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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2015) – 5 articles

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10 pages, 1293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Search Intent on Eye-Movement Patterns in a Change Detection Task

by Sangil Lee, Hyeonggyu Park, Minho Lee, Mun-Seon Chang and Ho-Wan Kwak

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2015, 8(2), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.8.2.5 (registering DOI) - 12 Aug 2015

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 58

Abstract

The goal of the present study was to examine whether intention type affects eye movement patterns in a change detection task In addition, we assessed whether the eye movement index could be used to identify human implicit intent. We attempted to generate three types of intent amongst the study participants, dividing them into one of three conditions; each condition received different information regarding an impending change to the visual stimuli. In the “navigational intent” condition, participants were asked to look for any interesting objects, and were not given any more information about the impending change. In the “low-specific intent” condition, participants were informed that a change would occur. In the “high-specific intent” condition, participants were told that a change would occur, and that an object would disappear. In addition to this main change detection task, participants also had to perform a primary task, in which they were required to name aloud the colors of objects in the pre-change scene. This allowed us to control for the visual searching process during the pre-change scene. The main results were as follows: firstly, the primary task successfully controlled for the visual search process during the pre-change scene, establishing that there were no differences in the patterns of eye movements across all three conditions despite differing intents. Secondly, we observed significantly different patterns of eye movement between the conditions in the post-change scene, suggesting that generating a specific intent for change detection yields a distinctive pattern of eye-movements. Finally, discriminant function analysis showed a reasonable classification rate for identifying a specific intent. Taken together, it was found that both participant intent and the specificity of information provided to the participants affect eye movements in a change detection task. Full article

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10 pages, 675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dravidian Vernacular, English and Hindi During Onscreen Reading Text: A Physiological, Subjective and Objective Evaluation Study

by Bodhisattwa Chowdhury, Debojyoti Bhattacharyya, Deepti Majumdar and Dhurjati Majumdar

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2015, 8(2), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.8.2.4 (registering DOI) - 30 Jul 2015

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Abstract

Multilingualism has become an integral part of our present lifestyle. India has twenty two registered official languages with English and Hindi being most widely used for all official activities across the nation. As both these languages are introduced later in life, it was hypothesised that comprehensive reading will be better and faster if the native medium was used. Therefore present study aimed to evaluate the differences in performance while using one of the four Indian Dravidian vernaculars (Tamil, Telugu Kannada and Malayalam) and two nonvernacular (English and Hindi) languages for onscreen reading task. A multidimensional approach including physiological (Eye movement recording), subjective (Language Experience And Proficiency Questionnaire, LEAP-Q, Legibility rating) and Objective (Reading time and Word processing rate) measurements were used to quantify the effects. Forty-four Indian infantry soldiers from each of the Dravidian language groups participated in the study. Volunteers read aloud two simple story passages onscreen in their respective vernacular and non-vernacular languages using both time bound and self-paced reading mode. Reading time was lower and word processing rate was higher respectively in case of vernacular than non-vernacular. Consideration of fixation count in both the modes of reading indicated better performance with vernaculars. Legibility score was better in Dravidian languages than others. Results indicated that reading text was faster in vernacular media followed by English and Hindi. Use of vernaculars in onscreen text display of high density workstation may therefore be recommended for easier and faster comprehension. Full article

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10 pages, 467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Children’s Attention to Online Adverts Is Related to Low-Level Saliency Factors and Individual Level of Gaze Control

by Nils Holmberg, Kenneth Holmqvist and Helena Sandberg

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2015, 8(2), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.8.2.2 (registering DOI) - 26 Jun 2015

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 72

Abstract

Twenty-six children in 3rd grade were observed while surfing freely on their favourite websites. Eye movement data were recorded, as well as synchronized screen recordings. Each online advert was analyzed in order to quantify low-level saliency features, such as motion, luminance and edge density. The eye movement data were used to register if the children had attended to the online adverts. A mixed-effects multiple regression analysis was performed in order to test the relationship between visual attention on adverts and advert saliency features. The regression model also included individual level of gaze control and level of internet use as predictors. The results show that all measures of visual saliency had effects on children’s visual attention, but these effects were modulated by children’s individual level of gaze control. Full article

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14 pages, 946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Probabilistic Real-Time Algorithm for Detecting Blinks, Saccades, and Fixations from EOG Data

by Miika Toivanen, Kati Pettersson and Kristian Lukander

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2015, 8(2), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.8.2.1 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2015

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 68

Abstract

We present a computationally light real-time algorithm which automatically detects blinks, saccades, and fixations from electro-oculography (EOG) data and calculates their temporal parameters. The method is probabilistic which allows to consider the uncertainties in the detected events. The method is real-time in the sense that it processes the data sample-by-sample, without a need to process the whole data as a batch. Prior to the actual measurements, a short, unsupervised training period is required. The parameters of the Gaussian likelihoods are learnt using an expectation maximization algorithm. The results show the promise of the method in detecting blinks, saccades, and fixations, with detection rates close to 100%. The presented method is published as an open source tool. Full article

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12 pages, 200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration and Prediction Difficulty in Hindi Sentence Comprehension: Evidence from an Eye-Tracking Corpus

by Samar Husain, Shravan Vasishth and Narayanan Srinivasan

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2015, 8(2), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.8.2.3 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2014

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 63

Abstract

This is the first attempt at characterizing reading difculty in Hindi using naturall occurring sentences. We created the Potsdam-Allahabad Hindi Eyetracking Corpus by recording eye-movement data from 30 participants at the University of Allahabad. India. The target stimuli were 153 sentences selected from the beta version of the Hindi-Urdu treebank, We find that word- or low-level predictors (syllable length unigram and bigram frequency) affect first-pass reading times, regression path dura. tion, total reading time, and outgoing saccade length. An increase in syllable length results in longer fixations, and an increase in word unigram and bigram frequency leads to shorter fixations. Longer syllable length and higher frequency lead to longei outgoing saccades, We also find that two predictors of sentence comprehension difi culty, integration and storage cost, have an effect on reading dificulty. Integration cost (Gibson, 2000) was approximated by calculating the distance (in words) between a dependent and head; and storage cost (Gibson, 2000), which measures dificulty of maintaining predictions, was estimated by counting the number of predicted heads at each point in the sentence. We find that integration cost mainly affects outgoing saccade length, and storage cost aflects total reading times and outgoing saccade length, Thus, word-level predictors have an efect in both early and late measures of reading time, while predictors of sentence comprehension dificulty tend to affect later measures. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration using eye-tracking that both integration and storage cost infuence reading dificulty. Full article

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