The Association between Alcohol Consumption and β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Korean Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Anthropometric and Biochemical Analyses
2.3. Pancreatic β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity
2.4. Alcohol Consumption
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 7599) | Men (n = 3608) | Women (n = 3991) | p Value 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52.1 ± 8.9 | 51.5 ± 8.7 | 52.6 ± 9.0 | <0.001 |
Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 20.8 ± 28.6 | 26.5 ± 30.9 | 5.7 ± 11.2 | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.1 | 24.3 ± 2.9 | 24.8 ± 3.2 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 82.6 ± 8.8 | 83.7 ± 7.6 | 81.7 ± 9.7 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121.6 ± 18.4 | 122.1 ± 16.9 | 121.1 ± 19.7 | 0.025 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.4 ± 11.4 | 82.1 ± 10.9 | 78.9 ± 11.7 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 85.8 ± 17.1 | 88.0 ± 18.1 | 83.8 ± 16.0 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 0.149 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.6 ± 35.6 | 191.5 ± 35.9 | 191.6 ± 35.3 | 0.902 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.7 ± 10.1 | 43.5 ± 10.0 | 45.8 ± 10.1 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 149.5 ± 68.5 | 159.8 ± 72.5 | 140.5 ± 63.4 | <0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 116.0 ± 32.0 | 114.8 ± 32.9 | 117.0 ± 31.1 | 0.004 |
AST (IU/L) | 29.8 ± 17.8 | 32.6 ± 20.8 | 27.4 ± 14.1 | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 27.9 ± 22.3 | 33.0 ± 25.6 | 23.3 ± 17.6 | <0.001 |
IGI60 1 | 5.7 (5.5–5.9) | 5.4 (5.1–5.6) | 6.0 (5.8–6.3) | <0.001 |
ISI 2 | 8.9 (8.8–9.0) | 9.9 (9.7–10.1) | 8.8 (8.7–9.0) | <0.001 |
Physical activity 3 | ||||
Low (%) | 85.5 | 79.3 | 91.2 | <0.001 |
Medium (%) | 36.7 | 38.2 | 35.3 | 0.009 |
High (%) | 35.7 | 38.8 | 33.4 | <0.001 |
Type 2 diabetes (%) 3 | <0.001 | |||
Pre-diabetes | 36.7 | 49.0 | 34.4 | |
Diabetes | 7.9 | 11.3 | 9.0 | |
β-cell function and insulin sensitivity (%) 3,4 | <0.001 | |||
G-I | 17.2 | 18.5 | 16.3 | |
G-II | 32.8 | 29.2 | 35.8 | |
G-III | 29.0 | 32.3 | 26.1 | |
G-IV | 21.0 | 20.0 | 21.8 | |
Alcohol consumption (%) 3,5 | <0.001 | |||
Abstainers | 54.0 | 29.8 | 75.6 | |
Low | 16.3 | 14.5 | 18.1 | |
Intermediate | 18.9 | 35.3 | 4.1 | |
High | 10.8 | 20.4 | 2.2 |
Abstainers | Low | Intermediate | High | p Value 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 1068 | 523 | 1288 | 729 | - |
