Spatiotemporal Association of Real-Time Concentrations of Black Carbon (BC) with Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5) in Urban Hotspots of South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Locations
2.2. PM2.5 and BC Measurement
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Distributions of Overall PM2.5 and BC Concentrations
3.2. Spatial Relationships of PM2.5 and BC Concentrations between Sample Sites
3.3. Temporal Relationships of PM2.5 and BC Concentrations between Sample Sites
3.4. The Impact of BC Concentration on PM2.5 Levels
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Place | MM | DD | Hour | BC (μg/m3) | PM2.5 (μg/m3) | Temp (°C) | WD | WS (m/s) | RH (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SHBT | 7 | 28 | 7–9 | 6.18 | 63.55 | 24.85 | 60.00 | 3.05 | 77.00 |
12–14 | 2.85 | 36.18 | 30.85 | 100.00 | 2.00 | 47.50 | |||
18–20 | 6.37 | 79.97 | 28.75 | 280.00 | 3.55 | 69.00 | |||
9 | 25 | 7–9 | 3.15 | 10.64 | 18.20 | 50.00 | 1.00 | 76.00 | |
12–14 | 1.89 | 10.78 | 26.95 | 160.00 | 1.90 | 44.50 | |||
18–20 | 2.84 | 19.14 | 24.50 | 280.00 | 2.70 | 62.00 | |||
12 | 5 | 7–9 | 2.42 | 9.98 | −9.50 | 330.00 | 1.65 | 42.50 | |
12–14 | 1.68 | 9.88 | −3.85 | 305.00 | 4.45 | 36.50 | |||
18–20 | 2.74 | 15.53 | −5.30 | 295.00 | 2.60 | 49.50 | |||
12 | 12 | 7–9 | 4.37 | 43.60 | −5.50 | 315.00 | 1.15 | 60.50 | |
12–14 | 2.92 | 23.84 | −0.50 | 260.00 | 2.70 | 45.50 | |||
18–20 | NA | NA | −2.80 | 280.00 | 2.45 | 84.00 | |||
CHBT | 8 | 11 | 7–9 | 2.96 | 30.36 | 19.75 | 183.45 | 0.25 | 90.00 |
12–14 | 1.73 | 15.23 | 26.30 | 313.70 | 1.40 | 62.00 | |||
18–20 | 3.23 | 19.65 | 24.75 | 309.45 | 0.65 | 53.00 | |||
10 | 7 | 7–9 | 4.48 | 34.39 | 12.00 | 27.00 | 0.45 | 79.00 | |
12–14 | 1.69 | 24.82 | 21.70 | 223.40 | 1.60 | 36.00 | |||
18–20 | 2.57 | 22.51 | 17.70 | 141.00 | 0.70 | 61.50 | |||
11 | 27 | 7–9 | 3.96 | 40.78 | 6.80 | 231.60 | 0.75 | 91.50 | |
12–14 | 2.08 | 30.86 | 13.90 | 223.05 | 1.30 | 63.00 | |||
18–20 | 7.21 | 44.82 | 10.40 | 57.80 | 0.05 | 80.50 | |||
12 | 23 | 7–9 | 14.73 | 54.81 | −7.20 | 51.85 | 0.40 | 90.00 | |
12–14 | 3.10 | 28.02 | 1.75 | 42.85 | 0.30 | 60.00 | |||
18–20 | 4.46 | 40.89 | 1.35 | 23.85 | 0.45 | 68.50 | |||
CETS | 8 | 12 | 7–9 | 2.60 | 32.72 | 22.85 | 80.00 | 1.30 | 86.00 |
12–14 | 2.20 | 56.02 | 29.65 | 270.00 | 1.25 | 55.00 | |||
18–20 | 4.12 | 105.71 | 27.25 | 280.00 | 2.45 | 61.00 | |||
10 | 8 | 7–9 | 5.85 | 37.68 | 13.30 | 55.00 | 0.35 | 84.50 | |
12–14 | 2.63 | 34.72 | 21.95 | 65.00 | 1.20 | 36.50 | |||
18–20 | 5.90 | 51.49 | 16.20 | 200.00 | 1.35 | 62.00 | |||
11 | 26 | 7–9 | 2.88 | 28.68 | 8.45 | 125.00 | 2.00 | 67.50 | |
12–14 | 2.94 | 24.92 | 10.95 | 150.00 | 2.40 | 62.50 | |||
18–20 | 6.17 | 35.76 | 7.95 | 150.00 | 0.60 | 79.50 | |||
12 | 24 | 7–9 | 6.90 | 58.95 | 2.05 | 205.00 | 1.65 | 79.50 | |
12–14 | 5.96 | 86.00 | 6.30 | 270.00 | 2.25 | 79.50 | |||
18–20 | 2.28 | 13.63 | 1.85 | 280.00 | 4.00 | 55.50 |
P1 | P2 | P3 | B1 | B2 | B3 | P1 | P2 | P3 | B1 | B2 | B3 | P1 | P2 | P3 | B1 | B2 | B3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seoul Highway Bus Terminal_Morning | Afternoon | Evening | ||||||||||||||||
PM2.5_SITE1 (P1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
PM2.5_SITE2 (P2) | 0.72 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
PM2.5_SITE3 (P3) | 0.66 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.97 | 1.00 | |||||||||
