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Volume 25
Issue 12
10.3390/s25123584
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Method for Estimating Amount of Saliva Secreted Using a Throat Microphone

by
Kai Washino
,
Ayumi Ohnishi
,
Tsutomu Terada
* and
Masahiko Tsukamoto
Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(12), 3584; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123584
Submission received: 31 March 2025 / Revised: 3 June 2025 / Accepted: 5 June 2025 / Published: 6 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Sensing of Medical Condition at Home Environment)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Saliva is an important secretion, and a continued insufficient amount of saliva secreted causes glossitis, stomatitis, and so on. Since the amount of saliva secreted changes daily, adverse effects occur daily. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly measure the amount of saliva secreted and take appropriate measures when it decreases. However, there is no method to constantly measure saliva. We propose a method to estimate the amount of saliva secreted from the sound acquired by a wearable throat microphone. The proposed method uses deep learning to classify whether the sound acquired by the throat microphone is swallowing or not. Based on the swallowing information, the proposed method estimates the amount of saliva secreted. The accuracy of the classification of swallowing was 96.96%. For the estimation of the amount of saliva secreted, the R was 0.600 and MAE was 0.0487.
Keywords: wearable computing; healthcare; saliva secretion; oral environment wearable computing; healthcare; saliva secretion; oral environment

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Washino, K.; Ohnishi, A.; Terada, T.; Tsukamoto, M. Method for Estimating Amount of Saliva Secreted Using a Throat Microphone. Sensors 2025, 25, 3584. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123584

AMA Style

Washino K, Ohnishi A, Terada T, Tsukamoto M. Method for Estimating Amount of Saliva Secreted Using a Throat Microphone. Sensors. 2025; 25(12):3584. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123584

Chicago/Turabian Style

Washino, Kai, Ayumi Ohnishi, Tsutomu Terada, and Masahiko Tsukamoto. 2025. "Method for Estimating Amount of Saliva Secreted Using a Throat Microphone" Sensors 25, no. 12: 3584. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123584

APA Style

Washino, K., Ohnishi, A., Terada, T., & Tsukamoto, M. (2025). Method for Estimating Amount of Saliva Secreted Using a Throat Microphone. Sensors, 25(12), 3584. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123584

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