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Volume 18
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Article

A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Frequency and Risk Factors Associated with Cesarean Section in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

by
Muhammad Fawad Rasool
1,*,
Saira Akhtar
1,
Iltaf Hussain
1,
Abdul Majeed
1,
Imran Imran
2,
Hamid Saeed
3,
Muqarrab Akbar
4,
Muhammad Omer Chaudhry
5,
Anees ur Rehman
1,
Waseem Ashraf
2,
Faleh Alqahtani
6,* and
Hussain Alqhtani
7
1
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
2
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
3
University College of Pharmacy, Allama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
4
Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
5
School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
6
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(16), 8812; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168812
Submission received: 16 June 2021 / Revised: 16 August 2021 / Accepted: 17 August 2021 / Published: 21 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prediction and Prevention of Preterm Birth: Now and Future)
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Abstract

The increasing frequency of cesarean section (CS) is a major public health issue, and it is on the rise in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study approach was used to assess the frequency of CS and its contributing factors, along with the assessment of knowledge in mothers who had undergone CS in one of the under-developed regions of Pakistan. Data collection was done by using a self-developed study questionnaire. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was utilized for the statistical analysis. During the study period, a total of 173 (69.7%) women have given births by CS; among those, 104 (60.1%) were elective/planned CSs while 69 (39.8%) were emergency CSs. The higher CS frequency was significantly associated with younger age (p = 0.03) and pre-term gestational age (p < 0.001). Pregnancy complications, such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia/eclampsia, and vaginal bleeding, were the significant risk factors for CS (p < 0.001). The highlighted contributing factors to CS in the current study were preterm of gestational age, mothers of a younger age (20–24 years), and mothers that belong to urban populations. These risk factors can be addressed by implementing community-focused educational interventions during the gestational period. The sample size in this study was small; therefore, the results cannot be generalized to the whole population.
Keywords: cesarean section; maternal care; risk factors; knowledge; mothers cesarean section; maternal care; risk factors; knowledge; mothers

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Rasool, M.F.; Akhtar, S.; Hussain, I.; Majeed, A.; Imran, I.; Saeed, H.; Akbar, M.; Chaudhry, M.O.; Rehman, A.u.; Ashraf, W.; et al. A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Frequency and Risk Factors Associated with Cesarean Section in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168812

AMA Style

Rasool MF, Akhtar S, Hussain I, Majeed A, Imran I, Saeed H, Akbar M, Chaudhry MO, Rehman Au, Ashraf W, et al. A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Frequency and Risk Factors Associated with Cesarean Section in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168812

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rasool, Muhammad Fawad, Saira Akhtar, Iltaf Hussain, Abdul Majeed, Imran Imran, Hamid Saeed, Muqarrab Akbar, Muhammad Omer Chaudhry, Anees ur Rehman, Waseem Ashraf, and et al. 2021. "A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Frequency and Risk Factors Associated with Cesarean Section in Southern Punjab, Pakistan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168812

APA Style

Rasool, M. F., Akhtar, S., Hussain, I., Majeed, A., Imran, I., Saeed, H., Akbar, M., Chaudhry, M. O., Rehman, A. u., Ashraf, W., Alqahtani, F., & Alqhtani, H. (2021). A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Frequency and Risk Factors Associated with Cesarean Section in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168812

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