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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 9, Issue 6 (August 2016) – 6 articles

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13 pages, 1625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Central Bias in Day-to-Day Viewing

by Flora Ioannidou, Frouke Hermens and Timothy L. Hodgson

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(6), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.6.6 (registering DOI) - 30 Sep 2016

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 72

Abstract

Eye tracking studies have suggested that, when viewing images centrally presented on a computer screen, observers tend to fixate the middle of the image. This so-called ‘central bias’ was later also observed in mobile eye tracking during outdoors navigation, where observers were found to fixate the middle of the head-centered video image. It is unclear, however, whether the extension of the central bias to mobile eye tracking in outdoors navigation may have been due to the relatively long viewing distances towards objects in this task and the constant turning of the body in the direction of motion, both of which may have reduced the need for large amplitude eye movements. To examine whether the central bias in day-to-day viewing is related to the viewing distances involved, we here compare eye movements in three tasks (indoors navigation, tea making, and card sorting), each associated with interactions with objects at different viewing distances. Analysis of gaze positions showed a central bias for all three tasks that was independent of the task performed. These results confirm earlier observations of the central bias in mobile eye tracking data, and suggest that differences in the typical viewing distance during different tasks have little effect on the bias. The results could have interesting technological applications, in which the bias is used to estimate the direction of gaze from head-centered video images, such as those obtained from wearable technology. Full article

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12 pages, 735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direction Estimation Model for Gaze Controlled Systems

by Anjana Sharma and Pawanesh Abrol

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(6), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.6.5 (registering DOI) - 30 Sep 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 54

Abstract

Gaze detection requires estimation of the position and the relation between user’s pupil and glint. In this research paper, a Gaze Direction Estimation (GDE) model, a feature based shape method has been proposed for the comparative analysis of two standard edge detectors canny and sobel for estimating position of the glint coordinates and subsequently gaze direction based on the different human eye images dataset. The results indicate fairly good percentage of the cases where the correct glint coordinates and correct gaze direction quadrants have been estimated by the canny edge detector as it performs better than the sobel operator in most cases. These results can further be used for improving the accuracy and performance of different eye gaze based controlled systems. Full article

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14 pages, 1074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Display System-Based Developmental Eye Movement Test

by Jung-Ho Kim, Ho-Jun Son, Sung-Jin Lee, Deok-Young Yun, Soon-Chul Kwon and Seung-Hyun Lee

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(6), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.6.4 - 19 Sep 2016

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 58

Abstract

By transplanting the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test chart to a virtual reality head-mounted display (VR HMD) system, this study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the DEM test for measuring dynamic visual acuity. Thirty-nine adults aged 20–39 years of both genders were the subjects of the study. After undergoing measurement of their visual function, through medical questionnaire, interpu-pillary distance (IPD), near point of convergence (NPC), near point of accommodation (NPA), and far and near phoria, the correlation between the tests was analyzed performing DEM vertical, horizontal test and VR HMD DEM (VHD) vertical, horizontal test. NPC and NPA decreased significantly after the VHD test, while phoria did not. The horizontal was quicker than the vertical in the DEM test, and vice versa in the VHD test. DEM was quicker than VHD in both the vertical and horizontal directions. There was no notable difference in error frequency between DEM and VHD. In terms of DEM and VHD test, there was no notable difference in the short-range IPD and subjective symptoms of the top 10 and bottom 10 subjects. The performance time for VHD, in which the chart must be read while moving the body, was longer than that of DEM. Therefore, based on the consistency of the results of both tests and the lack of a difference in error frequency and subjective symptoms, the VHD equipment proposed in this thesis is as effective as dynamic visual acuity measurement equipment. Full article

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11 pages, 2584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Covert Attention Tracking: Towards Two-Dimensional Real-Time Recordings

by Regina Gregori Grgič and Claudio de’Sperati

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(6), 1-11; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.6.3 (registering DOI) - 15 Sep 2016

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 45

Abstract

Achieving attention tracking as easily as recording eye movements is still beyond reach. However, by exploiting Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) we could recently record in a satisfactory way the horizontal trajectory of covert visuospatial attention in single trials, both when attending target motion and during mental motion extrapolation. Here we show that, despite the different cortical functional architecture for horizontal and vertical motion processing, the same result is obtained for vertical attention tracking. Thus, it seems that trustworthy real-time two-dimensional attention tracking, with both physical and imagined target motion, is not a too far goal. Full article

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10 pages, 473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Culture Shapes How We Look: Comparison Between Chinese and African University Students

by Zhaohui Duan, Fuxing Wang and Jianzhong Hong

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(6), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.6.1 (registering DOI) - 29 Aug 2016

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 50

Abstract

Previous cross-cultural studies have found that cultures can shape eye movement during scene perception, but those researches have been limited to the West. This study recruited Chinese and African students to document cultural effects on two phases of scene perception. In the free-viewing phase, Africans fixated more on the focal objects than Chinese, while Chinese paid more attention to the backgrounds than Africans especially on the fourth and fifth fixations. In the recognition phase, there was no cultural difference in perception, but Chinese recognized more objects than Africans. We conclude that cultural differences exist in scene perception when there is no explicit task and more clearly in its later period, and that some differences may be hidden in deeper processes (e.g., memory) during an explicit task. Full article

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16 pages, 1538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Spatial Pattern of Older Drivers’ Eye Fixation Behaviour and Associations with Their Visual Capacity

by Qian (Chayn) Sun, Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia, Torbjörn Falkmer and Hoe Lee

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(6), 1-16; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.6.2 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2016

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 59

Abstract

Visual capacity generally declines as people age, yet its impact on the visual search patterns along sections of different road during actual driving still remains undocumented. This on-road driving study simultaneously recorded 30 older drivers’ eye movement and precise vehicle movement trajectories. The vehicle positions were linked to every identified eye fixation for each individual driver, so that the locations of the driver's gaze origin in geo-spatial coordinates were obtained. Spatial distribution pattern of drivers’ eye fixations were then mapped and analysed. In addition, the associations between older drivers’ visual capacity (processing speed, divided and selective attention) and their eye fixation patterns in various driving manoeuvres were investigated. The results indicate that driving scenarios have a significant impact on older drivers’ visual patterns. Older drivers performed more frequent eye fixations at roundabouts, while they tended to fixate on certain objects for longer periods during straight road driving. The key findings show that the processing speed and divided attention of older drivers were associated with their eye fixations at complex right-turns; drivers with a lower capacity in selective attention performed less frequent eye fixations at roundabouts. This study has also demonstrated that visualisation and spatial statistics are effective and intuitive approaches to eye movement analysis. Full article

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