Gastrodia elata Blume and Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold & Zucc Mixed Extract Suppress Platelet Aggregation and Thrombosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Preparation of MJGE09
2.3. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis
2.4. Animals
2.5. Preparation of Platelets
2.6. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Release
2.7. In Vitro Platelet Aggregation Assay
2.8. Measurement of TXB2 Formation
2.9. Ex Vivo Platelet Aggregation Assay
2.10. In Vivo Bleeding Delay Time Measurement
2.11. Ex Vivo Prothrombin Time (PT) Measurement
2.12. Ex Vivo Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) Measurement
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. HPLC Analysis of the MJGE09 Extract
3.2. Cytotoxicity Assessment of the MJGE09 Extract
3.3. In Vitro Platelet Aggregation Inhibitory Effect of the MJGE09 Extract
3.4. Inhibitory Effect of the MJGE09 Extract on TXB2 Formation
3.5. Ex Vivo Platelet Aggregation Inhibitory Effect of the MJGE09 Extract
3.6. In Vivo Bleeding Delay Time Response and Ex Vivo PT and aPTT Assay of the MJGE09 Extract
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
aPTT | Activated partial thromboplastin time |
GE | Gastrodia elata Blume |
HPLC | High-performance liquid chromatography |
LDH | Lactate dehydrogenase |
MJGE09 | Mixed extract of GE and ZS |
PPP | Platelet-poor plasma |
PRP | Platelet–rich plasma |
PT | Prothrombin time |
SD | Sprague–Dawley |
TXA2 | Thromboxane A2 |
TXB2 | Thromboxane B2 |
ZS | Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold & Zucc |
References
- Mukamal, K.J. The Effects of Smoking and Drinking on Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors. Alcohol Res. Health 2006, 29, 199–202. [Google Scholar]
- Kuijpers, M.J.; van der Meijden, P.E.; Feijge, M.A.; Mattheij, N.J.; May, F.; Govers-Riemslag, J.; Meijers, J.C.; Heemskerk, J.W.; Renn, T.; Cosemans, J.M. Factor XII regulates the pathological process of thrombus formation on ruptured plaques. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2014, 34, 1674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harker, L.A. Platelets and vascular thrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 330, 1006–1007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ruggeri, Z. Platelets in atherothrombosis. Nat. Med. 2002, 8, 1227–1234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wong, K.S.; Mok, V.; Lam, W.W.; Kay, R.; Tang, A.; Chan, Y.L.; Woo, J. Aspirin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage: Clinical and radiologic features. Neurology 2000, 54, 2298–2301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bircher, A.J.; Harr, T.; Hohenstein, L.; Tsakiris, D.A. Hypersensitivity reactions to anticoagulant drugs: Diagnosis and management options. Allergy 2006, 61, 1432–1440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taguchi, H.; Yosioka, I.; Yamasaki, K.; Kim, I. Studies on the constituents of Gastrodia elata Blume. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1981, 29, 55–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Park, M.R.; Yoo, C.; Chang, Y.N.; Ahn, B.Y. Change of Total Polyphenol Content of Fermented Gastrodia elata Blume and Radical Scavenging. Korean J. Plant Res. 2012, 25, 379–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, B.H.; Li, X.J.; Liu, M.; Wu, Z.; Hu, X.M. Antidepressant-like activity of the Gastrodia elata ethanol extract in mice. Fitoterapia 2006, 77, 592–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hwang, S.M.; Lee, Y.J.; Kang, D.G.; Lee, H.S. Anti-inflammatory effect of Gastrodia elata rhizome in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2009, 37, 395–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsieh, C.L.; Tang, N.Y.; Chiang, S.Y.; Hsieh, C.T.; Lin, J.G. Anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging actions of two herbs, Uncaria rhynchophylla (MIQ) Jack and Gastrodia elata Bl., in kainic acid-treated rats. Life Sci. 1999, 65, 2071–2082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, E.J.; Chung, H.Y.; Shim, E.G.; Jeong, J.K.; Han, B.K.; Choi, H.J.; Hwang, J.A. Gastrodia elata Blume Extract Modulates Antioxidant Activity and Ultraviolet A-Irradiated Skin Aging in Human Dermal Fibroblast Cells. J. Med. Food. 2016, 19, 1057–1064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, X.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, K.; Zheng, X. A study of the neuroprotective effect of the phenolic glucoside gastrodin during cerebral ischemia in vivo and in vitro. Planta Med. 2006, 72, 1359–1365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paik, Y.S.; Song, J.K.; Yoon, C.H.; Chung, K.S.; Yun, H.S. Anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic effects of Gastrodia elata. Korean J. Pharmacogn. 