A Multi-Hop LoRa Linear Sensor Network for the Monitoring of Underground Environments: The Case of the Medieval Aqueducts in Siena, Italy
Department of Information Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena SI, Italy
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Sensors 2019, 19(2), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020402
Received: 22 November 2018
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Revised: 13 January 2019
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Accepted: 16 January 2019
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Published: 19 January 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Methodologies and Practical Solutions for M2M and D2D Communications in the Internet of Things Era)
In this paper, a pervasive monitoring system to be deployed in underground environments is presented. The system has been specifically designed for the so-called “Bottini”, i.e., the medieval aqueducts dug beneath the Centre of Siena, Italy. The results of a measurement campaign carried out in the deployment scenario show that the transmission range of LoRa (Long Range) technology is limited to a maximum of 200 m, thus, making the adoption of a classical star topology impossible. Hence, a Linear Sensor Network topology is proposed based on multi-hop LoRa chain-type communications. In this scenario, an ad-hoc transmission scheme is presented that optimally evaluates the wake-up time of all nodes with the aim of minimizing the average energy dissipation deriving from clock offsets. Numerical results show that the proposed wake-up time optimization leads in the best case to a 50% reduction in power dissipation with respect to a scheme that evaluates the wake-up time in a non-optimal way.
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Keywords:
M2M; D2D; LoRa; multi-hop; linear sensor networks; underground monitoring
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MDPI and ACS Style
Abrardo, A.; Pozzebon, A. A Multi-Hop LoRa Linear Sensor Network for the Monitoring of Underground Environments: The Case of the Medieval Aqueducts in Siena, Italy. Sensors 2019, 19, 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020402
AMA Style
Abrardo A, Pozzebon A. A Multi-Hop LoRa Linear Sensor Network for the Monitoring of Underground Environments: The Case of the Medieval Aqueducts in Siena, Italy. Sensors. 2019; 19(2):402. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020402
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbrardo, Andrea, and Alessandro Pozzebon. 2019. "A Multi-Hop LoRa Linear Sensor Network for the Monitoring of Underground Environments: The Case of the Medieval Aqueducts in Siena, Italy" Sensors 19, no. 2: 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020402
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