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Volume 25
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10.3390/ijms25115923
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Communication

Galactic Cosmic Ray Particle Exposure Does Not Increase Protein Levels of Inflammation or Oxidative Stress Markers in Rat Microglial Cells In Vitro

by
Danielle S. Cahoon
1,
Derek R. Fisher
1,
Bernard M. Rabin
2,
Stefania Lamon-Fava
1,
Dayong Wu
1,
Tong Zheng
1 and
Barbara Shukitt-Hale
1,*
1
USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
2
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(11), 5923; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115923
Submission received: 14 March 2024 / Revised: 22 May 2024 / Accepted: 27 May 2024 / Published: 29 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Microglia in Neurological Disorders)
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Abstract

Astronauts on exploratory missions will be exposed to galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which can induce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress (OS) and may increase the risk of neurodegenerative disease. As key regulators of inflammation and OS in the CNS, microglial cells may be involved in GCR-induced deficits, and therefore could be a target for neuroprotection. This study assessed the effects of exposure to helium (4He) and iron (56Fe) particles on inflammation and OS in microglia in vitro, to establish a model for testing countermeasure efficacy. Rat microglia were exposed to a single dose of 20 cGy (300 MeV/n) 4He or 2 Gy 56Fe (600 MeV/n), while the control cells were not exposed (0 cGy). Immediately following irradiation, fresh media was applied to the cells, and biomarkers of inflammation (cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2], nitric oxide synthase [iNOS], phosphorylated IκB-α [pIκB-α], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNFα], and nitrite [NO2−]) and OS (NADPH oxidase [NOX2]) were assessed 24 h later using standard immunochemical techniques. Results showed that radiation did not increase levels of NO2− or protein levels of COX-2, iNOS, pIκB-α, TNFα, or NOX2 compared to non-irradiated control conditions in microglial cells (p > 0.05). Therefore, microglia in isolation may not be the primary cause of neuroinflammation and OS following exposures to helium or iron GCR particles.
Keywords: inflammation; oxidative stress; microglia; space-radiation; galactic cosmic rays inflammation; oxidative stress; microglia; space-radiation; galactic cosmic rays

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cahoon, D.S.; Fisher, D.R.; Rabin, B.M.; Lamon-Fava, S.; Wu, D.; Zheng, T.; Shukitt-Hale, B. Galactic Cosmic Ray Particle Exposure Does Not Increase Protein Levels of Inflammation or Oxidative Stress Markers in Rat Microglial Cells In Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115923

AMA Style

Cahoon DS, Fisher DR, Rabin BM, Lamon-Fava S, Wu D, Zheng T, Shukitt-Hale B. Galactic Cosmic Ray Particle Exposure Does Not Increase Protein Levels of Inflammation or Oxidative Stress Markers in Rat Microglial Cells In Vitro. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(11):5923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115923

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cahoon, Danielle S., Derek R. Fisher, Bernard M. Rabin, Stefania Lamon-Fava, Dayong Wu, Tong Zheng, and Barbara Shukitt-Hale. 2024. "Galactic Cosmic Ray Particle Exposure Does Not Increase Protein Levels of Inflammation or Oxidative Stress Markers in Rat Microglial Cells In Vitro" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 11: 5923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115923

APA Style

Cahoon, D. S., Fisher, D. R., Rabin, B. M., Lamon-Fava, S., Wu, D., Zheng, T., & Shukitt-Hale, B. (2024). Galactic Cosmic Ray Particle Exposure Does Not Increase Protein Levels of Inflammation or Oxidative Stress Markers in Rat Microglial Cells In Vitro. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(11), 5923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115923

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