości finansowych państwa (przyjęty przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 15 marca 1993 roku.
- Program II—Program powstrzymania upadłości górnictwa węgla kamiennego w Polsce (The program to stop the bankruptcy of hard coal mining in Poland) (realizacja w okresie 15.07–31.12.1993 roku) przekazany Komitetowi Ekonomicznemu Rady Ministrów w dniu 2 sierpnia 1993 roku.
- Program III—Restrukturyzacja górnictwa węgla kamiennego. Część II. Program dla realizacji II etapu w okresie 1994–1995 roku (Hard coal mining restructuring. Part II. Program for the implementation of the 2nd stage in the period 1994–1995) zaakceptowany przez Komitet Ekonomiczny Rady Ministrów w dniu 18 lutego 1994 roku.
- Program IV—Górnictwo węgla kamiennego, polityka państwa i sektora na lata 1996–2000. Program dostosowania górnictwa węgla kamiennego do warunków gospodarki rynkowej i międzynarodowej konkurencji (Hard coal mining, state and sector policy for 1996–2000. Program of adjusting the hard coal mining to the conditions of the market economy and international competition) przyjęty przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 30 kwietnia 1996 roku.
- Program V—Reforma górnictwa węgla kamiennego w Polsce w latach 1998–2002 (The reform of hard coal mining in Poland in 1998–2002) przyjęta przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 30 czerwca 1998 roku wraz z Korektę rządowego programu Reforma górnictwa węgla kamiennego w Polsce w latach 1998–2002 (The reform of hard coal mining in Poland in 1998–2002) przyjęta przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 21 grudnia 1999 roku.
- Program VI—Program restrukturyzacji górnictwa węgla kamiennego w Polsce w latach 2003–2006 z wykorzystaniem ustaw antykryzysowych i zainicjowaniem prywatyzacji niektórych kopalń (Hard coal mining restructuring program in Poland in the years 2003–2006 with the use of anti-crisis acts and initiation of privatization of some mines) przyjęty przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 20 listopada 2002 roku (z korektami wynikającymi z Porozumienia strony rządowej ze stroną związkową z dnia 11 grudnia 2002 roku oraz korektami wynikającymi ze stanu prawnego sektora na dzień 10 stycznia 2003 roku), przyjęty przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 28 stycznia 2003 roku.
- Program VII—Restrukturyzacja górnictwa węgla kamiennego w latach 2004–2006 oraz strategia na lata 2007–2010 (Hard coal mining restructuring in 2004–2006 and the strategy for 2007–2010) przyjęta przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 27 kwietnia 2004 roku.
- Program VIII—Strategia działalności górnictwa węgla kamiennego w Polsce w latach 2007–2015 (Strategy of hard coal mining activity in Poland in the years 2007–2015) przyjęta przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 31 lipca 2007 roku wraz z Korektą programu rządowego przyjętą przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 24 lipca 2009 roku.
- Program IX—Program dla sektora górnictwa węgla kamiennego w Polsce do 2030 roku (Program for the hard coal mining sector in Poland until 2030) przyjęty przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 23 stycznia 2018 roku.
Appendix C
1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.000 | 0.021 | 0.044 | 0.062 | 0.069 | 0.077 | 0.066 | 0.078 | 0.084 | 0.082 | 0.087 | 0.091 | 0.089 | 0.091 | 0.094 | 0.097 | 0.100 | 0.104 | 0.103 | 0.105 | 0.104 | 0.105 | 0.101 | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.109 | 0.109 | 0.108 | 0.109 |
0.021 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.041 | 0.048 | 0.056 | 0.046 | 0.058 | 0.064 | 0.063 | 0.067 | 0.071 | 0.070 | 0.072 | 0.075 | 0.077 | 0.081 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.085 | 0.084 | 0.087 | 0.093 | 0.095 | 0.093 | 0.095 | 0.093 | 0.097 | 0.100 |
0.044 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.024 | 0.033 | 0.027 | 0.040 | 0.044 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.050 | 0.057 | 0.061 | 0.063 | 0.066 | 0.061 | 0.065 | 0.072 | 0.070 | 0.072 | 0.080 | 0.086 | 0.087 | 0.086 | 0.088 | 0.086 | 0.090 | 0.092 |
0.062 | 0.041 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.015 | 0.021 | 0.034 | 0.038 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.044 | 0.051 | 0.056 | 0.057 | 0.060 | 0.055 | 0.059 | 0.066 | 0.064 | 0.066 | 0.072 | 0.080 | 0.082 | 0.080 | 0.081 | 0.080 | 0.084 | 0.087 |
0.069 | 0.048 | 0.024 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.020 | 0.029 | 0.033 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.039 | 0.046 | 0.051 | 0.052 | 0.055 | 0.050 | 0.054 | 0.061 | 0.059 | 0.061 | 0.067 | 0.075 | 0.076 | 0.075 | 0.076 | 0.075 | 0.079 | 0.082 |
0.077 | 0.056 | 0.033 | 0.015 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.024 | 0.028 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.034 | 0.041 | 0.046 | 0.047 | 0.050 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.056 | 0.063 | 0.070 | 0.072 | 0.070 | 0.071 | 0.070 | 0.074 | 0.077 |
