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Review

Metabolic Engineering for Gibberellic Acid Production in Fusarium fujikuroi: Advances and Perspectives

by
Lianghong Yin
1,*,†,
Xiaoxiao Liu
1,†,
Jiaoya Chen
1,†,
Nana Ding
1,
Hui Chen
1,
Haiping Lin
2,
Zheng Ma
3,
Qingsong Shao
1,
Dan Wang
2,* and
Peng Zhang
1,*
1
National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
2
College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
3
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2026, 31(13), 2367; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31132367
Submission received: 25 May 2026 / Revised: 20 June 2026 / Accepted: 1 July 2026 / Published: 5 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Biology)
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Abstract

Gibberellic acids (GAs) are a class of tetracyclic diterpene carboxylic acid compounds produced by green plants, fungi, and bacteria, which have a wide range of applications in agricultural production and food ingredients processing. Owing to the continuously growing market demand, enhancing GA yield has become imperative. The biosynthesis of GAs is a multi-enzymatic synergistic process that can be enhanced through genetic and metabolic engineering strategies. In this review, we first summarize recent advances in GA production by Fusarium fujikuroi. We then highlight key metabolic engineering strategies, including biosynthetic pathway engineering, cluster-specific channeling of geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthesis, cofactor engineering, as well as regulatory mechanisms involving nitrogen modulation and histone modification. Finally, we discuss promising approaches for constructing high-efficiency microbial cell factories, such as implementation of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, the application of strong promoters, the development of target-specific technologies for small molecules, and the employment of genome-scale metabolic models. Recent metabolic engineering efforts have achieved GA3 titers of up to 3.16 g/L through multi-target nitrogen regulation strategies, highlighting the potential for further yield improvement.
Keywords: Fusarium fujikuroi; Gibberellic acids; synthetic biology; metabolic engineering Fusarium fujikuroi; Gibberellic acids; synthetic biology; metabolic engineering

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yin, L.; Liu, X.; Chen, J.; Ding, N.; Chen, H.; Lin, H.; Ma, Z.; Shao, Q.; Wang, D.; Zhang, P. Metabolic Engineering for Gibberellic Acid Production in Fusarium fujikuroi: Advances and Perspectives. Molecules 2026, 31, 2367. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31132367

AMA Style

Yin L, Liu X, Chen J, Ding N, Chen H, Lin H, Ma Z, Shao Q, Wang D, Zhang P. Metabolic Engineering for Gibberellic Acid Production in Fusarium fujikuroi: Advances and Perspectives. Molecules. 2026; 31(13):2367. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31132367

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yin, Lianghong, Xiaoxiao Liu, Jiaoya Chen, Nana Ding, Hui Chen, Haiping Lin, Zheng Ma, Qingsong Shao, Dan Wang, and Peng Zhang. 2026. "Metabolic Engineering for Gibberellic Acid Production in Fusarium fujikuroi: Advances and Perspectives" Molecules 31, no. 13: 2367. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31132367

APA Style

Yin, L., Liu, X., Chen, J., Ding, N., Chen, H., Lin, H., Ma, Z., Shao, Q., Wang, D., & Zhang, P. (2026). Metabolic Engineering for Gibberellic Acid Production in Fusarium fujikuroi: Advances and Perspectives. Molecules, 31(13), 2367. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31132367

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