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Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Alternative Biomarker Sources, Therapeutic Agents, and Drug Delivery Carriers

1
Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
2
Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS), Singapore 117599, Singapore
3
Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
4
Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore
5
Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(13), 3272; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133272
Received: 4 June 2019 / Revised: 27 June 2019 / Accepted: 1 July 2019 / Published: 3 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Vesicles and Metastatic Niche)
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in intercellular communication has stimulated renewed interest in exploring the potential application of EVs as tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in CVD. The ubiquitous nature of EVs in biological fluids presents a technological advantage compared to current diagnostic tools by virtue of their notable stability. EV contents, such as proteins and microRNAs, represent specific signatures of cellular activation or injury. This feature positions EVs as an alternative source of biomarkers. Furthermore, their intrinsic activity and immunomodulatory properties offer EVs unique opportunities to act as therapeutic agents per se or to serve as drug delivery carriers by acting as miniaturized vehicles incorporating bioactive molecules. In this article, we aim to review the recent advances and applications of EV-based biomarkers and therapeutics. In addition, the potential of EVs as a drug delivery and theranostic platform for CVD will also be discussed. View Full-Text
Keywords: extracellular vesicles; cardiovascular disease; biomarker; therapeutic; drug delivery; theranostics extracellular vesicles; cardiovascular disease; biomarker; therapeutic; drug delivery; theranostics
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MDPI and ACS Style

Chong, S.Y.; Lee, C.K.; Huang, C.; Ou, Y.H.; Charles, C.J.; Richards, A.M.; Neupane, Y.R.; Pavon, M.V.; Zharkova, O.; Pastorin, G.; Wang, J.-W. Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Alternative Biomarker Sources, Therapeutic Agents, and Drug Delivery Carriers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133272

AMA Style

Chong SY, Lee CK, Huang C, Ou YH, Charles CJ, Richards AM, Neupane YR, Pavon MV, Zharkova O, Pastorin G, Wang J-W. Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Alternative Biomarker Sources, Therapeutic Agents, and Drug Delivery Carriers. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(13):3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133272

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chong, Suet Y., Choon K. Lee, Chenyuan Huang, Yi H. Ou, Christopher J. Charles, Arthur M. Richards, Yub R. Neupane, Maria V. Pavon, Olga Zharkova, Giorgia Pastorin, and Jiong-Wei Wang. 2019. "Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Alternative Biomarker Sources, Therapeutic Agents, and Drug Delivery Carriers" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13: 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133272

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