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Review

Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms

by
Sok Kuan Wong
,
Nur-Vaizura Mohamad
,
Tijjani Rabiu Giaze
,
Kok-Yong Chin
,
Norazlina Mohamed
and
Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
*
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(10), 2587; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102587
Submission received: 22 April 2019 / Revised: 22 May 2019 / Accepted: 23 May 2019 / Published: 27 May 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
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Abstract

Patients with advanced prostate cancer often develop bone metastases, leading to bone pain, skeletal fracture, and increased mortality. Bone provides a hospitable microenvironment to tumor cells. The disease manifestation is driven by the interaction between invading tumor cells, bone-forming osteoblasts, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. The increased level of osteoclast-activating factor (parathyroid hormone-related peptide, PTHrP) is believed to induce bone resorption by upregulating receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and the release of various growth factors into the bone microenvironment to enhance cancer cell growth. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. This review outlines the possible molecular mechanisms involved in governing bone metastases driven by prostate cancer, which further provide the basis in searching for new molecular targets for the development of potential therapy.
Keywords: hormone; inflammation; osteoprotegerin; estrogen hormone; inflammation; osteoprotegerin; estrogen

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wong, S.K.; Mohamad, N.-V.; Giaze, T.R.; Chin, K.-Y.; Mohamed, N.; Ima-Nirwana, S. Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102587

AMA Style

Wong SK, Mohamad N-V, Giaze TR, Chin K-Y, Mohamed N, Ima-Nirwana S. Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(10):2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102587

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wong, Sok Kuan, Nur-Vaizura Mohamad, Tijjani Rabiu Giaze, Kok-Yong Chin, Norazlina Mohamed, and Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana. 2019. "Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 10: 2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102587

APA Style

Wong, S. K., Mohamad, N.-V., Giaze, T. R., Chin, K.-Y., Mohamed, N., & Ima-Nirwana, S. (2019). Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(10), 2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102587

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