BC_SITE1 (B1) | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 1.00 | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 1.00 | ||||||
BC_SITE2 (B2) | 0.69 | 0.92 | 0.78 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 0.64 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.24 | 1.00 | |||
BC_SITE3 (B3) | 0.70 | 0.87 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.54 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 0.73 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.19 | 0.57 | 1.00 |
Cheonan Highway Bus Terminal_Morning | Afternoon | Evening | ||||||||||||||||
PM2.5_SITE1 (P1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
PM2.5_SITE2 (P2) | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
PM2.5_SITE3 (P3) | 0.93 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 1.00 | |||||||||
BC_SITE1 (B1) | 0.80 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 1.00 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 1.00 | ||||||
BC_SITE2 (B2) | 0.82 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.79 | 1.00 | |||
BC_SITE3 (B3) | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.64 | 0.71 | 1.00 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.76 | 1.00 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.45 | 0.61 | 1.00 |
Cheoanasan Express Train Station_Morning | Afternoon | Evening | ||||||||||||||||
PM2.5_SITE1 (P1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
PM2.5_SITE2 (P2) | 0.74 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
PM2.5_SITE3 (P3) | 0.93 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 1.00 | |||||||||
BC_SITE1 (B1) | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.58 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 1.00 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 1.00 | ||||||
BC_SITE2 (B2) | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.88 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.19 | 1.00 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 1.00 | |||
BC_SITE3 (B3) | 0.76 | 0.63 | 0.87 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.25 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.75 | 1.00 |
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PM2.5 | BC | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site 1 | Site 2 | Site 3 | Site 1 | Site 2 | Site 3 | |||||||||
Place | Trail | N | Median (P25–P75) | Ref | Median (P25–P75) | Dif. * (%) | Median (P25–P75) | Dif. * (%) | Median (P25–P75) | Ref | Median (P25–P75) | Dif. * (%) | Median (P25–P75) | Dif. * (%) |
SHBT | 1st | 360 | 60.1 (47.0–76.0) | 100 | 49.6 (37.0–62.2) | −17.4 | 47.9 (35.3–58.4) | −20.3 | 4.6 (2.7–6.5) | 100 | 3.0 (2.2–4.7) | −34.2 | 5.0 (3.5–6.8) | +9.5 |
2nd | 360 | 13.4 (11.3–21.0) | 100 | 10.1 (8.0–16.8) | −24.9 | 8.4 (6.3–15.1) | −37.5 | 2.7 (2.2–3.5) | 100 | 2.4 (1.6–2.8) | −11.9 | 2.1 (1.7–2.7) | −23.3 | |
3rd | 360 | 12.6 (11.3–14.3) | 100 | 7.6 (6.7–8.4) | −39.7 | 9.7 (8.8–10.1) | −23.3 | 2.7 (2.1–3.4) | 100 | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | −42.0 | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | −33.1 | |
4th | 360 | 26.5 (25.2–28.1) | 100 | 33.4 (24.4–44.1) | +26.2 | 28.6 (26.0–42.4) | +7.9 | 4.5 (3.9–5.2) | 100 | 3.1 (2.7–3.8) | −30.4 | 3.4 (2.9–3.9) | −24.8 | |
CHBT | 1st | 360 | 19.7 (16.8–28.1) | 100 | 24.6 (21.0–31.7) | +24.6 | 18.9 (16.4–24.4) | −4.3 | 2.6 (1.9–3.7) | 100 | 1.8 (1.3–2.3) | −28.0 | 1.9 (1.5–2.6) | −26.0 |
