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Volume 25
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10.3390/s25247578
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Microwave Fill Level Inspection System for Industrial Packaged Products

by
Calin I. Maraloiu
1,
Jorge A. Tobón Vasquez
2,
Marco Ricci
2 and
Francesca Vipiana
1,*
1
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
2
Wavision S.r.l., 10129 Torino, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(24), 7578; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247578 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 20 October 2025 / Revised: 28 November 2025 / Accepted: 8 December 2025 / Published: 13 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Sensing and Imaging on Wearable, Vehicular, and Portable Platforms)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Fill level control is one of the strict checks required when inspecting industrially packaged products. The purpose is both to ensure the content conformity according to the declared label information and to preserve the reliability of brand trust, strongly influenced by the customer’s evenness perception of the marketed items. To this aim, choosing the right technology is not an easy task: content and packaging material properties are essential to establish the suitability of a product to the fill level machine type. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, based on microwaves, to address this issue. The designed microwave inspection system consists of two Vivaldi antennas working between 1 and 18 GHz. We show its applicability to water, oil and alcohol-based products moving on conveyor belts at production speed. The performed experiments demonstrate good accuracy and efficiency of level classification and fault rejection in real-time processing.
Keywords: microwave antennas; microwave propagation; microwave sensors; vivaldi antennas microwave antennas; microwave propagation; microwave sensors; vivaldi antennas

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Maraloiu, C.I.; Tobón Vasquez, J.A.; Ricci, M.; Vipiana, F. Microwave Fill Level Inspection System for Industrial Packaged Products. Sensors 2025, 25, 7578. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247578

AMA Style

Maraloiu CI, Tobón Vasquez JA, Ricci M, Vipiana F. Microwave Fill Level Inspection System for Industrial Packaged Products. Sensors. 2025; 25(24):7578. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247578

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maraloiu, Calin I., Jorge A. Tobón Vasquez, Marco Ricci, and Francesca Vipiana. 2025. "Microwave Fill Level Inspection System for Industrial Packaged Products" Sensors 25, no. 24: 7578. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247578

APA Style

Maraloiu, C. I., Tobón Vasquez, J. A., Ricci, M., & Vipiana, F. (2025). Microwave Fill Level Inspection System for Industrial Packaged Products. Sensors, 25(24), 7578. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247578

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