0.066 | 0.046 | 0.027 | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.018 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.025 | 0.030 | 0.034 | 0.036 | 0.039 | 0.035 | 0.039 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.045 | 0.054 | 0.060 | 0.061 | 0.059 | 0.062 | 0.059 | 0.063 | 0.065 |
0.078 | 0.058 | 0.040 | 0.034 | 0.029 | 0.024 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.028 | 0.025 | 0.030 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.045 | 0.051 | 0.052 | 0.048 | 0.053 | 0.046 | 0.050 | 0.052 |
0.084 | 0.064 | 0.044 | 0.038 | 0.033 | 0.028 | 0.018 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.023 | 0.019 | 0.024 | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.043 | 0.049 | 0.050 | 0.047 | 0.051 | 0.045 | 0.048 | 0.049 |
0.082 | 0.063 | 0.048 | 0.043 | 0.038 | 0.033 | 0.021 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.015 | 0.017 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.026 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.041 | 0.047 | 0.048 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.043 | 0.046 | 0.047 |
0.087 | 0.067 | 0.048 | 0.042 | 0.037 | 0.032 | 0.021 | 0.011 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.019 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.041 | 0.047 | 0.048 | 0.044 | 0.049 | 0.042 | 0.045 | 0.047 |
0.091 | 0.071 | 0.050 | 0.044 | 0.039 | 0.034 | 0.025 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.016 | 0.022 | 0.020 | 0.022 | 0.041 | 0.047 | 0.048 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.042 | 0.046 | 0.047 |
0.089 | 0.070 | 0.057 | 0.051 | 0.046 | 0.041 | 0.030 | 0.019 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.036 | 0.042 | 0.043 | 0.040 | 0.045 | 0.037 | 0.041 | 0.042 |
0.091 | 0.072 | 0.061 | 0.056 | 0.051 | 0.046 | 0.034 | 0.024 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.011 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.033 | 0.039 | 0.040 | 0.037 | 0.042 | 0.034 | 0.038 | 0.039 |
0.094 | 0.075 | 0.063 | 0.057 | 0.052 | 0.047 | 0.036 | 0.025 | 0.020 | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.033 | 0.039 | 0.040 | 0.037 | 0.041 | 0.034 | 0.037 | 0.039 |
0.097 | 0.077 | 0.066 | 0.060 | 0.055 | 0.050 | 0.039 | 0.028 | 0.023 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.031 | 0.037 | 0.038 | 0.034 | 0.039 | 0.032 | 0.035 | 0.037 |
0.100 | 0.081 | 0.061 | 0.055 | 0.050 | 0.045 | 0.035 | 0.025 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.035 | 0.042 | 0.043 | 0.039 | 0.043 | 0.036 | 0.039 | 0.041 |
0.104 | 0.084 | 0.065 | 0.059 | 0.054 | 0.049 | 0.039 | 0.030 | 0.024 | 0.026 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.034 | 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.041 | 0.041 | 0.034 | 0.037 | 0.039 |
0.103 | 0.084 | 0.072 | 0.066 | 0.061 | 0.056 | 0.045 | 0.034 | 0.029 | 0.025 | 0.024 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.027 | 0.035 | 0.037 | 0.033 | 0.034 | 0.027 | 0.030 | 0.032 |
0.105 | 0.085 | 0.070 | 0.064 | 0.059 | 0.054 | 0.043 | 0.033 | 0.029 | 0.025 | 0.024 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.029 | 0.038 | 0.039 | 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.028 | 0.032 | 0.033 |
0.104 | 0.084 | 0.072 | 0.066 | 0.061 | 0.056 | 0.045 | 0.033 | 0.029 | 0.025 | 0.024 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.027 | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.026 | 0.030 | 0.031 |
0.105 | 0.087 | 0.080 | 0.072 | 0.067 | 0.063 | 0.054 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.041 | 0.041 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.031 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.027 | 0.029 | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.017 |
0.101 | 0.093 | 0.086 | 0.080 | 0.075 | 0.070 | 0.060 | 0.051 | 0.049 | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.042 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.042 | 0.043 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.035 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.015 |
0.099 | 0.095 | 0.087 | 0.082 | 0.076 | 0.072 | 0.061 | 0.052 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.043 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.038 | 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.037 | 0.039 | 0.036 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.013 |
0.099 | 0.093 | 0.086 | 0.080 | 0.075 | 0.070 | 0.059 | 0.048 | 0.047 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.045 | 0.040 | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.034 | 0.039 | 0.041 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.011 |
0.109 | 0.095 | 0.088 | 0.081 | 0.076 | 0.071 | 0.062 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.045 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.034 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.015 |
0.109 | 0.093 | 0.086 | 0.080 | 0.075 | 0.070 | 0.059 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.042 | 0.037 | 0.034 | 0.034 | 0.032 | 0.036 | 0.034 | 0.027 | 0.028 | 0.026 | 0.013 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.007 |
0.108 | 0.097 | 0.090 | 0.084 | 0.079 | 0.074 | 0.063 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.046 | 0.041 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.035 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.030 | 0.032 | 0.030 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.003 |
