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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 9, Issue 5 (May 2016) – 6 articles

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11 pages, 1245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Learning to Search. The Importance of Eye Movements in the Decrease of Response Times During a Visual Choice Reaction Time Task

by Aleksandra Kroll, Monika Mak and Jerzy Samochowiec

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(5), 1-11; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.5.5 - 9 Dec 2016

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 67

Abstract

Reaction times are often used as an indicator of the efficiency of the processes in the central nervous system. While extensive research has been conducted on the possible response time correlates, the role of eye movements in visual tasks is yet unclear. Here we report data to support the role of eye movements during visual choice reaction time training. Participant performance, reaction times, and total session duration improved. Eyemovements showed expected changes in saccade amplitude and resulted in improvement in visual target searching. Full article

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14 pages, 861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Pointing in Stereoscopic Displays

by Chiuhsiang Joe Lin and Retno Widyaningrum

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(5), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.5.4 - 9 Dec 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 48

Abstract

This study investigated eye pointing in stereoscopic displays. Ten participants performed 18 tapping tasks in stereoscopic displays with three different levels of parallax (at the screen, 20 cm and 50 cm in front of the screen). The results showed that parallax had significant effects on hand movement time, eye movement time, index of performance in hand click and eye gaze. The movement time was shorter and the performance was better when the target was at the screen, compared to the conditions when the targets were seen at 20 cm and 50 cm in front of the screen. Furthermore, the findings of this study supports that the eye movement in stereoscopic displays follows the Fitts’ law. The proposed algo-rithm was effective on the eye gaze selection to improve the good fit of eye movement in stereoscopic displays. Full article

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11 pages, 570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

User-Friendly Locations of Error Messages in Web Forms: An Eye Tracking Study

by Yavuz Inal

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(5), 1-11; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.5.1 - 7 Dec 2016

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 83

Abstract

Error messages presented to users are one of the most important elements of Web forms. Error messages are embedded in different parts of the forms available on the Internet and presented in various formats. One of the measures of a user-friendly error message design is the ability to easily capture users’ attention and facilitate fast error correction. In this empirical study, I tested four different locations of error messages frequently used in Web forms on 32 participants. In addition, I analysed the participants’ interactions with error messages through their eye movements. The results of the study showed that the participants spotted the error message fastest when it was displayed on the right side of the erroneous input field. When error messages displayed further the input field users have less saccades to and fixations on error messages compared to those located near to this field, suggesting that less effort has been spent to understand the given message. However, group mean dif-ferences were not statistically significant for form completion time, error recognition time, the number of saccades, and error correction time. Full article

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16 pages, 726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Movements as a Window to Cognitive Processes

by Peter König, Niklas Wilming, Tim C Kietzmann, Jose P Ossandón, Selim Onat, Benedikt V Ehinger, Ricardo R Gameiro and Kai Kaspar

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(5), 1-16; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.5.3 - 1 Dec 2016

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 154

Abstract

Eye movement research is a highly active and productive research field. Here we focus on how the embodied nature of eye movements can act as a window to the brain and the mind. In particular, we discuss how conscious perception depends on the trajectory of fixated locations and consequently address how fixation locations are selected. Specifically, we argue that the selection of fixation points during visual exploration can be understood to a large degree based on retinotopically structured models. Yet, these models largely ignore spatiotemporal structure in eye-movement sequences. Explaining spatiotemporal structure in eye-movement trajectories requires an understanding of spatiotemporal properties of the visual sampling process. With this in mind, we discuss the availability of external information to internal inference about causes in the world. We demonstrate that visual foraging is a dynamic process that can be systematically modulated either towards exploration or exploitation. For an analysis at high temporal resolution, we suggest a new method: The renewal density allows the investigation of precise temporal relation of eye movements and other actions like a button press. We conclude with an outlook and propose that eye movement research has reached an appropriate stage and can easily be combined with other research methods to utilize this window to the brain and mind to its fullest. Full article

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18 pages, 1134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Eye Tracking Study of Attention to Print Advertisements: Effects of Typeface Figuration

by Irma Puškarević, Uroš Nedeljković, Vladimir Dimovski and Klementina Možina

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(5), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.5.6 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2016

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 154

Abstract

The use of rhetorical figures has become a widely–accepted method for capturing attention and positively increasing cognitive effort in print advertisements. So far research studies mostly analyzed the effect of rhetorical figures in the written as well as pictorial elements of an ad. However, there have been few studies addressing the effect of rhetorical figuration in the specific area of typeface design. This study analyzes the effects of typeface figuration (i.e., regular vs. irregular stylization of the form) on attention and attitude of the viewers. The study also looks at how the effect of typeface figuration changes in relation to the type of a product (hedonistic vs. utilitarian) being advertised. Through the use of a 2 × 2 experi-mental design, the study measures data using a combination of eye tracking (an objective method) and attitude scaling (a subjective method). Sixty–five volunteers participated in the study. The eye tracking results show that using rhetorical figures in typeface mainly affects attention of the viewers. We have also determined that they influence their attitude. Additionally, the study shows that a typeface and a type of products are correlated; it shows that the hedonistic type of products can benefit more from the figuration. In conclusion, our study builds on and expands the current understanding of the use of rhetorical figures by proving that there is a correlation between the use of rhetorical figures in typeface and view-ers' attention, depending on the type of product being advertised. Full article

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35 pages, 1946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Focus on Selection for Fixation

by John K. Tsotsos, Iuliia Kotseruba and Calden Wloka

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(5), 1-35; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.5.2 - 14 May 2016

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 83

Abstract

A computational explanation of how visual attention, interpretation of visual stimuli, and eye movements combine to produce visual behavior, seems elusive. Here, we focus on one component: how selection is accomplished for the next fixation. The popularity of saliency map models drives the inference that this is solved, but we argue otherwise. We provide arguments that a cluster of complementary, conspicuity representations drive selection, modulated by task goals and history, leading to a hybrid process that encompasses early and late attentional selection. This design is also constrained by the architectural characteristics of the visual processing pathways. These elements combine into a new strategy for computing fixation targets and a first simulation of its performance is presented. Full article

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