Changes in Alienation in Physical Education Classes, School Happiness, and Expectations of a Future Healthy Life after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korean Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Alienation in PE
2.2.2. School Happiness
2.2.3. Future Healthy Life Expectations
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Changes in the Study Parameters during the COVID-19 Pandemic Compared to the pre-COVID-19 Period
3.2. Comparison of Structural Relationships among the Study Parameters between the pre- and during COVID-19 Periods
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | First Round | Second Round | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Cases | Percentage (%) | Number of Cases | Percentage (%) | ||
Sex | Male | 180 | 48.0 | 165 | 54.3 |
Female | 195 | 52.0 | 139 | 45.7 | |
School grade level | Middle school | 109 | 29.1 | 172 | 56.6 |
High school | 266 | 70.9 | 132 | 43.4 | |
Total | 375 | 100 | 304 | 100 |
Parameter | M ± SD | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | ||||
Alienation in PE | Alienation in athletic competence | 2.34 ± 1.05 | 2.35 ± 0.86 | −0.100 | 0.921 |
Alienation in curriculum | 2.35 ± 1.05 | 2.46 ± 0.68 | −1.606 | 0.109 | |
Alienation in peer relationship | 1.99 ± 0.90 | 1.97 ± 0.72 | 0.215 | 0.830 | |
Alienation in PE facilities | 3.17 ± 1.29 | 2.95 ± 1.17 | 2.325 | 0.020 * | |
Alienation in PE uniform | 3.23 ± 1.14 | 2.78 ± 1.03 | 5.359 | < 0.001 *** | |
Overall | 2.61 ± 0.86 | 2.50 ± 0.67 | 1.883 | 0.060 | |
School happiness | Peer relationships | 4.00 ± 0.84 | 4.04 ± 0.86 | −0.498 | 0.618 |
Relationships with teachers | 3.52 ± 0.93 | 3.69 ± 0.76 | −2.538 | 0.011 * | |
Self-efficacy | 3.44 ± 0.79 | 3.38 ± 0.72 | 1.034 | 0.301 | |
Environmental satisfaction | 3.35 ± 0.89 | 3.49 ± 0.76 | −2.233 | 0.026 * | |
Pleasure in learning activities | 3.47 ± 0.88 | 3.59 ± 0.80 | −1.771 | 0.077 | |
Overall | 3.56 ± 0.73 | 3.64 ± 0.65 | −1.493 | 0.136 | |
Future healthy life expectations | Interpersonal relationship | 4.15 ± 0.80 | 4.09 ± 0.73 | 1.004 | 0.316 |
Economic life | 3.66 ± 0.94 | 3.43 ± 0.83 | 3.274 | 0.001 ** | |
Healthy life | 3.68 ± 0.95 | 3.55 ± 0.89 | 1.916 | 0.056 | |
Self-realization | 4.04 ± 0.87 | 3.93 ± 0.78 | 1.698 | 0.090 | |
Overall | 3.88 ± 0.79 | 3.75 ± 0.71 | 2.271 | 0.023 * |
Hypothesis | Path | Standardized Regression Coefficient | S.E. | C.R. | p | Decision | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Alienation in PE | → | School happiness | −0.449 | 0.051 | −7.102 | < 0.001 *** | Adopted |
2 | Alienation in PE | → | Future healthy life expectations | −0.095 | 0.058 | −1.695 | 0.090 | Rejected |
3 | School happiness | → | Future healthy life expectations | 0.530 | 0.080 | 8.425 | < 0.001 *** | Adopted |
Hypothesis | Path | Standardized Regression Coefficient | S.E. | C.R. | p | Decision | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Alienation in PE | → | School happiness | −0.492 | 0.140 | −5.034 | < 0.001 *** | Adopted |
2 | Alienation in PE | → | Future healthy life expectations | −0.134 | 0.085 | −2.212 | 0.027 * | Adopted |
3 | School happiness | → | Future healthy life expectations | 0.678 | 0.071 | 9.430 | < 0.001 *** | Adopted |
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Lee, S.-M.; Yoo, J.-I.; Youn, H.-S. Changes in Alienation in Physical Education Classes, School Happiness, and Expectations of a Future Healthy Life after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korean Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010981
Lee S-M, Yoo J-I, Youn H-S. Changes in Alienation in Physical Education Classes, School Happiness, and Expectations of a Future Healthy Life after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korean Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010981
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Seung-Man, Jung-In Yoo, and Hyun-Su Youn. 2021. "Changes in Alienation in Physical Education Classes, School Happiness, and Expectations of a Future Healthy Life after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korean Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010981