0.109 | 0.100 | 0.092 | 0.087 | 0.082 | 0.077 | 0.065 | 0.052 | 0.049 | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.042 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.032 | 0.033 | 0.031 | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.015 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.000 | 0.094 | 0.392 | 0.446 | 0.385 | 0.379 | 0.429 | 0.427 | 0.437 | 0.205 | 0.313 | 0.405 | 0.414 | 0.401 | 0.346 | 0.343 | 0.370 | 0.330 | 0.373 | 0.333 | 0.379 | 0.362 | 0.387 | 0.402 | 0.424 | 0.381 | 0.419 | 0.380 |
0.094 | 0.000 | 0.318 | 0.387 | 0.312 | 0.284 | 0.335 | 0.333 | 0.343 | 0.175 | 0.283 | 0.310 | 0.319 | 0.307 | 0.252 | 0.249 | 0.275 | 0.270 | 0.278 | 0.239 | 0.320 | 0.303 | 0.328 | 0.308 | 0.330 | 0.287 | 0.325 | 0.286 |
0.392 | 0.318 | 0.000 | 0.147 | 0.164 | 0.139 | 0.285 | 0.230 | 0.272 | 0.432 | 0.547 | 0.253 | 0.252 | 0.293 | 0.322 | 0.320 | 0.323 | 0.412 | 0.298 | 0.306 | 0.433 | 0.475 | 0.419 | 0.347 | 0.352 | 0.279 | 0.279 | 0.344 |
0.446 | 0.387 | 0.147 | 0.000 | 0.087 | 0.144 | 0.313 | 0.243 | 0.214 | 0.460 | 0.575 | 0.238 | 0.200 | 0.322 | 0.350 | 0.348 | 0.351 | 0.440 | 0.326 | 0.334 | 0.461 | 0.503 | 0.447 | 0.375 | 0.381 | 0.302 | 0.255 | 0.372 |
0.385 | 0.312 | 0.164 | 0.087 | 0.000 | 0.085 | 0.249 | 0.182 | 0.140 | 0.373 | 0.488 | 0.150 | 0.113 | 0.234 | 0.263 | 0.261 | 0.263 | 0.353 | 0.239 | 0.247 | 0.373 | 0.416 | 0.359 | 0.287 | 0.293 | 0.215 | 0.168 | 0.284 |
0.379 | 0.284 | 0.139 | 0.144 | 0.085 | 0.000 | 0.203 | 0.135 | 0.158 | 0.316 | 0.446 | 0.118 | 0.123 | 0.177 | 0.206 | 0.204 | 0.207 | 0.296 | 0.182 | 0.190 | 0.317 | 0.359 | 0.303 | 0.231 | 0.236 | 0.158 | 0.140 | 0.228 |
0.429 | 0.335 | 0.285 | 0.313 | 0.249 | 0.203 | 0.000 | 0.091 | 0.167 | 0.288 | 0.480 | 0.145 | 0.174 | 0.076 | 0.090 | 0.128 | 0.129 | 0.138 | 0.113 | 0.156 | 0.147 | 0.197 | 0.133 | 0.063 | 0.068 | 0.154 | 0.160 | 0.059 |
0.427 | 0.333 | 0.230 | 0.243 | 0.182 | 0.135 | 0.091 | 0.000 | 0.084 | 0.291 | 0.483 | 0.062 | 0.091 | 0.084 | 0.108 | 0.121 | 0.108 | 0.212 | 0.123 | 0.138 | 0.224 | 0.288 | 0.219 | 0.132 | 0.138 | 0.081 | 0.078 | 0.129 |
0.437 | 0.343 | 0.272 | 0.214 | 0.140 | 0.158 | 0.167 | 0.084 | 0.000 | 0.280 | 0.470 | 0.043 | 0.034 | 0.132 | 0.167 | 0.156 | 0.144 | 0.260 | 0.160 | 0.145 | 0.272 | 0.336 | 0.267 | 0.168 | 0.180 | 0.094 | 0.046 | 0.177 |
0.205 | 0.175 | 0.432 | 0.460 | 0.373 | 0.316 | 0.288 | 0.291 | 0.280 | 0.000 | 0.192 | 0.257 | 0.264 | 0.240 | 0.198 | 0.182 | 0.208 | 0.165 | 0.211 | 0.172 | 0.210 | 0.194 | 0.218 | 0.240 | 0.263 | 0.220 | 0.258 | 0.230 |
0.313 | 0.283 | 0.547 | 0.575 | 0.488 | 0.446 | 0.480 | 0.483 | 0.470 | 0.192 | 0.000 | 0.449 | 0.456 | 0.431 | 0.390 | 0.367 | 0.393 | 0.350 | 0.396 | 0.357 | 0.388 | 0.302 | 0.402 | 0.425 | 0.448 | 0.404 | 0.443 | 0.422 |
0.405 | 0.310 | 0.253 | 0.238 | 0.150 | 0.118 | 0.145 | 0.062 | 0.043 | 0.257 | 0.449 | 0.000 | 0.040 | 0.101 | 0.125 | 0.124 | 0.113 | 0.228 | 0.129 | 0.116 | 0.241 | 0.304 | 0.235 | 0.137 | 0.148 | 0.064 | 0.025 | 0.136 |
0.414 | 0.319 | 0.252 | 0.200 | 0.113 | 0.123 | 0.174 | 0.091 | 0.034 | 0.264 | 0.456 | 0.040 | 0.000 | 0.135 | 0.160 | 0.159 | 0.150 | 0.262 | 0.163 | 0.148 | 0.275 | 0.338 | 0.269 | 0.175 | 0.182 | 0.102 | 0.055 | 0.172 |
0.401 | 0.307 | 0.293 | 0.322 | 0.234 | 0.177 | 0.076 | 0.084 | 0.132 | 0.240 | 0.431 | 0.101 | 0.135 | 0.000 | 0.055 | 0.067 | 0.053 | 0.127 | 0.065 | 0.081 | 0.140 | 0.203 | 0.134 | 0.053 | 0.062 | 0.077 | 0.094 | 0.063 |
0.346 | 0.252 | 0.322 | 0.350 | 0.263 | 0.206 | 0.090 | 0.108 | 0.167 | 0.198 | 0.390 | 0.125 | 0.160 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 0.050 | 0.049 | 0.103 | 0.053 | 0.082 | 0.116 | 0.180 | 0.113 | 0.069 | 0.085 | 0.085 | 0.132 | 0.054 |
0.343 | 0.249 | 0.320 | 0.348 | 0.261 | 0.204 | 0.128 | 0.121 | 0.156 | 0.182 | 0.367 | 0.124 | 0.159 | 0.067 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 0.041 | 0.104 | 0.030 | 0.032 | 0.130 | 0.180 | 0.138 | 0.084 | 0.102 | 0.063 | 0.110 | 0.102 |
0.370 | 0.275 | 0.323 | 0.351 | 0.263 | 0.207 | 0.129 | 0.108 | 0.144 | 0.208 | 0.393 | 0.113 | 0.150 | 0.053 | 0.049 | 0.041 | 0.000 | 0.118 | 0.044 | 0.055 | 0.129 | 0.198 | 0.132 | 0.070 | 0.086 | 0.050 | 0.098 | 0.091 |
0.330 | 0.270 | 0.412 | 0.440 | 0.353 | 0.296 | 0.138 | 0.212 | 0.260 | 0.165 | 0.350 | 0.228 | 0.262 | 0.127 | 0.103 | 0.104 | 0.118 | 0.000 | 0.114 | 0.114 | 0.058 | 0.081 | 0.058 | 0.108 | 0.119 | 0.166 | 0.213 | 0.104 |
0.373 | 0.278 | 0.298 | 0.326 | 0.239 | 0.182 | 0.113 | 0.123 | 0.160 | 0.211 | 0.396 | 0.129 | 0.163 | 0.065 | 0.053 | 0.030 | 0.044 | 0.114 | 0.000 | 0.053 | 0.135 | 0.181 | 0.124 | 0.086 | 0.100 | 0.067 | 0.114 | 0.105 |
0.333 | 0.239 | 0.306 | 0.334 | 0.247 | 0.190 | 0.156 | 0.138 | 0.145 | 0.172 | 0.357 | 0.116 | 0.148 | 0.081 | 0.082 | 0.032 | 0.055 | 0.114 | 0.053 | 0.000 | 0.155 | 0.193 | 0.163 | 0.116 | 0.130 | 0.071 | 0.111 | 0.134 |
0.379 | 0.320 | 0.433 | 0.461 | 0.373 | 0.317 | 0.147 | 0.224 | 0.272 | 0.210 | 0.388 | 0.241 | 0.275 | 0.140 | 0.116 | 0.130 | 0.129 | 0.058 | 0.135 | 0.155 | 0.000 | 0.108 | 0.014 | 0.105 | 0.097 | 0.179 | 0.226 | 0.104 |