Age (years) | 53.5 ± 8.9 a | 52.0 ± 8.5 b | 51.0 ± 8.7 c | 50.3 ± 8.6 c | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 3.0 c | 24.2 ± 2.8 b,c | 24.4 ± 2.8 a,b | 24.5 ± 2.9 a | 0.013 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 83.2 ± 8.0 b | 82.8 ± 7.6 b | 84.0 ± 7.5 a | 84.2 ± 7.5 a | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.9 ± 16.8 b | 119.9 ± 17.4 b | 122.9 ± 17.1 a | 124.3 ± 17.4 a | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.3 ± 10.5 b | 80.3 ± 10.4 b | 82.8 ± 10.8 a | 83.6 ± 11.6 a | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 87.8 ± 21.1 c | 87.3 ± 18.2 c | 90.0 ± 22.8 b | 94.8 ± 28.9 a | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.6 ± 1.0 b | 5.7 ± 0.8 a,b | 5.8 ± 0.9 a | 5.9 ± 1.0 a | 0.009 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 188.6 ± 35.0 b | 191.9 ± 34.0 a | 192.7 ± 36.5 a | 193.1 ± 38.9 a | 0.006 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 40.4 ± 8.8 d | 42.5 ± 8.8 c | 44.7 ± 10.3 b | 46.8 ± 10.7 a | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 151.0 ± 70.3 c | 152.8 ± 69.6 c | 164.1 ± 74.0 b | 171.4 ± 77.1 a | <0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 117.1 ± 31.3 a | 117.6 ± 31.0 a | 113.5 ± 33.8 b | 110.0 ± 35.4 c | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 30.3 ± 23.0 c | 29.1 ± 10.3 c | 34.0 ± 25.1 b | 36.5 ± 23.8 a | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 33.0 ± 46.3 a,b | 30.5 ± 19.5 b | 34.0 ± 30.6 a | 35.0 ± 23.8 a | 0.048 |
IGI60 1 | 6.0 (5.5–6.5) a | 6.1 (5.4–6.9) a | 5.3 (4.9–5.7) a | 4.3 (3.9–4.8) a | <0.001 |
ISI 2 | 9.8 (9.5–10.2) a | 10.2 (9.7–10.6) a | 9.8 (9.5–10.1) a | 10.1 (9.7–10.5) a | 0.523 |
G-I | G-II | G-III | G-IV | p Value 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 622 | 1057 | 1166 | 723 | - |
Age (years) | 50.8 ± 8.7 c | 50.4 ± 8.5 c | 53.1 ± 9.0 a | 51.9 ± 8.4 b | <0.001 |
Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 23.2 ± 28.4 c | 24.9 ± 30.5 b,c | 27.9 ± 32.3 a,b | 29.3 ± 31.0 a | 0.005 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 2.5 c | 25.4 ± 2.8 a | 23.2 ± 2.7 d | 25.1 ± 2.8 b | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 81.4 ± 6.9 b | 86.6 ± 7.3 a | 80.9 ± 7.2 b | 86.0 ± 7.1 a | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.8 ± 15.6 d | 122.7 ± 16.5 b | 121.1 ± 17.2 c | 126.0 ± 17.2 a | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.0 ± 10.2 c | 83.0 ± 10.9 b | 81.0 ± 10.9 c | 84.2 ± 10.9 a | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 80.9 ± 7.5 d | 86.8 ± 10.3 b | 84.6 ± 13.9 c | 100.9 ± 29.1 a | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.3 c | 5.6 ± 0.4 b | 5.6 ± 0.6 b | 6.1 ± 1.1 a | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.8 ± 33.6 b | 196.3 ± 35.5 a | 185.8 ± 35.2 b | 197.7 ± 37.4 a | <0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.2 ± 9.8 b | 41.3 ± 8.8 d | 45.9 ± 10.8 a | 42.4 ± 9.3 c | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 143.9 ± 62.0 b | 176.6 ± 74.8 a | 142.1 ± 65.4 b | 180.4 ± 77.4 a | <0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 112.5 ± 32.1 b | 118.5 ± 32.6 a | 110.6 ± 32.8 b | 117.0 ± 33.8 a | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 29.9 ± 11.0 b | 31.2 ± 13.2 b | 34.1 ± 24.6 a | 34.9 ± 28.2 a | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 27.9 ± 14.5 c | 35.6 ± 22.1 b | 30.0 ± 25.1 c | 38.4 ± 34.7 a | <0.001 |