2nd | 360 | 28.1 (24.4–38.2) | 100 | 26.5 (23.5–34.0) | −5.8 | 23.1 (21.0–34.7) | −17.9 | 3.0 (2.2–4.7) | 100 | 2.7 (1.9–4.5) | −9.6 | 2.1 (1.4–2.9) | −32.2 | |
3rd | 360 | 45.4 (40.7–48.7) | 100 | 36.1 (30.2–39.5) | −20.4 | 33.2 (22.3–37.4) | −26.9 | 4.2 (3.0–6.1) | 100 | 3.4 (2.4–4.8) | −19.7 | 3.6 (2.6–4.9) | −15.1 | |
4th | 360 | 45.6 (35.3–50.4) | 100 | 37.0 (27.7–41.6) | −18.9 | 36.1 (26.0–52.5) | −20.8 | 6.3 (4.2–10.3) | 100 | 3.6 (2.6–9.8) | −42.3 | 4.1 (2.7–14.4) | −35.1 | |
CETS | 1st | 360 | 52.9 (33.2–58.6) | 100 | 64.7 (39.1–71.0) | +22.3 | 54.6 (32.3–61.7) | +3.2 | 3.0 (2.2–3.7) | 100 | 2.5 (2.0–3.2) | −16.0 | 2.7 (2.3–3.7) | −11.0 |
2nd | 360 | 40.3 (32.8–44.9) | 100 | 39.1 (32.8–42.8) | −3.0 | 31.5 (27.7–34.9) | −21.9 | 4.2 (2.7–6.2) | 100 | 3.7 (2.5–5.3) | −12.7 | 3.2 (2.5–4.4) | −23.6 | |
3rd | 360 | 34.0 (31.1–35.3) | 100 | 28.1 (26.9–39.1) | −17.4 | 25.2 (23.5–28.6) | −25.9 | 2.9 (2.1–5.3) | 100 | 2.7 (1.9–3.9) | −7.6 | 2.6 (2.1–3.2) | −10.5 | |
4th | 360 | 50.4 (14.3–70.1) | 100 | 53.3 (12.6–67.6) | +5.8 | 56.7 (12.2–66.8) | +12.5 | 5.3 (2.9–6.4) | 100 | 5.3 (1.4–6.1) | −0.2 | 4.4 (1.9–5.4) | −16.5 |
PM2.5 | Site 2—by Site1 | Site 3—by Site 1 | Site 3—by Site 2 | ||||
R2 | % Change | R2 | % Change | R2 | % Change | ||
SHBT | Morning | 0.78 | 2.84 | 0.83 | 2.63 | 0.95 | 3.56 |
Afternoon | 0.84 | 3.67 | 0.78 | 3.87 | 0.86 | 5.02 | |
Evening | 0.72 | 2.43 | 0.79 | 2.12 | 0.87 | 2.84 | |
CAETS | Morning | 0.82 | 1.92 | 0.93 | 3.05 | 0.79 | 2.74 |
Afternoon | 0.81 | 1.71 | 0.90 | 1.92 | 0.97 | 2.22 | |
Evening | 0.85 | 2.74 | 0.91 | 2.63 | 0.93 | 2.22 | |
CYHBT | Morning | 0.62 | 1.31 | 0.80 | 2.84 | 0.70 | 3.98 |
Afternoon | 0.76 | 1.71 | 0.73 | 2.02 | 0.85 | 4.19 | |
Evening | 0.54 | 1.11 | 0.73 | 1.82 | 0.91 | 4.39 | |
BC | Site 2—by Site 1 | Site 3—by Site 1 | Site 3—by Site 2 | ||||
R2 | % Change | R2 | % Change | R2 | % Change | ||
SHBT | Morning | 0.17 | 7.25 | 0.14 | 9.42 | 0.65 | 47.70 |
Afternoon | 0.27 | 11.63 | 0.18 | 15.03 | 0.47 | 66.53 | |
Evening | 0.29 | 15.03 | 0.25 | 16.18 | 0.55 | 34.99 | |
CAETS | Morning | 0.34 | 10.52 | 0.25 | 6.18 | 0.68 | 12.75 |
Afternoon | 0.33 | 1.61 | 0.25 | 1.01 | 0.88 | 25.86 | |
Evening | 0.41 | 15.03 | 0.13 | 6.18 | 0.34 | 13.88 | |
CYHBT | Morning | 0.37 | 7.25 | 0.64 | 15.03 | 0.83 | 15.03 |
Afternoon | 0.22 | 0.80 | 0.24 | 0.80 | 0.33 | 41.91 | |
Evening | 0.23 | 8.33 | 0.23 | 9.42 | 0.58 | 24.61 |
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Share and Cite
Kim, S.; Yu, S.; Yun, D. Spatiotemporal Association of Real-Time Concentrations of Black Carbon (BC) with Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5) in Urban Hotspots of South Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111350
Kim S, Yu S, Yun D. Spatiotemporal Association of Real-Time Concentrations of Black Carbon (BC) with Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5) in Urban Hotspots of South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(11):1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111350
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Sungroul, Sol Yu, and Dongmin Yun. 2017. "Spatiotemporal Association of Real-Time Concentrations of Black Carbon (BC) with Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5) in Urban Hotspots of South Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 11: 1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111350