0.362 | 0.303 | 0.475 | 0.503 | 0.416 | 0.359 | 0.197 | 0.288 | 0.336 | 0.194 | 0.302 | 0.304 | 0.338 | 0.203 | 0.180 | 0.180 | 0.198 | 0.081 | 0.181 | 0.193 | 0.108 | 0.000 | 0.113 | 0.168 | 0.180 | 0.242 | 0.290 | 0.168 |
0.387 | 0.328 | 0.419 | 0.447 | 0.359 | 0.303 | 0.133 | 0.219 | 0.267 | 0.218 | 0.402 | 0.235 | 0.269 | 0.134 | 0.113 | 0.138 | 0.132 | 0.058 | 0.124 | 0.163 | 0.014 | 0.113 | 0.000 | 0.099 | 0.091 | 0.173 | 0.220 | 0.099 |
0.402 | 0.308 | 0.347 | 0.375 | 0.287 | 0.231 | 0.063 | 0.132 | 0.168 | 0.240 | 0.425 | 0.137 | 0.175 | 0.053 | 0.069 | 0.084 | 0.070 | 0.108 | 0.086 | 0.116 | 0.105 | 0.168 | 0.099 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.094 | 0.121 | 0.025 |
0.424 | 0.330 | 0.352 | 0.381 | 0.293 | 0.236 | 0.068 | 0.138 | 0.180 | 0.263 | 0.448 | 0.148 | 0.182 | 0.062 | 0.085 | 0.102 | 0.086 | 0.119 | 0.100 | 0.130 | 0.097 | 0.180 | 0.091 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.118 | 0.133 | 0.044 |
0.381 | 0.287 | 0.279 | 0.302 | 0.215 | 0.158 | 0.154 | 0.081 | 0.094 | 0.220 | 0.404 | 0.064 | 0.102 | 0.077 | 0.085 | 0.063 | 0.050 | 0.166 | 0.067 | 0.071 | 0.179 | 0.242 | 0.173 | 0.094 | 0.118 | 0.000 | 0.047 | 0.116 |
0.419 | 0.325 | 0.279 | 0.255 | 0.168 | 0.140 | 0.160 | 0.078 | 0.046 | 0.258 | 0.443 | 0.025 | 0.055 | 0.094 | 0.132 | 0.110 | 0.098 | 0.213 | 0.114 | 0.111 | 0.226 | 0.290 | 0.220 | 0.121 | 0.133 | 0.047 | 0.000 | 0.142 |
0.380 | 0.286 | 0.344 | 0.372 | 0.284 | 0.228 | 0.059 | 0.129 | 0.177 | 0.230 | 0.422 | 0.136 | 0.172 | 0.063 | 0.054 | 0.102 | 0.091 | 0.104 | 0.105 | 0.134 | 0.104 | 0.168 | 0.099 | 0.025 | 0.044 | 0.116 | 0.142 | 0.000 |
1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.000 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.035 | 0.042 | 0.078 | 0.133 | 0.103 | 0.111 | 0.107 | 0.071 | 0.156 | 0.196 | 0.226 | 0.218 | 0.255 | 0.242 | 0.293 | 0.250 | 0.258 | 0.269 | 0.251 | 0.280 | 0.257 | 0.234 | 0.256 | 0.297 | 0.317 | 0.396 |
0.001 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.035 | 0.042 | 0.079 | 0.133 | 0.104 | 0.112 | 0.107 | 0.072 | 0.156 | 0.197 | 0.226 | 0.218 | 0.255 | 0.242 | 0.294 | 0.250 | 0.259 | 0.269 | 0.252 | 0.281 | 0.258 | 0.235 | 0.256 | 0.297 | 0.318 | 0.397 |
0.003 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.032 | 0.039 | 0.075 | 0.130 | 0.100 | 0.109 | 0.104 | 0.069 | 0.153 | 0.193 | 0.223 | 0.215 | 0.252 | 0.238 | 0.290 | 0.247 | 0.255 | 0.266 | 0.248 | 0.278 | 0.254 | 0.232 | 0.253 | 0.294 | 0.315 | 0.393 |
0.035 | 0.035 | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.028 | 0.050 | 0.105 | 0.075 | 0.081 | 0.072 | 0.043 | 0.129 | 0.166 | 0.195 | 0.186 | 0.220 | 0.214 | 0.265 | 0.215 | 0.230 | 0.234 | 0.217 | 0.246 | 0.222 | 0.200 | 0.221 | 0.262 | 0.283 | 0.368 |
0.042 | 0.042 | 0.039 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 0.045 | 0.108 | 0.064 | 0.097 | 0.089 | 0.059 | 0.145 | 0.178 | 0.204 | 0.196 | 0.233 | 0.213 | 0.252 | 0.228 | 0.235 | 0.247 | 0.229 | 0.259 | 0.235 | 0.213 | 0.234 | 0.275 | 0.296 | 0.355 |
0.078 | 0.079 | 0.075 | 0.050 | 0.045 | 0.000 | 0.062 | 0.025 | 0.055 | 0.046 | 0.022 | 0.104 | 0.135 | 0.159 | 0.151 | 0.188 | 0.168 | 0.215 | 0.183 | 0.189 | 0.202 | 0.184 | 0.213 | 0.190 | 0.167 | 0.189 | 0.230 | 0.250 | 0.318 |
0.133 | 0.133 | 0.130 | 0.105 | 0.108 | 0.062 | 0.000 | 0.045 | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.076 | 0.064 | 0.083 | 0.099 | 0.095 | 0.129 | 0.119 | 0.161 | 0.120 | 0.127 | 0.140 | 0.122 | 0.151 | 0.128 | 0.105 | 0.127 | 0.167 | 0.188 | 0.264 |
0.103 | 0.104 | 0.100 | 0.075 | 0.064 | 0.025 | 0.045 | 0.000 | 0.058 | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.107 | 0.126 | 0.141 | 0.138 | 0.171 | 0.158 | 0.190 | 0.164 | 0.171 | 0.183 | 0.166 | 0.195 | 0.172 | 0.149 | 0.170 | 0.211 | 0.232 | 0.293 |
0.111 | 0.112 | 0.109 | 0.081 | 0.097 | 0.055 | 0.035 | 0.058 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.047 | 0.050 | 0.092 | 0.120 | 0.111 | 0.146 | 0.139 | 0.191 | 0.140 | 0.155 | 0.160 | 0.142 | 0.171 | 0.148 | 0.125 | 0.147 | 0.187 | 0.208 | 0.293 |
0.107 | 0.107 | 0.104 | 0.072 | 0.089 | 0.046 | 0.036 | 0.047 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.041 | 0.062 | 0.099 | 0.128 | 0.120 | 0.151 | 0.148 | 0.197 | 0.145 | 0.162 | 0.162 | 0.144 | 0.173 | 0.150 | 0.127 | 0.149 | 0.190 | 0.210 | 0.300 |
0.071 | 0.072 | 0.069 | 0.043 | 0.059 | 0.022 | 0.076 | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.041 | 0.000 | 0.086 | 0.132 | 0.167 | 0.158 | 0.189 | 0.185 | 0.237 | 0.185 | 0.202 | 0.203 | 0.185 | 0.214 | 0.191 | 0.168 | 0.190 | 0.231 | 0.251 | 0.340 |
0.156 | 0.156 | 0.153 | 0.129 | 0.145 | 0.104 | 0.064 | 0.107 | 0.050 | 0.062 | 0.086 | 0.000 | 0.055 | 0.118 | 0.113 | 0.142 | 0.143 | 0.200 | 0.145 | 0.164 | 0.163 | 0.139 | 0.157 | 0.136 | 0.110 | 0.140 | 0.178 | 0.193 | 0.299 |
0.196 | 0.197 | 0.193 | 0.166 | 0.178 | 0.135 | 0.083 | 0.126 | 0.092 | 0.099 | 0.132 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 0.066 | 0.061 | 0.090 | 0.091 | 0.148 | 0.093 | 0.111 | 0.110 | 0.087 | 0.105 | 0.084 | 0.058 | 0.088 | 0.126 | 0.141 | 0.247 |
