Evolving Diversity of Hepatitis C Viruses in Yunnan Honghe, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Diversity and Prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Genotypes and Subtypes in Honghe
2.2. Possible Rise and Dissemination of HCV-6a in Honghe from Vietnam or Adjacent Areas
2.3. Possible New HCV Variants of HCV-6 in Honghe
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Cohort
4.2. Nucleic Acid Extraction and Reverse Transcription
4.3. PCR Amplification
4.4. HCV Nucleotide Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
4.5. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(A) Single HCV Infection Group | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | NS5B | C/E1 | Sample | NS5B | C/E1 | Sample | NS5B | C/E1 |
SC1 | 3b | 3b | SC18 | nd | 3b | SC35 | 1b | 1b |
SC2 | 3a | 3a | SC19 | 3b | 3b | SC36 | 1b | 1b |
SC3 | 3a | 3a | SC20 | 3b | 3b | SC37 | 6n | 6n |
SC4 | 6n | 6n | SC21 | 6n | 6n | SC38 | 3a | 3a |
SC5 | 3b | 3b | SC22 | 3b | 3b | SC39 | 1b | 1b |
SC6 | 3a | 3a | SC23 | 3b | 3b | SC40 | 6n | 6n |
SC7 | 3b | 3b | SC24 | 6a | nd | SC41 | 3b | 3b |
SC8 | 3a | 3a | SC25 | 3b | 3b | SC42 | 1b | 1b |
SC9 | 3b | 3b | SC26 | 6n | 6n | SC43 | 6n | 6n |
SC10 | 6n | 6n | SC27 | 6n | 6n | SC44 | 6n | 6n |
SC11 | 6a | 6a | SC28 | 3b | 3b | SC45 | U | 6v |
SC12 | 3b | 3b | SC29 | 3b | 3b | SC46 | 3b | 3b |
* SC13 | 3b | 6a | SC30 | 3b | 3b | SC47 | 3b | 3b |
SC14 | 3b | 3b | SC31 | 1b | 1b | SC48 | 6n | 6n |
SC15 | 3b | 3b | SC32 | 1b | 1b | SC49 | 6n | 6n |
SC16 | 6n | 6n | SC33 | 6n | 6n | SC50 | 6a | 6a |
SC17 | 3b | 3b | SC34 | U | U | – | – | – |
Total | 50 | |||||||
(B) HCV and HIV Co-Infection Group | ||||||||
Sample | NS5B | C/E1 | Sample | NS5B | C/E1 | Sample | NS5B | C/E1 |
CC1 | 6a | 6a | * CC18 | 3b | 6a | CC35 | 3b | 3b |
CC2 | 6a | 6a | CC19 | 6n | 6n | CC36 | 6a | 6a |
CC3 | 3b | 3b | CC20 | 3b | 3b | CC37 | 3a | 3a |
CC4 | 3b | 3b | CC21 | 3a | 3a | CC38 | 3b | 3b |
CC5 | nd | 6a | CC22 | 3b | nd | CC39 | 3a | 3a |
CC6 | 3a | 3a | CC23 | 3a | 3a | CC40 | 3b | 3b |
CC7 | 6n | 6n | CC24 | 3b | nd | CC41 | 3a | 3a |
CC8 | 3a | 3a | CC25 | 3a | 3a | CC42 | 6a | 6a |
CC9 | 6n | 6n | CC26 | nd | 1b | CC43 | 3a | 3a |
CC10 | 6n | 6n | CC27 | 6a | 6a | CC44 | 6n | 6n |
CC11 | 3a | nd | CC28 | 3b | 3b | CC45 | 6a | 6a |
CC12 | 3b | 3b | CC29 | 3a | 3a | CC46 | 1b | 1b |
CC13 | 3b | 3b | CC30 | 6a | 6a | CC47 | 3b | 3b |
CC14 | 6n | 6n | CC31 | 1b | 1b | CC48 | 3b | 3b |
CC15 | nd | 3b | CC32 | 3b | 3b | CC49 | 6a | 6a |
CC16 | 3b | 3b | CC33 | 3b | 3b | – | – | – |
CC17 | 6n | 6n | CC34 | 3b | 3b | – | – | – |
Total | 49 |
Characteristics/Subtypes | Sample Numbers (%) | Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1b | 3a | 3b | 6n | 6a | 6v | Unassigned | Dual-Infection | ||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 6 (9.0) | 13 (19.4) | 27 (40.3) | 10 (14.9) | 9 (13.4) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | – | 67 |
