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Volume 18
Issue 3
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J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 18, Issue 3 (June 2025) – 6 articles

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20 pages, 6633 KiB  
Article
Research on Flight Training Optimization with Instrument Failure Based on Eye Movement Data
by Jiwen Tai, Yu Qian, Zhili Song, Xiuyi Li, Ziang Qu and Chengzhi Yang
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2025, 18(3), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18030019 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 124
Abstract
To improve the quality of flight training in instrument failure scenarios, eye movement data were collected from flight instructors during climbing, descending, and turning flights when the primary attitude direction indicator failed. The performance data of the excellent instructors was selected to produce [...] Read more.
To improve the quality of flight training in instrument failure scenarios, eye movement data were collected from flight instructors during climbing, descending, and turning flights when the primary attitude direction indicator failed. The performance data of the excellent instructors was selected to produce eye movement tutorials. These tutorials were used to conduct eye movement training for the experimental group of flight trainees. In contrast, the control group received traditional training. The performance and eye movement data of the two groups of flight trainees were then compared and analyzed. The results showed that flight trainees who received eye movement training performed better when facing instrument failure. Specifically, the deviations in the rate of descent, heading during the descent, airspeed during the turn, and slope during the turn were significantly different from those of the control group. Compared to the control group, the experimental group had a significantly lower fixation frequency on the failed instrument during the turn. Additionally, the average glance duration on the failed instrument during the climb and turn was significantly reduced. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of eye movement training in improving the quality of flight training in instrument failure scenarios. Full article
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13 pages, 692 KiB  
Article
Eye-Tracking Algorithm for Early Glaucoma Detection: Analysis of Saccadic Eye Movements in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
by Cansu Yuksel Elgin
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2025, 18(3), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18030018 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 152
Abstract
Glaucoma remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with early detection crucial for preventing vision loss. This study developed and validated a novel eye-tracking algorithm to detect oculomotor abnormalities in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). We conducted a case–control study (March–June 2021), recruiting [...] Read more.
Glaucoma remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with early detection crucial for preventing vision loss. This study developed and validated a novel eye-tracking algorithm to detect oculomotor abnormalities in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). We conducted a case–control study (March–June 2021), recruiting 16 patients with moderate POAG, 16 with preperimetric POAG, and 16 age-matched controls. The participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination and eye movement recording using a high-resolution infrared tracker during two tasks: saccades to static targets and saccades to moving targets. The patients with POAG exhibited a significantly increased saccadic latency and reduced accuracy compared to the controls, with more pronounced differences in the moving target task. Notably, preperimetric POAG patients showed significant abnormalities despite having normal visual fields based on standard perimetry. Our machine learning algorithm incorporating multiple saccadic parameters achieved an excellent discriminative ability between glaucomatous and healthy subjects (AUC = 0.92), with particularly strong performance for moderate POAG (AUC = 0.97) and good performance for preperimetric POAG (AUC = 0.87). These findings suggest that eye movement analysis may serve as a sensitive biomarker for early glaucomatous damage, potentially enabling earlier intervention and improved visual outcomes. Full article
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18 pages, 8682 KiB  
Article
On the Validity and Benefit of Manual and Automated Drift Correction in Reading Tasks
by Naser Al Madi
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2025, 18(3), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18030017 - 9 May 2025
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Abstract
Drift represents a common distortion that affects the position of fixations in eye tracking data. While manual correction is considered very accurate, it is considered subjective and time-consuming. On the other hand, automated correction is fast, objective, and considered less accurate. An objective [...] Read more.
Drift represents a common distortion that affects the position of fixations in eye tracking data. While manual correction is considered very accurate, it is considered subjective and time-consuming. On the other hand, automated correction is fast, objective, and considered less accurate. An objective comparison of the accuracy of manual and automated correction has not been conducted before, and the extent of subjectivity in manual correction is not entirely quantified. In this paper, we compare the accuracy of manual and automated correction of eye tracking data in reading tasks through a novel approach that relies on synthetic data with known ground truth. Moreover, we quantify the subjectivity in manual human correction with real eye tracking data. Our results show that expert human correction is significantly more accurate than automated algorithms, yet novice human correctors are on par with the best automated algorithms. In addition, we found that human correctors show excellent agreement in their correction, challenging the notion that manual correction is “highly subjective”. Our findings provide unique insights, quantifying the benefits of manual and automated correction. Full article
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19 pages, 6370 KiB  
Article
Age-Related Differences in Visual Attention to Heritage Tourism: An Eye-Tracking Study
by Linlin Yuan, Zihao Cao, Yongchun Mao, Mohd Hafizal Mohd Isa and Muhammad Hafeez Abdul Nasir
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2025, 18(3), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18030016 - 8 May 2025
Viewed by 218
Abstract
With the rising significance of visual marketing, differences in how tourists from various age groups visually engage with tourism promotional materials remain insufficiently studied. This study recruited 48 participants and used a quasi-experimental design combined with eye-tracking technology to examine visual attention, scan [...] Read more.