0.226 | 0.226 | 0.223 | 0.195 | 0.204 | 0.159 | 0.099 | 0.141 | 0.120 | 0.128 | 0.167 | 0.118 | 0.066 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.083 | 0.032 | 0.046 | 0.053 | 0.034 | 0.063 | 0.042 | 0.039 | 0.040 | 0.080 | 0.101 | 0.182 |
0.218 | 0.218 | 0.215 | 0.186 | 0.196 | 0.151 | 0.095 | 0.138 | 0.111 | 0.120 | 0.158 | 0.113 | 0.061 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.040 | 0.033 | 0.088 | 0.037 | 0.051 | 0.058 | 0.038 | 0.068 | 0.046 | 0.044 | 0.044 | 0.085 | 0.105 | 0.187 |
0.255 | 0.255 | 0.252 | 0.220 | 0.233 | 0.188 | 0.129 | 0.171 | 0.146 | 0.151 | 0.189 | 0.142 | 0.090 | 0.036 | 0.040 | 0.000 | 0.028 | 0.058 | 0.027 | 0.021 | 0.026 | 0.017 | 0.030 | 0.026 | 0.050 | 0.030 | 0.045 | 0.066 | 0.157 |
0.242 | 0.242 | 0.238 | 0.214 | 0.213 | 0.168 | 0.119 | 0.158 | 0.139 | 0.148 | 0.185 | 0.143 | 0.091 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 0.058 | 0.044 | 0.030 | 0.052 | 0.041 | 0.058 | 0.054 | 0.057 | 0.057 | 0.065 | 0.086 | 0.157 |
0.293 | 0.294 | 0.290 | 0.265 | 0.252 | 0.215 | 0.161 | 0.190 | 0.191 | 0.197 | 0.237 | 0.200 | 0.148 | 0.083 | 0.088 | 0.058 | 0.058 | 0.000 | 0.056 | 0.037 | 0.045 | 0.064 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.091 | 0.072 | 0.063 | 0.072 | 0.103 |
0.250 | 0.250 | 0.247 | 0.215 | 0.228 | 0.183 | 0.120 | 0.164 | 0.140 | 0.145 | 0.185 | 0.145 | 0.093 | 0.032 | 0.037 | 0.027 | 0.044 | 0.056 | 0.000 | 0.023 | 0.024 | 0.014 | 0.043 | 0.023 | 0.037 | 0.024 | 0.048 | 0.071 | 0.155 |
0.258 | 0.259 | 0.255 | 0.230 | 0.235 | 0.189 | 0.127 | 0.171 | 0.155 | 0.162 | 0.202 | 0.164 | 0.111 | 0.046 | 0.051 | 0.021 | 0.030 | 0.037 | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.031 | 0.042 | 0.037 | 0.058 | 0.039 | 0.041 | 0.065 | 0.138 |
0.269 | 0.269 | 0.266 | 0.234 | 0.247 | 0.202 | 0.140 | 0.183 | 0.160 | 0.162 | 0.203 | 0.163 | 0.110 | 0.053 | 0.058 | 0.026 | 0.052 | 0.045 | 0.024 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.055 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.057 | 0.139 |
0.251 | 0.252 | 0.248 | 0.217 | 0.229 | 0.184 | 0.122 | 0.166 | 0.142 | 0.144 | 0.185 | 0.139 | 0.087 | 0.034 | 0.038 | 0.017 | 0.041 | 0.064 | 0.014 | 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 0.030 | 0.013 | 0.035 | 0.016 | 0.047 | 0.067 | 0.160 |
0.280 | 0.281 | 0.278 | 0.246 | 0.259 | 0.213 | 0.151 | 0.195 | 0.171 | 0.173 | 0.214 | 0.157 | 0.105 | 0.063 | 0.068 | 0.030 | 0.058 | 0.069 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.023 | 0.052 | 0.030 | 0.023 | 0.038 | 0.145 |
0.257 | 0.258 | 0.254 | 0.222 | 0.235 | 0.190 | 0.128 | 0.172 | 0.148 | 0.150 | 0.191 | 0.136 | 0.084 | 0.042 | 0.046 | 0.026 | 0.054 | 0.069 | 0.023 | 0.037 | 0.033 | 0.013 | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.030 | 0.011 | 0.043 | 0.060 | 0.166 |
0.234 | 0.235 | 0.232 | 0.200 | 0.213 | 0.167 | 0.105 | 0.149 | 0.125 | 0.127 | 0.168 | 0.110 | 0.058 | 0.039 | 0.044 | 0.050 | 0.057 | 0.091 | 0.037 | 0.058 | 0.055 | 0.035 | 0.052 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.032 | 0.068 | 0.083 | 0.191 |
0.256 | 0.256 | 0.253 | 0.221 | 0.234 | 0.189 | 0.127 | 0.170 | 0.147 | 0.149 | 0.190 | 0.140 | 0.088 | 0.040 | 0.044 | 0.030 | 0.057 | 0.072 | 0.024 | 0.039 | 0.036 | 0.016 | 0.030 | 0.011 | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.047 | 0.064 | 0.161 |
0.297 | 0.297 | 0.294 | 0.262 | 0.275 | 0.230 | 0.167 | 0.211 | 0.187 | 0.190 | 0.231 | 0.178 | 0.126 | 0.080 | 0.085 | 0.045 | 0.065 | 0.063 | 0.048 | 0.041 | 0.033 | 0.047 | 0.023 | 0.043 | 0.068 | 0.047 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.141 |
0.317 | 0.318 | 0.315 | 0.283 | 0.296 | 0.250 | 0.188 | 0.232 | 0.208 | 0.210 | 0.251 | 0.193 | 0.141 | 0.101 | 0.105 | 0.066 | 0.086 | 0.072 | 0.071 | 0.065 | 0.057 | 0.067 | 0.038 | 0.060 | 0.083 | 0.064 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.147 |
0.396 | 0.397 | 0.393 | 0.368 | 0.355 | 0.318 | 0.264 | 0.293 | 0.293 | 0.300 | 0.340 | 0.299 | 0.247 | 0.182 | 0.187 | 0.157 | 0.157 | 0.103 | 0.155 | 0.138 | 0.139 | 0.160 | 0.145 | 0.166 | 0.191 | 0.161 | 0.141 | 0.147 | 0.000 |
2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.000 | 0.013 | 0.027 | 0.006 | 0.024 | 0.052 | 0.057 | 0.060 | 0.076 | 0.071 | 0.074 | 0.063 | 0.058 | 0.073 | 0.014 | 0.043 | 0.046 |
0.013 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.040 | 0.046 | 0.048 | 0.065 | 0.060 | 0.063 | 0.056 | 0.058 | 0.072 | 0.017 | 0.030 | 0.034 |
0.027 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.029 | 0.009 | 0.026 | 0.032 | 0.034 | 0.051 | 0.046 | 0.058 | 0.056 | 0.059 | 0.072 | 0.031 | 0.016 | 0.019 |
0.006 | 0.015 | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.049 | 0.056 | 0.059 | 0.075 | 0.070 | 0.075 | 0.064 | 0.061 | 0.078 | 0.010 | 0.044 | 0.047 |
0.024 | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.028 | 0.036 | 0.038 | 0.055 | 0.050 | 0.061 | 0.059 | 0.062 | 0.079 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.028 |
0.052 | 0.040 | 0.026 | 0.049 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.012 | 0.027 | 0.022 | 0.061 | 0.059 | 0.062 | 0.080 | 0.051 | 0.026 | 0.020 |
0.057 | 0.046 | 0.032 | 0.056 | 0.036 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.019 | 0.014 | 0.059 | 0.058 | 0.064 | 0.082 | 0.053 | 0.030 | 0.024 |
