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Journal of Risk and Financial Management, Volume 18, Issue 9

2025 September - 61 articles

Cover Story: Blockchain is often presented as a tool to enhance accounting and ESG reporting by ensuring transparency and immutability. However, real-world data must enter blockchains through oracles, external systems that can introduce risks if poorly designed. This paper presents a systematic review of how academic literature addresses, or overlooks, this “oracle problem.” The findings indicate that, while oracles remain underexplored, interest in their role is steadily increasing, particularly in ESG reporting, where permissioned blockchains and attestation mechanisms are being examined as practical solutions to data verification challenges. By classifying existing oracle solutions and highlighting gaps, the study provides insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to build more reliable blockchain-based reporting systems. View this paper
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Articles (61)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,276 Views
21 Pages

Concerns about ensuring a sustainable environment are growing, attracting major attention from policy professionals worldwide. Therefore, this study investigates the nonlinear impacts of fiscal consolidation on CO2 emissions in 17 OECD countries from...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,469 Views
34 Pages

Transforming Eurostat’s Table 29 into an Actuarial Balance Sheet: A Net Worth Approach to Assessing Public Pension Solvency

  • Anna Castañer,
  • Anne Marie Garvey,
  • Juan Manuel Pérez-Salamero González and
  • Carlos Vidal-Meliá

This article presents a transparent and replicable framework to assess the net worth of public pension systems within the broader context of fiscal sustainability and public sector balance sheets. Using Spain as a case study, it transforms Eurostat&r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3,090 Views
16 Pages

This paper investigates the information transmission performance of GIFT Nifty futures using high-frequency data, a novel area of study given their recent introduction. We employ Johansen cointegration tests, Granger causality tests, GARCH models, Ha...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,370 Views
29 Pages

We examine the quantile-time-frequency connectedness of stock returns among BRICS and G7 markets over the period January 2000 to January 2024, employing the Quantile Vector Autoregression (QVAR) model. Our findings reveal that spillover effects inten...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,052 Views
19 Pages

This study develops a conceptual framework for integrating Triple-Entry (TE) accounting with machine learning (ML) to enhance transparency in financial reporting and auditing. TE extends the double-entry system by introducing a cryptographic third en...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3,075 Views
31 Pages

This study investigates whether firm-specific narratives extracted from the news add predictive content to monthly stock return models. Using bidirectional encoder representations from transformer-based topic modeling (BERTopic), we processed Microso...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
8,510 Views
19 Pages

Financial Auditing as an Effective Tool for Fraud Detection: A Systematic Review

  • Cindy Becerra Huamán,
  • David De la Cruz-Montoya,
  • Joseph Gutierrez-Cuadros,
  • Sonia Pilco Labajos and
  • Mercedes Lopez-Almeida

The article presents a broad and exhaustive approach to financial auditing studies, as well as their current state in academic research. Its main objective is to examine practices in the face of existing challenges. Financial auditing is strongly inf...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,253 Views
25 Pages

Doing business in today’s turbulent and, above all, changing environment represents a great challenge for financial managers in achieving quality management of the organization. Financial data and financial basis are key sources of information...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,131 Views
20 Pages

Optimizing Investments in the Portfolio Intelligence (PI) Model

  • Nikolaos Loukeris,
  • Lysimachos Maltoudoglou,
  • Yannis Boutalis and
  • Iordanis Eleftheriadis

A new methodology is introduced that incorporates advanced higher moment evaluation in a new approach to the Portfolio Selection problem, supported by effective Computational Intelligence models. The Portfolio Intelligence (PI) model extracts hidden...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,952 Views
16 Pages

The banking system, as the most important sector of the economy of every country, often encounters a number of risks. Financial institutions of that system operate in an unstable environment, and without having complete information about that environ...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
844 Views
26 Pages

This paper develops a tractable method to solve a general equilibrium model with bank runs and exogenous leverage ratio restrictions, enabling welfare analysis of macroprudential policy across the business cycle. By computing bankers’ value fun...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,484 Views
20 Pages

Crowdfunding has gained popularity among entrepreneurs who seek funding for their business projects on crowdfunding platforms. The success of these campaigns largely depends on the ability to attract and convince backers to support the fundraising in...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,737 Views
27 Pages

The rapid growth of fintech is revolutionizing the delivery, access, and management of financial services. It also presents new risks and opportunities for investment. Despite growing scholarly interest, current research often remains fragmented and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,328 Views
24 Pages

The impact of climate change is posing substantial risks for contemporary businesses and individuals. In response, insurance companies are adapting old and adopting new strategies and practices. This study aims to identify operational and structural...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,066 Views
14 Pages

The Role of Financial Compensation Oversight Committees in Improving the Financial Performance Governance of Saudi Banks

  • Ibrahim Ahmed Elamin Eltahir,
  • Mozamil Awad Taha,
  • Nasareldeen Hamed Ahmed Alnor,
  • Salih Hamid Adam and
  • Eltayeb Hamid Edres Musa

This study looks at how oversight committees affect CEO compensation governance and how this affects publicly traded banks’ financial performance. It specifically looks at how compensation committee mandates and structural traits affect how CEO...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2,199 Views
18 Pages

This study presents a bibliometric analysis of the literature on financial options pricing. This study examined 1713 peer-reviewed journal articles published between January 2002 and January 2023. The literature on options pricing was analyzed using...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,705 Views
33 Pages

Background: Life insurance markets are experiencing unprecedented transformation in the wake of economic disruption, evolving consumer expectations, and behavioral shifts following the COVID-19 pandemic. Traditional economic models often fail to capt...

