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Volume 27
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10.3390/ijms27115063
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

HLA Alleles and Haplotype Distribution Across Russian Population Groups

by
Varvara Kucherenko
1,
Natalia Doroschuk
2,
Elizaveta Sarygina
2,
Olesya Sagaydak
2,3,
Viktor Bogdanov
1,
Olga Mityaeva
1,4,
Julia Krupinova
1,
Mary Woroncow
5,
Eugene Albert
1,*,† and
Pavel Volchkov
1,*,†
1
Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia
2
Evogen LLC, 115191 Moscow, Russia
3
National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I. Chazov, 21552 Moscow, Russia
4
Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia
5
Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(11), 5063; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27115063
Submission received: 16 April 2026 / Revised: 27 May 2026 / Accepted: 28 May 2026 / Published: 3 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomics of Human Disease)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci are highly polymorphic genome regions, with allele frequencies varying significantly across different populations. Population HLA frequency databases may contain biases and make cross-study comparison complicated due to varying data curation protocols, genotyping methodologies, resolution, and inconsistencies in the selection criteria for population samples. This study presents HLA allele frequencies of class I (HLA-A, -B, -C) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1, -DQA1), as well as their combined haplotypes obtained from over 18,000 whole genome sequencing samples of the Russian population. The cohort was stratified based on PCA and admixture components, providing frequencies for 14 different ethnic groups. For 12 groups cohort size allowed us to reach average saturation of 96% of allele frequencies in groups. Moreover, we demonstrated the utility of composed statistics for disease population study using type 1 diabetes (T1D) as an example. Genetically defined population clusters with similar aggregated genetic risk for T1D demonstrated substantial differences in frequencies of risk and protective HLA alleles. Obtained frequency data were made publicly available through the Allele Frequency Net Database improving previously sparse coverage in HLA frequencies data for the East Europe and North Asia regions.
Keywords: HLA; allele frequency; WGS; Russia HLA; allele frequency; WGS; Russia

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kucherenko, V.; Doroschuk, N.; Sarygina, E.; Sagaydak, O.; Bogdanov, V.; Mityaeva, O.; Krupinova, J.; Woroncow, M.; Albert, E.; Volchkov, P. HLA Alleles and Haplotype Distribution Across Russian Population Groups. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 5063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27115063

AMA Style

Kucherenko V, Doroschuk N, Sarygina E, Sagaydak O, Bogdanov V, Mityaeva O, Krupinova J, Woroncow M, Albert E, Volchkov P. HLA Alleles and Haplotype Distribution Across Russian Population Groups. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(11):5063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27115063

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kucherenko, Varvara, Natalia Doroschuk, Elizaveta Sarygina, Olesya Sagaydak, Viktor Bogdanov, Olga Mityaeva, Julia Krupinova, Mary Woroncow, Eugene Albert, and Pavel Volchkov. 2026. "HLA Alleles and Haplotype Distribution Across Russian Population Groups" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 11: 5063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27115063

APA Style

Kucherenko, V., Doroschuk, N., Sarygina, E., Sagaydak, O., Bogdanov, V., Mityaeva, O., Krupinova, J., Woroncow, M., Albert, E., & Volchkov, P. (2026). HLA Alleles and Haplotype Distribution Across Russian Population Groups. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(11), 5063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27115063

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