0.060 | 0.048 | 0.034 | 0.059 | 0.038 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.059 | 0.059 | 0.071 | 0.091 | 0.051 | 0.032 | 0.027 |
0.076 | 0.065 | 0.051 | 0.075 | 0.055 | 0.027 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.064 | 0.069 | 0.083 | 0.096 | 0.067 | 0.048 | 0.043 |
0.071 | 0.060 | 0.046 | 0.070 | 0.050 | 0.022 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.059 | 0.064 | 0.078 | 0.095 | 0.062 | 0.043 | 0.038 |
0.074 | 0.063 | 0.058 | 0.075 | 0.061 | 0.061 | 0.059 | 0.059 | 0.064 | 0.059 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.023 | 0.039 | 0.067 | 0.059 | 0.060 |
0.063 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.064 | 0.059 | 0.059 | 0.058 | 0.059 | 0.069 | 0.064 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.032 | 0.058 | 0.058 | 0.058 |
0.058 | 0.058 | 0.059 | 0.061 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 0.064 | 0.071 | 0.083 | 0.078 | 0.023 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.068 | 0.061 | 0.061 |
0.073 | 0.072 | 0.072 | 0.078 | 0.079 | 0.080 | 0.082 | 0.091 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.039 | 0.032 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.087 | 0.068 | 0.069 |
0.014 | 0.017 | 0.031 | 0.010 | 0.025 | 0.051 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.067 | 0.062 | 0.067 | 0.058 | 0.068 | 0.087 | 0.000 | 0.045 | 0.048 |
0.043 | 0.030 | 0.016 | 0.044 | 0.025 | 0.026 | 0.030 | 0.032 | 0.048 | 0.043 | 0.059 | 0.058 | 0.061 | 0.068 | 0.045 | 0.000 | 0.007 |
0.046 | 0.034 | 0.019 | 0.047 | 0.028 | 0.020 | 0.024 | 0.027 | 0.043 | 0.038 | 0.060 | 0.058 | 0.061 | 0.069 | 0.048 | 0.007 | 0.000 |
1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.000 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.033 | 0.030 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.043 | 0.054 | 0.078 | 0.089 | 0.073 | 0.086 | 0.097 | 0.113 | 0.139 | 0.131 | 0.154 | 0.177 | 0.185 | 0.196 | 0.202 | 0.246 | 0.286 |
0.013 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.028 | 0.026 | 0.021 | 0.027 | 0.045 | 0.039 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.051 | 0.065 | 0.090 | 0.100 | 0.079 | 0.089 | 0.109 | 0.113 | 0.139 | 0.131 | 0.155 | 0.178 | 0.186 | 0.197 | 0.204 | 0.247 | 0.287 |
0.015 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.021 | 0.028 | 0.027 | 0.021 | 0.027 | 0.045 | 0.038 | 0.044 | 0.050 | 0.052 | 0.067 | 0.092 | 0.102 | 0.081 | 0.091 | 0.110 | 0.113 | 0.139 | 0.130 | 0.154 | 0.177 | 0.185 | 0.196 | 0.202 | 0.246 | 0.286 |
0.017 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.024 | 0.030 | 0.029 | 0.023 | 0.029 | 0.047 | 0.040 | 0.047 | 0.052 | 0.054 | 0.069 | 0.093 | 0.104 | 0.083 | 0.092 | 0.112 | 0.112 | 0.139 | 0.131 | 0.154 | 0.177 | 0.185 | 0.197 | 0.203 | 0.247 | 0.286 |
0.011 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.014 | 0.020 | 0.037 | 0.030 | 0.038 | 0.043 | 0.046 | 0.061 | 0.086 | 0.096 | 0.075 | 0.085 | 0.104 | 0.110 | 0.137 | 0.129 | 0.152 | 0.174 | 0.182 | 0.194 | 0.200 | 0.244 | 0.284 |
0.011 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.039 | 0.051 | 0.073 | 0.083 | 0.069 | 0.082 | 0.093 | 0.109 | 0.135 | 0.127 | 0.150 | 0.173 | 0.182 | 0.192 | 0.198 | 0.242 | 0.282 |
0.018 | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.022 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.018 | 0.013 | 0.017 | 0.021 | 0.025 | 0.026 | 0.035 | 0.047 | 0.064 | 0.075 | 0.065 | 0.078 | 0.089 | 0.105 | 0.132 | 0.124 | 0.148 | 0.170 | 0.178 | 0.190 | 0.196 | 0.240 | 0.280 |
0.017 | 0.026 | 0.027 | 0.029 | 0.021 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.010 | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.023 | 0.024 | 0.033 | 0.047 | 0.067 | 0.076 | 0.063 | 0.077 | 0.087 | 0.103 | 0.131 | 0.123 | 0.147 | 0.169 | 0.176 | 0.189 | 0.195 | 0.239 | 0.279 |
0.019 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.023 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.018 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.028 | 0.020 | 0.029 | 0.034 | 0.037 | 0.054 | 0.077 | 0.086 | 0.065 | 0.075 | 0.094 | 0.101 | 0.129 | 0.121 | 0.145 | 0.167 | 0.175 | 0.188 | 0.195 | 0.239 | 0.278 |
0.021 | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.029 | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.026 | 0.029 | 0.047 | 0.070 | 0.079 | 0.059 | 0.073 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.127 | 0.119 | 0.142 | 0.165 | 0.173 | 0.186 | 0.192 | 0.236 | 0.275 |
0.033 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.047 | 0.037 | 0.024 | 0.017 | 0.019 | 0.028 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.027 | 0.041 | 0.052 | 0.061 | 0.056 | 0.071 | 0.080 | 0.097 | 0.125 | 0.116 | 0.139 | 0.161 | 0.169 | 0.182 | 0.188 | 0.232 | 0.272 |
0.030 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 0.023 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.014 | 0.019 | 0.037 | 0.060 | 0.069 | 0.049 | 0.063 | 0.076 | 0.092 | 0.120 | 0.111 | 0.135 | 0.156 | 0.164 | 0.177 | 0.183 | 0.227 | 0.267 |