With the rising significance of visual marketing, differences in how tourists from various age groups visually engage with tourism promotional materials remain insufficiently studied. This study recruited 48 participants and used a quasi-experimental design combined with eye-tracking technology to examine visual attention, scan path patterns, and their relationship to reading performance among different age groups. Independent t-tests, correlation analyses, and Lag Sequential Analysis were conducted to compare the differences between the two groups. Results indicated that elder participants had significantly higher fixation counts and longer fixation durations in text regions than younger participants, as well as higher perceived novelty scores. A positive correlation emerged between text fixation duration and perceived novelty. Additionally, elder participants showed greater interaction between text and images, while younger participants exhibited a more linear reading pattern. This study offers empirical insights to optimize tourism promotional materials, highlighting the need for age-specific communication strategies. Full article
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20 pages, 7275 KiB  
Article
Natural or Human Landscape Beauty? Quantifying Aesthetic Experience at Longji Terraces Through Eye-Tracking
by Ting Zhang, Yue Jiang, Donghong Liu, Shijie Zeng and Pengjin Sheng
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2025, 18(3), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18030015 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 210
Abstract
This study investigated tourists’ visual perception, aesthetic experience, and behavioral intentions across four types of landscapes. A total of 353 questionnaires were distributed on-site, and the SOR model was used to examine the visual stimuli and aesthetic responses perceived by tourists, followed by [...] Read more.
This study investigated tourists’ visual perception, aesthetic experience, and behavioral intentions across four types of landscapes. A total of 353 questionnaires were distributed on-site, and the SOR model was used to examine the visual stimuli and aesthetic responses perceived by tourists, followed by laboratory eye-tracking to observe tourists’ points of attention on the Longji Terraced Fields landscape Key findings reveal that different residences and revisiting conditions affect tourists’ visual attention, with the most attention given at the intersections of landscape elements. Furthermore, although landscape visual stimuli do not significantly affect the intention response, eye movement parameters are positively correlated with aesthetic experience. The study contributes to understanding tourist aesthetic perception in terraced rice field landscapes and provides Chinese cases for the aesthetic appreciation of the terrace landscape. Full article
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13 pages, 1510 KiB  
Article
Binocular Advantage in Established Eye–Hand Coordination Tests in Young and Healthy Adults
by Michael Mendes Wefelnberg, Felix Bargstedt, Marcel Lippert and Freerk T. Baumann
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2025, 18(3), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18030014 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 182
Abstract
Background: Eye–hand coordination (EHC) plays a critical role in daily activities and is affected by monocular vision impairment. This study evaluates existing EHC tests to detect performance decline under monocular conditions, supports the assessment and monitoring of vision rehabilitation, and quantifies the binocular [...] Read more.
Background: Eye–hand coordination (EHC) plays a critical role in daily activities and is affected by monocular vision impairment. This study evaluates existing EHC tests to detect performance decline under monocular conditions, supports the assessment and monitoring of vision rehabilitation, and quantifies the binocular advantage of each test. Methods: A total of 70 healthy sports students (aged 19–30 years) participated in four EHC tests: the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT), Finger–Nose Test (FNT), Alternate Hand Wall Toss Test (AHWTT), and Loop-Wire Test (LWT). Each participant completed the tests under both binocular and monocular conditions in a randomized order, with assessments conducted by two independent raters. Performance differences, binocular advantage, effect sizes, and interrater reliability were analyzed. Results: Data from 66 participants were included in the final analysis. Significant performance differences between binocular and monocular conditions were observed for the LWT (p < 0.001), AHWTT (p < 0.001), and PPT (p < 0.05), with a clear binocular advantage and large effect sizes (SMD range: 0.583–1.660) for the AHWTT and LWT. Female participants performed better in fine motor tasks, while males demonstrated superior performance in gross motor tasks. Binocular performance averages aligned with published reference values. Conclusions: The findings support the inclusion of the LWT and AHWTT in clinical protocols to assess and assist individuals with monocular vision impairment, particularly following sudden uniocular vision loss. Future research should extend these findings to different age groups and clinically relevant populations. Full article
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