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Review

Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines

by
Mohamed S. Abdel-Bakky
1,2,
Elham Amin
3,4,
Mohamed G. Ewees
5,
Nesreen I. Mahmoud
5,
Hamdoon A. Mohammed
4,6,
Waleed M. Altowayan
7 and
Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif
8,9,*
1
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52471, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
3
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
4
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52471, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 11787, Egypt
6
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
7
Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52471, Saudi Arabia
8
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qasssim 52471, Saudi Arabia
9
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2022, 14(2), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020228
Submission received: 28 November 2021 / Revised: 6 January 2022 / Accepted: 21 January 2022 / Published: 24 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 and Thrombosis)
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Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, is currently developing into a rapidly disseminating and an overwhelming worldwide pandemic. In severe COVID-19 cases, hypercoagulability and inflammation are two crucial complications responsible for poor prognosis and mortality. In addition, coagulation system activation and inflammation overlap and produce life-threatening complications, including coagulopathy and cytokine storm, which are associated with overproduction of cytokines and activation of the immune system; they might be a lead cause of organ damage. However, patients with severe COVID-19 who received anticoagulant therapy had lower mortality, especially with elevated D-dimer or fibrin degradation products (FDP). In this regard, the discovery of natural products with anticoagulant potential may help mitigate the numerous side effects of the available synthetic drugs. This review sheds light on blood coagulation and its impact on the complication associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, the sources of natural anticoagulants, the role of nanoparticle formulation in this outbreak, and the prevalence of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) after COVID-19 vaccines are also reviewed. These combined data provide many research ideas related to the possibility of using these anticoagulant agents as a treatment to relieve acute symptoms of COVID-19 infection.
Keywords: hypercoagulability; COVID-19; natural anticoagulants; nanoparticles; targeting; COVID-19 vaccines hypercoagulability; COVID-19; natural anticoagulants; nanoparticles; targeting; COVID-19 vaccines

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MDPI and ACS Style

Abdel-Bakky, M.S.; Amin, E.; Ewees, M.G.; Mahmoud, N.I.; Mohammed, H.A.; Altowayan, W.M.; Abdellatif, A.A.H. Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines. Viruses 2022, 14, 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020228

AMA Style

Abdel-Bakky MS, Amin E, Ewees MG, Mahmoud NI, Mohammed HA, Altowayan WM, Abdellatif AAH. Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines. Viruses. 2022; 14(2):228. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020228

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdel-Bakky, Mohamed S., Elham Amin, Mohamed G. Ewees, Nesreen I. Mahmoud, Hamdoon A. Mohammed, Waleed M. Altowayan, and Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif. 2022. "Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines" Viruses 14, no. 2: 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020228

APA Style

Abdel-Bakky, M. S., Amin, E., Ewees, M. G., Mahmoud, N. I., Mohammed, H. A., Altowayan, W. M., & Abdellatif, A. A. H. (2022). Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines. Viruses, 14(2), 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020228

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