0.035 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.047 | 0.038 | 0.028 | 0.025 | 0.023 | 0.029 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.013 | 0.028 | 0.051 | 0.061 | 0.043 | 0.057 | 0.068 | 0.086 | 0.114 | 0.105 | 0.128 | 0.151 | 0.159 | 0.171 | 0.177 | 0.221 | 0.261 |
0.035 | 0.049 | 0.050 | 0.052 | 0.043 | 0.030 | 0.026 | 0.024 | 0.034 | 0.026 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.029 | 0.046 | 0.055 | 0.041 | 0.056 | 0.065 | 0.085 | 0.113 | 0.104 | 0.127 | 0.149 | 0.157 | 0.169 | 0.176 | 0.220 | 0.260 |
0.043 | 0.051 | 0.052 | 0.054 | 0.046 | 0.039 | 0.035 | 0.033 | 0.037 | 0.029 | 0.027 | 0.019 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.042 | 0.053 | 0.033 | 0.047 | 0.061 | 0.076 | 0.104 | 0.096 | 0.119 | 0.141 | 0.150 | 0.162 | 0.169 | 0.213 | 0.252 |
0.054 | 0.065 | 0.067 | 0.069 | 0.061 | 0.051 | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.054 | 0.047 | 0.041 | 0.037 | 0.028 | 0.029 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.029 | 0.041 | 0.022 | 0.034 | 0.047 | 0.062 | 0.091 | 0.083 | 0.106 | 0.129 | 0.137 | 0.150 | 0.157 | 0.201 | 0.240 |
0.078 | 0.090 | 0.092 | 0.093 | 0.086 | 0.073 | 0.064 | 0.067 | 0.077 | 0.070 | 0.052 | 0.060 | 0.051 | 0.046 | 0.042 | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.031 | 0.034 | 0.046 | 0.062 | 0.093 | 0.093 | 0.111 | 0.129 | 0.137 | 0.150 | 0.156 | 0.201 | 0.239 |
0.089 | 0.100 | 0.102 | 0.104 | 0.096 | 0.083 | 0.075 | 0.076 | 0.086 | 0.079 | 0.061 | 0.069 | 0.061 | 0.055 | 0.053 | 0.041 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.039 | 0.056 | 0.096 | 0.096 | 0.115 | 0.123 | 0.130 | 0.143 | 0.150 | 0.194 | 0.233 |
0.073 | 0.079 | 0.081 | 0.083 | 0.075 | 0.069 | 0.065 | 0.063 | 0.065 | 0.059 | 0.056 | 0.049 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.033 | 0.022 | 0.031 | 0.035 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.034 | 0.044 | 0.072 | 0.064 | 0.088 | 0.111 | 0.119 | 0.132 | 0.138 | 0.183 | 0.223 |
0.086 | 0.089 | 0.091 | 0.092 | 0.085 | 0.082 | 0.078 | 0.077 | 0.075 | 0.073 | 0.071 | 0.063 | 0.057 | 0.056 | 0.047 | 0.034 | 0.034 | 0.038 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.030 | 0.061 | 0.061 | 0.080 | 0.098 | 0.106 | 0.120 | 0.126 | 0.170 | 0.209 |
0.097 | 0.109 | 0.110 | 0.112 | 0.104 | 0.093 | 0.089 | 0.087 | 0.094 | 0.087 | 0.080 | 0.076 | 0.068 | 0.065 | 0.061 | 0.047 | 0.046 | 0.039 | 0.034 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.034 | 0.074 | 0.073 | 0.092 | 0.099 | 0.095 | 0.115 | 0.121 | 0.160 | 0.199 |
0.113 | 0.113 | 0.113 | 0.112 | 0.110 | 0.109 | 0.105 | 0.103 | 0.101 | 0.099 | 0.097 | 0.092 | 0.086 | 0.085 | 0.076 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 0.056 | 0.044 | 0.030 | 0.034 | 0.000 | 0.041 | 0.046 | 0.062 | 0.068 | 0.078 | 0.102 | 0.108 | 0.144 | 0.181 |
0.139 | 0.139 | 0.139 | 0.139 | 0.137 | 0.135 | 0.132 | 0.131 | 0.129 | 0.127 | 0.125 | 0.120 | 0.114 | 0.113 | 0.104 | 0.091 | 0.093 | 0.096 | 0.072 | 0.061 | 0.074 | 0.041 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.027 | 0.044 | 0.066 | 0.090 | 0.094 | 0.132 | 0.169 |
0.131 | 0.131 | 0.130 | 0.131 | 0.129 | 0.127 | 0.124 | 0.123 | 0.121 | 0.119 | 0.116 | 0.111 | 0.105 | 0.104 | 0.096 | 0.083 | 0.093 | 0.096 | 0.064 | 0.061 | 0.073 | 0.046 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.050 | 0.065 | 0.087 | 0.092 | 0.129 | 0.164 |
0.154 | 0.155 | 0.154 | 0.154 | 0.152 | 0.150 | 0.148 | 0.147 | 0.145 | 0.142 | 0.139 | 0.135 | 0.128 | 0.127 | 0.119 | 0.106 | 0.111 | 0.115 | 0.088 | 0.080 | 0.092 | 0.062 | 0.027 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.029 | 0.051 | 0.073 | 0.077 | 0.114 | 0.150 |
0.177 | 0.178 | 0.177 | 0.177 | 0.174 | 0.173 | 0.170 | 0.169 | 0.167 | 0.165 | 0.161 | 0.156 | 0.151 | 0.149 | 0.141 | 0.129 | 0.129 | 0.123 | 0.111 | 0.098 | 0.099 | 0.068 | 0.044 | 0.050 | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.029 | 0.049 | 0.060 | 0.090 | 0.127 |
0.185 | 0.186 | 0.185 | 0.185 | 0.182 | 0.182 | 0.178 | 0.176 | 0.175 | 0.173 | 0.169 | 0.164 | 0.159 | 0.157 | 0.150 | 0.137 | 0.137 | 0.130 | 0.119 | 0.106 | 0.095 | 0.078 | 0.066 | 0.065 | 0.051 | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.029 | 0.034 | 0.069 | 0.109 |
0.196 | 0.197 | 0.196 | 0.197 | 0.194 | 0.192 | 0.190 | 0.189 | 0.188 | 0.186 | 0.182 | 0.177 | 0.171 | 0.169 | 0.162 | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.143 | 0.132 | 0.120 | 0.115 | 0.102 | 0.090 | 0.087 | 0.073 | 0.049 | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.035 | 0.053 | 0.092 |
0.202 | 0.204 | 0.202 | 0.203 | 0.200 | 0.198 | 0.196 | 0.195 | 0.195 | 0.192 | 0.188 | 0.183 | 0.177 | 0.176 | 0.169 | 0.157 | 0.156 | 0.150 | 0.138 | 0.126 | 0.121 | 0.108 | 0.094 | 0.092 | 0.077 | 0.060 | 0.034 | 0.035 | 0.000 | 0.048 | 0.091 |
0.246 | 0.247 | 0.246 | 0.247 | 0.244 | 0.242 | 0.240 | 0.239 | 0.239 | 0.236 | 0.232 | 0.227 | 0.221 | 0.220 | 0.213 | 0.201 | 0.201 | 0.194 | 0.183 | 0.170 | 0.160 | 0.144 | 0.132 | 0.129 | 0.114 | 0.090 | 0.069 | 0.053 | 0.048 | 0.000 | 0.044 |
0.286 | 0.287 | 0.286 | 0.286 | 0.284 | 0.282 | 0.280 | 0.279 | 0.278 | 0.275 | 0.272 | 0.267 | 0.261 | 0.260 | 0.252 | 0.240 | 0.239 | 0.233 | 0.223 | 0.209 | 0.199 | 0.181 | 0.169 | 0.164 | 0.150 | 0.127 | 0.109 | 0.092 | 0.091 | 0.044 | 0.000 |