1995, 26, 385–389. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, J.H. Variation on the leaf monotrpenes concentration of Zanthoxylum schinifolium at Mt. Muhak. J. Basic Sci. 2003, 18, 137–149. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, I.S.; Lin, Y.C.; Tsai, I.L.; Teng, C.M.; Ko, F.N. Ishikawa T and Ishii H: Coumarins and anti-platelet aggregation constituents from Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Phytochemistry 1995, 39, 1091–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jang, M.J.; Woo, M.H.; Kim, Y.H.; Jun, D.H.; Rhee, S.J. Effects of antioxidative, DPPH radicl scavenging activity and antithrombogenic by the extract of Sancho (Zanthoxylum schnifolium). Korean J. Nutr. 2005, 38, 386–394. [Google Scholar]
- Han, W.; Hu, W.C.; Lee, Y.M. Anti-cancer activity of human colon cancer (HT-29) cell line from different fraction of Zanthoxylum schnifolium fruits. Korean J. Pharmacogn. 2011, 42, 282–287. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, B.K.; Lee, D.S.; Ha, S.Y.; Park, S.W.; Jung, Y.S. Anti-platelet Effects of Mixtures of Onion and Aloe Extract. Yakhak Hoeji 2014, 58, 322–327. [Google Scholar]
- Cazenave, J.P.; Ohlmann, P.; Cassel, D.; Eckly, A.; Hechler, B.; Gachet, C. Preparation of washed platelet suspensions from human and rodent blood. Methods Mol. Biol. 2004, 272, 13. [Google Scholar]
- Nam, G.S.; Nam, K.S. Arctigenin attenuates platelet activation and clot retraction by regulation of thromboxane A2 synthesis and cAMP pathway. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2020, 130, 110535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Couch, J.R.; Hassanein, R.S. Platelet aggregation, stroke, and transient ischemic attack in middle-aged and elderly patients. Neurology 1976, 26, 888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nieswandt, B.; Aktas, B.; Moers, A.; Sachs, U.J. Platelets in atherothrombosis:lessons from mouse models. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2005, 3, 1725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruggeri, Z.M. Mechanisms initiating platelet thrombus formation. Thromb. Haemost. 1997, 78, 611–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Farndale, R.W.; Sixma, J.J.; Barnes, M.J.; Groot, P.G. The role of collagen in thrombosis and hemostasis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2004, 2, 561–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kakagia, D.D.; Papanas, N.; Karadimas, E.; Polychronidis, A. Warfarin-induced skin necrosis. Ann. Dermatol. 2014, 26, 96–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Navarro-Nunez, L.; Lozano, M.L.; Palomo, M.; Martinez, C.; Vicente, V.; Castillo, J.; Benavente-Garcia, O.; Diaz-Ricart, M.; Escolar, G.; Rivera, J. Apigenin inhibits platelet adhesion and thrombus formation and synergizes with aspirin in the suppression of the arachidonic acid pathway. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 2970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, J.S.; Lee, K.S.; Kim, Y.I.; Tamai, Y.; Nakahata, R.; Takami, H. A randomized crossover comparative study of aspirin, cilostazol and clopidogrel in normal controls: Analysis with quantitative bleeding time and platelet aggregation test. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2004, 11, 600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Parameter | Conditions |
---|---|
Wavelength PDA detector | 310 nm |
Mobile phase | A: acetonitrile, B: 0.04% TFA A:B = 60:40 (v/v) |
Flow rate | 1.0 mL/min |
Injection volume | 10 μL |
Oven temperature | 25 °C |
Column | TSK-gel 100 V |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jeon, Y.-D.; Lee, J.-H.; Park, M.-R.; Lim, J.-Y.; Kang, S.-H.; Kim, D.-K.; Lee, Y.-M. Gastrodia elata Blume and Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold & Zucc Mixed Extract Suppress Platelet Aggregation and Thrombosis. Medicina 2021, 57, 1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57101128
Jeon Y-D, Lee J-H, Park M-R, Lim J-Y, Kang S-H, Kim D-K, Lee Y-M. Gastrodia elata Blume and Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold & Zucc Mixed Extract Suppress Platelet Aggregation and Thrombosis. Medicina. 2021; 57(10):1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57101128
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeon, Yong-Deok, Ji-Hyun Lee, Mi-Ran Park, Ji-Ye Lim, Sa-Haeng Kang, Dae-Ki Kim, and Young-Mi Lee. 2021. "Gastrodia elata Blume and Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold & Zucc Mixed Extract Suppress Platelet Aggregation and Thrombosis" Medicina 57, no. 10: 1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57101128