Female | 3 (9.4) | 3 (9.4) | 11 (34.4) | 10 (31.2) | 3 (9.4) | – | – | 2 (6.2) | 32 |
Total | 9 (9.1) | 16 (16.2) | 38 (38.4) | 20 (20.2) | 12 (12.1) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.0) | 2 (2.0) | 99 |
Races | |||||||||
Han | 7 (8.5) | 15 (18.3) | 32 (39.0) | 16 (19.5) | 10 (12.2) | 1 (1.2) | – | 1 (1.2) | 82 |
Hani | 1 (10.0) | 1 (10.0) | 3 (30.0) | 4 (40.0) | – | – | – | 1 (10.0) | 10 |
Yi | – | – | 2 (50.0) | – | 2 (50.0) | – | – | – | 4 |
Others | 1 (33.3) | – | 1 (33.3) | – | – | – | 1 (33.3) | – | 3 |
Route of Transmission | |||||||||
Blood Contact | 5 (10.4) | 5 (10.4) | 20 (41.7) | 13 (27.1) | 2 (4.2) * | 1 (2.1) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (2.1) | 48 |
IDU | 2 (5.1) | 7 (17.9) | 15 (38.5) | 6 (15.4) | 8 (20.5) * | – | – | 1 (2.6) | 39 |
Sex | 2 (18.2) | 4 (36.4) | 3 (27.3) | 1 (9.1) | 1 (9.1) | – | – | – | 11 |
Vertical | – | – | – | – | 1 (100) | – | – | – | 1 |
HIV Infection | |||||||||
Yes | 3 (6.1) | 11 (22.4) | 18 (36.7) | 7 (14.3) | 9 (18.4) | – | – | 1 (2.0) | 49 |
No | 6 (12.0) | 5 (10.0) | 20 (40.0) | 13 (26.0) | 3 (6.0) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.0) | 50 |
HCV Subtypes | Yunnan (%) n = 80 | Yunnan (%) n = 100 | Honghe (%) n = 39 | Vietnam (%) n = 145 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype 1 | 21.2 | 12.0 | 5.1 | 70.0 |
1a | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0 | 42.0 |
1b | 20.0 | 10.0 | 5.1 | 28.0 |
Genotype 3 | 53.8 | 41.0 | 56.4 | 2.0 |
3a | 23.8 | 12.0 | 17.9 | 1.0 |
3b | 30.0 | 29.0 | 38.5 | 1.0 |
Genotype 6 | 25.0 | 47.0 | 35.9 | 28.0 |
6a | 5.0 | 15.0 | 20.5 | 22.8 |
6n | 11.2 | 30.0 | 15.4 | 0 |
6 others | 8.8 | 2.0 | 0 | 5.5 |
Year of Study | 2000–2003 | 2013 | 2014 | 2008–2009 |
References | [35] | [25] | This study | [36] |
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Yang, L.; Jiang, C.; Hu, S.; Diao, Q.; Li, J.; Si, W.; Chen, M.; Zhao, R.Y. Evolving Diversity of Hepatitis C Viruses in Yunnan Honghe, China. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17030403
Yang L, Jiang C, Hu S, Diao Q, Li J, Si W, Chen M, Zhao RY. Evolving Diversity of Hepatitis C Viruses in Yunnan Honghe, China. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(3):403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17030403
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Lanhui, Chenyan Jiang, Song Hu, Qiongni Diao, Jia Li, Wei Si, Mei Chen, and Richard Y. Zhao. 2016. "Evolving Diversity of Hepatitis C Viruses in Yunnan Honghe, China" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 3: 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17030403