Dependent Variables | Independent Variables (Explanatory Variables) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | Coefficient | Pearson | Standard Error of Regression | R-Squared | p-Value | F Statistics (F-Value) | Observations | |
NPS EN | ||||||||
NPS EMPN | 0.188 | −0.071 | 0.705 | 0.015 | 0.496 | 0.000 | 25.637 | 28 |
NPS FA | 0.033 | 0.103 | 0.701 | 0.004 | 0.491 | 0.041 | 1.261 | 16 |
NPS SCO | 0.086 | 1.125 | 0.846 | 0.057 | 0.716 | 0.000 | 65.581 | 28 |
SCE | 41,000.760 | −30,194.844 | 0.661 | 2745.697 | 0.437 | 0.000 | 20.922 | 29 |
TP | 120,245.936 | −285,045.130 | 0.884 | 12,096.489 | 0.781 | 0.000 | 96.061 | 29 |
PCO | 98,946.869 | −233,262.379 | 0.919 | 8,025.344 | 0.844 | 0.000 | 146.150 | 29 |
NPS EMPN | ||||||||
NPS FA | 0.098 | 0.085 | 0.385 | 0.005 | 0.148 | 0.000 | 2.437 | 16 |
NPS IO | ||||||||
NPS EMPN | 0.064 | 0.074 | 0.328 | 0.016 | 0.108 | 0.001 | 3.012 | 28 |
NPS FA | 0.063 | −0.041 | 0.080 | 0.025 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.036 | 16 |
TP | 68,104.311 | 61,423.965 | 0.303 | 18,673.687 | 0.092 | 0.013 | 2.519 | 28 |
PpU | 0.712 | 0.498 | 0.298 | 0.119 | 0.089 | 0.000 | 2.429 | 28 |
NPS FA | ||||||||
NPS EMPN | 0.098 | 0.085 | 0.385 | 0.005 | 0.148 | 0.000 | 2.437 | 16 |
TP | 84,490.058 | −190,457.361 | 0.395 | 10,935.424 | 0.156 | 0.000 | 2.586 | 16 |
PpU | 0.981 | −0.630 | 0.199 | 0.076 | 0.040 | 0.000 | 0.580 | 16 |
FA | ||||||||
PCO | 27,960.320 | −0.160 | 0.866 | 2384.262 | 0.750 | 0.000 | 81.151 | 29 |
IO | ||||||||
FA | 6257.254 | 0.004 | 0.741 | 2205.773 | 0.549 | 0.000 | 32.824 | 29 |
NPS IO | ||||||||
rFA | 0.118 | 0.137 | 0.317 | 0.092 | 0.101 | 0.000 | 2.796 | 28 |
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Financial Ratio Name (Predictor) | Predictor Symbol | Parameter Estimate |
---|---|---|
Intercept | - | −5.85 |
Operating return on assets | R1 | −1.231 |
Debt payment capacity | R3 | −0.492 |
Operating return on sales | R6 | −1.947 |
Total debt ratio | R9 | +0.62 |
Short-term liabilities cycle | R13 | +0.004 |
Objectives of the Programs/Programs | Programme I 1993 | Programme II 1993 | Programme III 1994–1995 | Programme IV 1996–2000 | Programme V 1998–2002 | Programme VI 2003–2006 | Programme VII 2004–2010 | Programme VIII 2007–2015 | Programme IX 2018–2030 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Improving profitability, competitiveness, timely payment of liabilities | |||||||||
Mitigating the effects of the current and planned restructuring of employment | |||||||||
Protection of mining against collapse (debt reduction) | |||||||||
Employment rationalisation, increase in labour productivity, improvement of working conditions | |||||||||
Adaptation of production capacity, efficiency improvement, reduction of output costs | |||||||||
Rational and effective management of coal beds | |||||||||
Reducing the harmful effects on the natural environment | |||||||||
Ensuring the country’s energy security | |||||||||
Privatisation of mining enterprises | |||||||||
Optimisation of the organisational structures of the mining industry | |||||||||
Diversification of coal use and maintaining export | |||||||||
Vertical integration of mining and power industries | |||||||||
Development of employee skills and innovations in mines | |||||||||
Elimination of the negative effects of restructuring | |||||||||
Maintaining the competitiveness of the mining sector | |||||||||
The scope of planned coal sales (mill. Mg/year) | 124–130 | 119–125 | 134–134 | 127–125 | 116–110 | 94–87 | 97–80 | 93–90 | - |
The planned Investment outlays (mill. PLN/programme) | 588 | - | 1490 | 5488 | 5988 | - | 7921 | 2200 | 26,738 |
The scope of planned employment (thousand people, at the end of the year) | 300 | 287 | 273–253 | 256–194 | 219–138 | 130–114 | 117 | - | - |
The scope of the planned capacity (Mg/employee/year) | 437 | - | 463–515 | 508–529 | 525–773 | 725–806 | 795–810 | - | - |
The scope of the planned coal production (mill. Mg/year) | 126–131 | - | 135–132 | 130–128 | 121–112 | 95–89 | 95–100 | 95–91 | - |
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Kaczmarek, J.; Kolegowicz, K.; Szymla, W. Restructuring of the Coal Mining Industry and the Challenges of Energy Transition in Poland (1990–2020). Energies 2022, 15, 3518. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103518
Kaczmarek J, Kolegowicz K, Szymla W. Restructuring of the Coal Mining Industry and the Challenges of Energy Transition in Poland (1990–2020). Energies. 2022; 15(10):3518. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103518
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaczmarek, Jarosław, Konrad Kolegowicz, and Wojciech Szymla. 2022. "Restructuring of the Coal Mining Industry and the Challenges of Energy Transition in Poland (1990–2020)" Energies 15, no. 10: 3518. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103518
APA StyleKaczmarek, J., Kolegowicz, K., & Szymla, W. (2022). Restructuring of the Coal Mining Industry and the Challenges of Energy Transition in Poland (1990–2020). Energies, 15(10), 3518. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103518