Journal of Eye Movement Research

12 pages, 3389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Analysis of Static and Dynamic Importance in the Eye-Tracking Records of Web Page Readers

by Noriyuki Matsuda and Haruhiko Takeuchi

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2011, 4(1), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.4.1.5 - 10 Mar 2011

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 53

Heat maps highlight cumulative, static importance in eye-tracking records, while network analysis helps elucidate dynamic importance from transitional relations. The present study was designed to perform both analyses in the same conceptual framework, i.e., network representation. For this purpose, heat maps comprising 5 × 5 segments were overlaid with networks, both of which were produced from the eye-tracking records of 20 subjects who read 10 top web pages that were classified into three layout types. The heat of the segments was graded on the basis of five percentile scores, whereas the core-peripheral nodes were identified by the agreement of centrality and ranking indices. The congruence between the two types of importance was generally good at the node level and the community levels. Additional findings included (a) mixed patterns of the sustained fixations (i.e., loops) within the total fixations, and (b) an increase in reciprocity as the network scope was narrowed to communities and then to the core neighborhoods. Full article

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14 pages, 369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Age-of-Acquisition on Ambiguity Resolution: Evidence from Eye Movements

by Barbara J. Juhasz, Margaret M. Gullick and Leah W. Shesler

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2011, 4(1), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.4.1.4 - 23 Feb 2011

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 59

Abstract

Words that are rated as acquired earlier in life receive shorter fixation durations than later acquired words, even when word frequency is adequately controlled (Juhasz & Rayner, 2003; 2006). Some theories posit that age-of-acquisition (AoA) affects the semantic representation of words (e.g., Steyvers & Tenenbaum, 2005), while others suggest that AoA should have an influence at multiple levels in the mental lexicon (e.g., Ellis & Lambon Ralph, 2000). In past studies, early and late AoA words have differed from each other in orthography, phonology, and meaning, making it difficult to localize the influence of AoA. Two experiments are reported which examined the locus of AoA effects in reading. Both experiments used balanced ambiguous words which have two equally-frequent meanings acquired at different times (e.g., pot, tick). In Experiment 1, sentence context supporting either the early- or late-acquired meaning was presented prior to the ambiguous word; in Experiment 2, disambiguating context was presented after the ambiguous word. When prior context disambiguated the ambiguous word, meaning AoA influenced the processing of the target word. However, when disambiguating sentence context followed the ambiguous word, meaning frequency was the more important variable and no effect of meaning AoA was observed. These results, when combined with the past results of Juhasz and Rayner (2003; 2006) suggest that AoA influences access to multiple levels of representation in the mental lexicon. The results also have implications for theories of lexical ambiguity resolution, as they suggest that variables other than meaning frequency and context can influence resolution of noun-noun ambiguities. Full article

12 pages, 718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evidence for a Structural Analysis of Target Selection in Picture Viewing

by Christoph Rasche and Benjamin W. Tatler

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2011, 4(1), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.4.1.2 - 23 Feb 2011

Viewed by 42

Abstract

Spontaneous fixations onto shapes are driven by a structural analysis. But is such analysis also carried out during free viewing of real-world scenes? Here, we analyze how fixation locations in such scenes are related to their region using the region’s symmetric axes as a reference. Each fixation location is compared with respect to its nearest symmetric-axis segment by a latitude and a longitude measure. Analyzing the distributions for the two measures we find that there exist fixation biases for L features and parallel contours, sug-gesting that structural analysis may play a role in saccadic target selection during free viewing. Full article

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10 pages, 361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lexical and Post-Lexical Complexity Effects on Eye Movements in Reading

by Tessa Warren, Erik D. Reichle and Nikole D. Patson

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2011, 4(1), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.4.1.3 - 16 Feb 2011

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 51

Abstract

The current study investigated how a post-lexical complexity manipulation followed by a lexical complexity manipulation affects eye movements during reading. Both manipulations caused disruption in all measures on the manipulated words, but the patterns of spillover differed. Critically, the effects of the two kinds of manipulations did not interact, and there was no evidence that post-lexical processing difficulty delayed lexical processing on the next word (c.f. Henderson & Ferreira, 1990). This suggests that post-lexical processing of one word and lexical processing of the next can proceed independently and likely in parallel. This finding is consistent with the assumptions of the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control in reading (Reichle, Warren, & McConnell, 2009). Full article

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18 pages, 1727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Unifying Model-Based Hypothesis for the Diverse Waveforms of Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome

by Zhong I. Wang and Louis F. Dell'Osso

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2011, 4(1), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.4.1.1 - 3 Feb 2011

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 49

Abstract

We expanded the original behavioral Ocular Motor System (OMS) model for Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS) by incorporating common types of jerk waveforms within a unifying mechanism. Alexander’s law relationships were used to produce desired INS null positions and sharpness. At various gaze angles, these relationships influenced the IN slow-phase amplitudes differently, thereby mimicking the gaze-angle effects of INS patients. Transitions from pseudopendular with foveating saccades to jerk waveforms required replacing braking saccades with foveating fast phases and adding a resettable neural integrator in the pursuit pre-motor circuitry. The robust simulations of accurate OMS behavior in the presence of diverse INS waveforms demonstrate that they can all be generated by a loss of pursuit-system damping, supporting this hypothetical origin. Full article

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J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 4, Issue 1 (March 2011) – 5 articles

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