Physical activity 1 | |||||
Low (%) | 84.8 | 85.1 | 84.9 | 87.0 | 0.237 |
Medium (%) | 38.8 | 36.0 | 37.2 | 35.8 | 0.285 |
High (%) | 39.1 | 33.6 | 39.1 | 33.9 | <0.001 |
Type 2 diabetes (%) 1 | <0.001 | ||||
Prediabetes | 27.2 | 41.5 | 36.5 | 45.7 | |
Diabetes | 1.6 | 4.2 | 23.1 | 24.6 | |
Alcohol consumption (%) 1,2 | 0.024 | ||||
Abstainers | 32.6 | 30.0 | 28.3 | 28.4 | |
Low | 17.1 | 14.7 | 14.6 | 11.8 | |
Intermediate | 33.7 | 37.5 | 34.7 | 36.5 | |
High | 16.6 | 17.9 | 22.4 | 23.4 |
Abstainers | Low | Intermediate | High | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | G-I | 183.6 ± 3.2 a | 184.9 ± 4.0 a | 187.5 ± 4.5 a | 189.4 ± 3.9 a | 0.435 |
G-II | 189.7 ± 2.6 b | 197.1 ± 3.2 a | 199.7 ± 3.8 a | 200.4 ± 3.1 a | <0.001 | |
G-III | 183.0 ± 2.2 b | 190.6 ± 2.9 a | 187.1 ± 3.5 a,b | 185.3 ± 2.8 a,b | 0.121 | |
G-IV | 197.9 ± 2.9 a | 197.2 ± 3.9 a | 198.2 ± 5.0 a | 199.5 ± 3.7 a | 0.962 | |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | G-I | 40.7 ± 0.9 c | 42.9 ± 1.1 b | 46.3 ± 1.3 a | 48.0 ± 1.1 a | <0.001 |
G-II | 38.4 ± 0.6 c | 40.9 ± 0.8 b | 42.3 ± 0.9 b | 44.3 ± 0.8 a | <0.001 | |
G-III | 42.1 ± 0.7 d | 44.2 ± 0.9 c | 47.3 ± 1.0 b | 49.2 ± 0.8 a | <0.001 | |
G-IV | 39.2 ± 0.7 b | 40.9 ± 0.9 b | 43.7 ± 1.2 a | 45.1 ± 0.9 a | <0.001 | |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | G-I | 141.7 ± 6.0 a | 137.5 ± 7.3 a | 144.9 ± 8.4 a | 151.3 ± 7.3 a | 0.384 |
G-II | 158.1 ± 5.6 c | 171.8 ± 7.0 b,c | 184.9 ± 8.2 a,b | 194.6 ± 6.8 a | <0.001 | |
G-III | 130.1 ± 4.1 b | 134.7 ± 5.5 b | 148.2 ± 6.5 a | 153.2 ± 5.3 a | <0.001 | |
G-IV | 181.6 ± 6.3 a | 176.7 ± 8.4 a | 176.3 ± 10.6 a | 187.1 ± 8.0 a | 0.563 | |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | G-I | 114.6 ± 3.1 a | 113.8 ± 3.8 a | 111.7 ± 4.4 a | 110.4 ± 3.8 a | 0.656 |
G-II | 118.7 ± 2.5 a | 120.5 ± 3.1 a | 119.4 ± 3.6 a | 115.3 ± 3.0 a | 0.465 | |
G-III | 114.7 ± 2.0 a | 118.0 ± 2.7 a | 108.8 ± 3.2 b | 104.2 ± 2.6 b | <0.001 | |
G-IV | 120.6 ± 2.7 a | 118.6 ± 3.6 a | 116.2 ± 4.6 a | 115.5 ± 3.5 a | 0.449 | |
AST (IU/L) | G-I | 27.8 ± 1.0 c | 27.3 ± 1.3 c | 31.0 ± 1.5 b | 34.4 ± 1.3 a | <0.001 |
G-II | 30.6 ± 1.0 a | 30.4 ± 1.2 a | 31.3 ± 1.4 a | 32.6 ± 1.2 a | 0.350 | |
G-III | 29.1 ± 1.5 c | 28.4 ± 2.0 c | 35.8 ± 2.3 b | 40.4 ± 1.9 a | <0.001 | |
G-IV | 30.8 ± 2.2 b | 31.8 ± 3.0 a,b | 37.0 ± 3.8 a,b | 38.4 ± 2.8 a | 0.026 | |
ALT (IU/L) | G-I | 26.5 ± 1.4 b,c | 24.5 ± 1.7 c | 28.9 ± 1.9 a,b | 32.2 ± 1.7 a | <0.001 |
G-II | 34.5 ± 1.6 a | 36.0 ± 2.1 a | 36.2 ± 2.4 a | 35.9 ± 2.0 a | 0.758 | |