  • Article
  • Open Access
892 Views
19 Pages

Based on panel data of 273 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2022, this study empirically examines the impact and mechanism of green finance on urban low-carbon development from the perspective of government regulation. The study yields t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11,028 Views
24 Pages

Understanding the role of liquidity and leverage is crucial in assessing financial performance, particularly in the consumer goods sector. This study examined the impact of liquidity and leverage on financial performance, using a sample of 13 consume...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,329 Views
26 Pages

Application of Accounting Standards in the Valuation of Biological Assets: An Analysis of the Poultry Sector in Tungurahua, Ecuador

  • Priscila Campos-Llerena,
  • Zonia Chávez-Hernández,
  • Patricia Jiménez-Estrella and
  • César Salazar-Mejía

This study analyzes the application of International Accounting Standard IAS 41—Agriculture in poultry companies (ISIC A0146.03) in the province of Tungurahua, Ecuador, with the aim of evaluating the degree of regulatory compliance, the level o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,945 Views
25 Pages

This study investigates how management accounting systems (MASs), specifically the balanced scorecard (BSC) and activity-based costing (ABC), foster organizational ambidexterity (OA) and, in turn, enhance firm performance. Drawing on the resource-bas...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,255 Views
28 Pages

The aim of this research was to examine the impact of digitalisation on the use of banking products among consumers in the Republic of Croatia, with a particular focus on analysing habits, perceptions, and barriers related to digital banking. The stu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,664 Views
60 Pages

This study evaluates three pairs trading strategies—the distance method (DM), mispricing index (MPI) copula, and mixed copula—across the Chinese equity market from 2005 to 2024, incorporating time-varying transaction costs. To enhance com...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,506 Views
32 Pages

Beyond Quotas: The Influence of Board Gender Diversity on Capital Structure in Firms from Latin America and the Caribbean

  • Juan David González-Ruiz,
  • Nini Johana Marín-Rodríguez and
  • Camila Ospina-Patiño

Board gender diversity (BGD) has gained attention as a governance mechanism that may influence corporate financial decisions. However, empirical evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) remains limited despite the region’s significant gend...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,298 Views
14 Pages

The Effect of Currency Misalignment on Income Inequality

  • Sarah R. Crane,
  • Uyen T. Le and
  • Scott A. Miller

This paper examines the relationship between currency misalignment and income inequality across 70 countries from 1998 to 2021. Currency misalignment occurs when the actual exchange rate diverges significantly from the equilibrium exchange rate. Usin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,869 Views
34 Pages

ESG Strategy and Tax Avoidance: Insights from a Meta-Regression Analysis

  • Maria Mitroulia,
  • Evangelos Chytis,
  • Thomas Kitsantas,
  • Michalis Skordoulis and
  • Petros Kalantonis

This research examines the relationship between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria and tax behavior, with a particular focus on tax avoidance (TA). Despite the extensive literature on ESG and tax behavior, there remains a research g...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
8,655 Views
25 Pages

This study examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in enhancing tax fraud detection within the ambit of the OECD Tax Administration 3.0, focusing on how these technologies streamline the detection process through a new “Adaptive...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,822 Views
17 Pages

Banking and Cooperatives in Ecuador: Comparative Evidence of Technical Efficiency and Financial Resilience

  • Byron Eraso Cisneros,
  • Cristina Pérez-Rico and
  • José L. Gallizo Larranz

In Ecuador’s financial system, private banks and savings and credit cooperatives coexist, both playing a key role in financial intermediation and the economic inclusion of traditionally underserved sectors. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,060 Views
34 Pages

I examine how the association between the current period’s budget variance and the subsequent period’s budget is affected by various governmental monitoring mechanisms. Specifically, I consider the following governance and monitoring mech...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4,376 Views
21 Pages

The relationship between corporate governance and shareholder value remains a subject of contention, with studies reporting positive, weak, or context-dependent effects. Drawing on multiple theoretical perspectives, this study examines how and when c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,541 Views
24 Pages

Global Market Shocks and Tail Risk Spillovers: Evidence from a Copula-Based Contagion Framework

  • Sundusit Saekow,
  • Phisanu Chiawkhun,
  • Woraphon Yamaka,
  • Nawapon Nakharutai and
  • Parkpoom Phetpradap

This study investigates the dynamics of financial contagion using a flexible mixture copula framework, specifically a combination of the Survival Clayton and Survival Gumbel copulas, to estimate the lower tail dependence coefficient, interpreted as a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,556 Views
25 Pages

