System Performance Analysis for an Energy Harvesting IoT System Using a DF/AF UAV-Enabled Relay with Downlink NOMA under Nakagami-m Fading

Nguyen, Anh-Nhat; Vo, Van Nhan; So-In, Chakchai; Ha, Dac-Binh

doi:10.3390/s21010285

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System Performance Analysis for an Energy Harvesting IoT System Using a DF/AF UAV-Enabled Relay with Downlink NOMA under Nakagami-m Fading

Anh-Nhat Nguyen

¹,

Van Nhan Vo

^2,3,

Chakchai So-In

^1,*

and

Dac-Binh Ha

⁴

Applied Network Technology (ANT) Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand

Faculty of Information Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam

Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam

⁴

Faculty of Electrical-Electronic Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sensors 2021, 21(1), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010285

Received: 24 November 2020 / Revised: 25 December 2020 / Accepted: 29 December 2020 / Published: 4 January 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Communications and Computing in Sensor Network)

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Abstract

This paper investigates system performance in the Internet of Things (IoT) with an energy harvesting (EH) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled relay under Nakagami-m fading, where the time switching (TS) and adaptive power splitting (APS) protocols are applied for the UAV. Our proposed system model consists of a base station (BS), two IoT device (ID) clusters (i.e., a far cluster and a near cluster), and a multiantenna UAV-enabled relay (UR). We adopt a UR-aided TS and APS (U-TSAPS) protocol, in which the UR can dynamically optimize the respective power splitting ratio (PSR) according to the channel conditions. To improve the throughput, the nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique is applied in the transmission of both hops (i.e., from the BS to the UR and from the UR to the ID clusters). The U-TSAPS protocol is divided into two phases. In the first phase, the BS transmits a signal to the UR. The UR then splits the received signal into two streams for information processing and EH using the APS scheme. In the second phase, the selected antenna of the UR forwards the received signal to the best far ID (BFID) in the far cluster and the best near ID (BNID) in the near cluster using the decode-and-forward (DF) or amplify-and-forward (AF) NOMA scheme. We derive closed-form expressions for the outage probabilities (OPs) at the BFID and BNID with the APS ratio under imperfect channel state information (ICSI) to evaluate the system performance. Based on these derivations, the throughputs of the considered system are also evaluated. Moreover, we propose an algorithm for determining the nearly optimal EH time for the system to minimize the OP. In addition, Monte Carlo simulation results are presented to confirm the accuracy of our analysis based on simulations of the system performance under various system parameters, such as the EH time, the height and position of the UR, the number of UR antennas, and the number of IDs in each cluster. View Full-Text

Keywords: internet of things; unmanned aerial vehicles; energy harvesting; nonorthogonal multiple access; time switching; adaptive power splitting

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Nguyen, A.-N.; Vo, V.N.; So-In, C.; Ha, D.-B. System Performance Analysis for an Energy Harvesting IoT System Using a DF/AF UAV-Enabled Relay with Downlink NOMA under Nakagami-m Fading. Sensors 2021, 21, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010285

AMA Style

Nguyen A-N, Vo VN, So-In C, Ha D-B. System Performance Analysis for an Energy Harvesting IoT System Using a DF/AF UAV-Enabled Relay with Downlink NOMA under Nakagami-m Fading. Sensors. 2021; 21(1):285. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010285

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nguyen, Anh-Nhat, Van N. Vo, Chakchai So-In, and Dac-Binh Ha. 2021. "System Performance Analysis for an Energy Harvesting IoT System Using a DF/AF UAV-Enabled Relay with Downlink NOMA under Nakagami-m Fading" Sensors 21, no. 1: 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010285

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Author Biographies

Anh-Nhat Nguyen

ANH-NHAT NGUYEN is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Computer Science from Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam, in 2012 and from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), China, in 2018, respectively. His research interests include image processing, information security, physical layer secrecy, radio-frequency energy harvesting, and wireless sensor networks.

Van Nhan Vo

VAN NHAN VO is currently a lecturer at Duy Tan University, Vietnam, and a postdoctoral researcher with the ANT Lab, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from Danang University, Vietnam; Duy Tan University, Vietnam; and Khon Kaen University, Thailand, in 2006, 2014, and 2019, respectively. His research interests include information security, physical layer secrecy, radio-frequency energy harvesting, nonorthogonal multiple access, wireless sensor networks, the Internet of Things, unmanned aerial vehicles, and the security of other advanced communication systems.

Chakchai So-In

Dr. Chakchai So-In, SMs, IEEE(14)/ACM(15), Professor at the Department of Computer Science at Khon Kaen University. Dr. So-In received BEng and MEng from KU (TH), in 1999 and 2001; and MSc and PhD from WUSTL (MO, USA) in 2006 and 2010, respectively; which all are in Computer Engineering. In 2003, he was an Internet Working Trainee in a CNAP program at NTU (SG), and obtained Cisco/Microsoft Certifications; and later from 2006 to 2010, an intern at mobile IP division, Cisco Systems, WiMAX Forum, and Bell Labs (USA). His research interests include Computer Networks and Internet, Wireless and Mobile Networks, Mobile Computing, Sensor Networks, Internet of Things, Parallel and Distributed Networks, Cyber Security, and Applied Artificial Intelligence. Dr. So-In has served the roles in (Associate) Editor in IEEE Access, PLOS One, PeerJ, KKU Science Journal, and ECTI-CIT. He has (co)authored over 100 publications with 10 books including IEEE JSAC, IEEE Magazines and Journals, and in other publishers, e.g., Springer, Elsevier, and Inderscience. Some academic books are such Computer Network Lab; Mobile and Wireless Network Labs with IoT; Network Security Lab; and Android and Windows Phone Programming books. He has served as TPC/reviewers for many prestigious conferences, e.g., ICNP, WCNC, Globecom, ICC, ICNC, PIMRC; and IEEE Transactions/Journals/Magazines/Letters, Springer, Elsevier, IET, IEICE, ETRI, and ECTI-CIT Journals.

Dac-Binh Ha

DAC-BINH HA received his B.S. degree in Radio Techniques and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Communications and Information Systems from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), China, in 1997, 2006, and 2009, respectively. He is currently the Dean of the Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Duy Tan University, Vietnam.

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System Performance Analysis for an Energy Harvesting IoT System Using a DF/AF UAV-Enabled Relay with Downlink NOMA under Nakagami-m Fading

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