G-III | 28.3 ± 1.6 b | 26.5 ± 2.1 b | 30.0 ± 2.5 a,b | 34.1 ± 2.0 a | 0.009 | |
G-IV | 37.9 ± 2.7 a | 36.4 ± 3.7 a | 39.7 ± 4.7 a | 38.9 ± 3.5 a | 0.886 |
G-I | G-II | G-III | G-IV | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abstainers | Low | Intermediate | High | Abstainers | Low | Intermediate | High | Abstainers | Low | Intermediate | High | Abstainers | Low | Intermediate | High | |
High total cholesterol | 1 | 1.08 (0.54–2.16) | 0.89 (0.51–1.56) | 0.84 (0.44–1.62) | 1 | 1.45 (0.83–2.53) | 1.86 ** (1.23–2.82) | 1.94 ** (1.19–3.16) | 1 | 0.84 (0.48–1.48) | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) | 1.14 (0.71–1.84) | 1 | 1.56 (0.73–3.37) | 1.11 (0.66–1.88) | 1.16 (0.65–2.06) |
Low HDL cholesterol | 1 | 0.84 (0.43–1.61) | 0.34 *** (0.20–0.60) | 0.20 *** (0.10–0.41) | 1 | 0.54 * (0.31–0.94) | 0.40 *** (0.27–0.61) | 0.30 *** (0.18–0.49) | 1 | 0.58 * (0.34–1.00) | 0.35 *** (0.23–0.54) | 0.24 *** (0.15–0.40) | 1 | 0.74 (0.36–1.54) | 0.35 *** (0.21–0.59) | 0.23 *** (0.13–0.42) |
High triglycerides | 1 | 0.71 (0.35–1.43) | 0.84 (0.49–1.45) | 0.94 (0.50–1.75) | 1 | 1.35 (0.78–2.36) | 1.83 ** (1.21–2.77) | 1.99 ** (1.21–3.27) | 1 | 0.73 (0.43–1.38) | 1.12 (0.72–1.75) | 1.65 * (1.02–2.67) | 1 | 1.29 (0.60–2.78) | 1.01 (0.59–1.72) | 1.31 (0.73–2.37) |
High LDL cholesterol | 1 | 1.14 (0.56–2.31) | 0.67 (0.38–1.20) | 0.70 (0.36–1.36) | 1 | 1.65 (0.92–2.95) | 1.37 (0.89–2.13) | 1.05 (0.63–1.76) | 1 | 0.87 (0.50–1.51) | 0.66 (0.43–1.03) | 0.72 (0.44–1.17) | 1 | 0.74 (0.34–1.61) | 0.80 (0.47–1.36) | 0.70 (0.39–1.26) |
High AST | 1 | 0.70 (0.18–2.74) | 2.31 (0.97–5.53) | 2.35 (0.89–6.24) | 1 | 1.76 (0.80–3.90) | 1.44 (0.77–2.69) | 1.59 (0.78–3.24) | 1 | 0.54 (0.19–1.56) | 1.85 (0.97–3.52) | 3.57 *** (1.86–6.84) | 1 | 1.15 (0.43–3.10) | 1.12 (0.58–2.17) | 1.31 (0.64–2.68) |
High ALT | 1 | 1.40 (0.52–3.77) | 1.24 (0.55–2.83) | 1.39 (0.56–3.47) | 1 | 1.44 (0.76–2.73) | 1.24 (0.76–2.00) | 0.95 (0.54–1.67) | 1 | 0.39 (0.17–0.90) | 0.82 (0.48–1.41) | 1.23 (0.70–2.15) | 1 | 0.95 (0.43–2.09) | 0.57 * (0.33–0.99) | 0.66 (0.36–1.20) |
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Yoo, M.-G.; Kim, H.-J.; Jang, H.B.; Lee, H.-J.; Park, S.I. The Association between Alcohol Consumption and β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Korean Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111133
Yoo M-G, Kim H-J, Jang HB, Lee H-J, Park SI. The Association between Alcohol Consumption and β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Korean Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111133
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoo, Min-Gyu, Hyo-Jin Kim, Han Byul Jang, Hye-Ja Lee, and Sang Ick Park. 2016. "The Association between Alcohol Consumption and β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Korean Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111133