This paper investigates the use of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms to learn adaptive hedging strategies for derivatives under realistic market conditions, incorporating permanent market impact, execution slippage, and transaction costs. Market...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,739 Views
26 Pages

Accessing Alternative Finance in Europe: The Role of SMEs, Innovation, and Digital Platforms

  • Javier Manso Laso,
  • Ismael Moya-Clemente and
  • Gabriela Ribes Giner

Access to business financing in Europe has historically been a challenge for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which represent a significant share of economic activity and employment in Europe. This issue has been significantly intensified s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,989 Views
34 Pages

This study investigates the short-run and long-run dynamics of the financial cycle in South Africa, focusing on its macroeconomic drivers and their asymmetric effects across different phases. It addresses the persistent challenge in emerging market e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,741 Views
21 Pages

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the predictive performance of traditional econometric models and deep learning techniques in forecasting financial volatility under structural breaks. Using daily data from four Latin American stock mar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,954 Views
21 Pages

Our paper investigates how emotions and cognitive biases shape small investors’ decisions in a bearish market or are perceived as such. Using semi-structured interviews and a focus group, we analyze the behavior of eight management science stud...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,303 Views
25 Pages

This study investigates the mediating role of self-awareness within the broader framework of business acumen, emphasizing its connection to entrepreneurial accounting proficiency and financial performance in community enterprises across Thailand. The...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,934 Views
33 Pages

The Bitcoin network is a sophisticated accounting system that facilitates consensus and verification of transactions through cryptographic proof, eliminating the need for a central authority. Given its success, the underlying technology, generally re...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
3,468 Views
19 Pages

This study explores the impact of credit spreads—defined as the difference between corporate bond yields and matched government bond yields—and macro-financial conditions on Japanese firms’ decision-making regarding whether to issue...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,720 Views
23 Pages

Explainable Machine Learning Models for Credit Rating in Colombian Solidarity Sector Entities

  • María Andrea Arias-Serna,
  • Jhon Jair Quiza-Montealegre,
  • Luis Fernando Móntes-Gómez,
  • Leandro Uribe Clavijo and
  • Andrés Felipe Orozco-Duque

This paper proposes a methodology for implementing a custom-developed explainability model for credit rating using behavioral data registered during the lifecycle of the borrowing that can replicate the score given by the regulatory model for the sol...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,159 Views
34 Pages

Against the backdrop of the “dual circulation” development pattern and the in-depth advancement of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), the interconnection between China and global financial markets has significantly in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,265 Views
18 Pages

Empirical Calibration of XGBoost Model Hyperparameters Using the Bayesian Optimisation Method: The Case of Bitcoin Volatility

  • Saralees Nadarajah,
  • Jules Clement Mba,
  • Ndaohialy Manda Vy Ravonimanantsoa,
  • Patrick Rakotomarolahy and
  • Henri T. J. E. Ratolojanahary

Ensemble learning techniques continue to show greater interest in forecasting the volatility of cryptocurrency assets. In particular, XGBoost, an ensemble learning technique, has been shown in recent studies to provide the most accurate forecast of B...

  • Article
  • Open Access
852 Views
20 Pages

On 22 September 2020, China announced an ambitious decarbonization commitment, leading to significant stock market reactions. Using a comprehensive dataset of China’s listed firms and a manually updated political connections index, we employ an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,238 Views
30 Pages

This study investigates the effect of the educational level of top management team (TMT) family members on firm innovation among publicly listed family firms in China. Using a panel of 14,338 firm-year observations from 2015 to 2023, this study emplo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,871 Views
31 Pages

The market for digital assets, and more specifically cryptocurrencies, is growing, although their adoption in small island countries remains absent. This paper explores the potential benefits of integrating cryptocurrencies into portfolios alongside...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,711 Views
19 Pages

This paper examines the interconnection and wavelet coherence between the green cryptocurrency market and the green conventional market, utilizing daily data. The research period covers 1 July 2020 to 30 September 2024. Employing the time-varying par...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,070 Views
25 Pages

Financial Performance-Based Clustering of Spa Enterprises in Slovakia

  • Petra Vašaničová,
  • Martina Košíková,
  • Sylvia Jenčová,
  • Marta Miškufová and
  • Jaroslav Korečko

This paper presents a cluster analysis of 20 spa enterprises operating in Slovakia, based on key financial indicators for the years 2018 and 2023. A comparative time-based approach was adopted to capture changes in financial performance over time. Th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3,087 Views
24 Pages

This research examines the relationship between capital structure, intellectual capital, and financial performance among insurance companies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Anchored in a positivist paradigm, the study employed descriptive and quantitati...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
5,447 Views
19 Pages

Climate change poses an existential threat, spurring businesses and financial markets to integrate environmental accounting and ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) disclosures into decision-making. This study aims to examine how environmental...

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J. Risk Financial Manag. - ISSN 1911-8074