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Article

Purgative Effect, Acute Toxicity, and Quantification of Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate and Crotonic Acid in Croton tiglium L. Seeds Before and After Treatment by Thai Traditional Detoxification Process

by
Ronnachai Poowanna
1,
Pawitra Pulbutr
2,
Anake Kijjoa
3 and
Somsak Nualkaew
2,*
1
Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
2
Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
3
School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS) and CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7714; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167714 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 17 July 2025 / Revised: 2 August 2025 / Accepted: 7 August 2025 / Published: 9 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Toxicology)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Croton tiglium L. seeds, a component of many recipes of Thai traditional medicine (TTM), had to undergo the Thai traditional detoxification process (TDP) before being used. However, this detoxification process has never been scientifically proven for its effectiveness. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the effects of TDP on purgative effect and acute toxicity, as well as the identification of some chemical constituents in C. tiglium seeds before (CB) and after (CA) treatment. The purgative effect and acute toxicity of CB and CA powders were evaluated using Wistar rats. The amounts of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and crotonic acid in the CB and CA powders were determined using HPLC. The results showed no acute toxicity in the rats administered CB and CA powders at doses of 300–2000 mg/kg of body weight (BW). However, CB and CA caused a dose-dependent increase in the number of fecal pellets as well as an increase in the amount of wet and dry feces. Interestingly, only CB, at the dose of 100 mg/kg, caused a significant purgative effect. The TDP was also found to affect the amounts of PMA and crotonic acid. While the amount of PMA in C. tiglium seed powder decreased from 1.59 mg/g in CB to 1.26 mg/g in CA, the amount of crotonic acid decreased from 0.001 mg/g in CB to an undetectable level in CA. This investigation demonstrated that TDP not only reduced the purgative effect and toxicity of croton seeds but also the amounts of PMA and crotonic acid.
Keywords: Croton tiglium seeds; Thai traditional medicine; acute toxicity; purgative activity; phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate; crotonic acid Croton tiglium seeds; Thai traditional medicine; acute toxicity; purgative activity; phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate; crotonic acid

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MDPI and ACS Style

Poowanna, R.; Pulbutr, P.; Kijjoa, A.; Nualkaew, S. Purgative Effect, Acute Toxicity, and Quantification of Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate and Crotonic Acid in Croton tiglium L. Seeds Before and After Treatment by Thai Traditional Detoxification Process. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 7714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167714

AMA Style

Poowanna R, Pulbutr P, Kijjoa A, Nualkaew S. Purgative Effect, Acute Toxicity, and Quantification of Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate and Crotonic Acid in Croton tiglium L. Seeds Before and After Treatment by Thai Traditional Detoxification Process. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(16):7714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167714

Chicago/Turabian Style

Poowanna, Ronnachai, Pawitra Pulbutr, Anake Kijjoa, and Somsak Nualkaew. 2025. "Purgative Effect, Acute Toxicity, and Quantification of Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate and Crotonic Acid in Croton tiglium L. Seeds Before and After Treatment by Thai Traditional Detoxification Process" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 16: 7714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167714

APA Style

Poowanna, R., Pulbutr, P., Kijjoa, A., & Nualkaew, S. (2025). Purgative Effect, Acute Toxicity, and Quantification of Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate and Crotonic Acid in Croton tiglium L. Seeds Before and After Treatment by Thai Traditional Detoxification Process. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(16), 7714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167714

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