Advances in Electric Vehicle Charging Systems and Vehicle-to-Grid Technology

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closed (1 September 2025)

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Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is a cornerstone in the global effort to pave the way for smart cities and carbon neutrality. With the rapid growth of the EV market, the demand for innovative charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies has become more pressing than ever. To expand the sustainable vehicle revolution, towards electrification, intelligence, and connectivity, this Special Issue aims to explore the latest advancements in EV charging and V2G technologies, addressing the challenges and opportunities in the context of modern urban environments and energy networks. The primary objective of this Special Issue is to disseminate cutting-edge research and development findings related to EV charging and V2G technologies. To highlight state-of-the-art approaches and technologies, this Special Issue will also delve into the potential of charging and V2G technologies to alleviate grid burden and enhance electricity utilization, thereby supporting the broader goals of energy sustainability and smart city development. In this context, prospective authors are invited to submit their original contributions, surveys, or tutorial papers to this Topics.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following: 

• EV charging technologies and infrastructure;
• Interoperability of bidirectional charging;
• Fast charging solutions and their impact on power grid and battery health;
• Sizing and planning of EV charging infrastructure;
• Wireless energy trading and wireless energy internet for connected EVs;
• Impacts of V2G on grid stability and optimization methods;
• Artificial intelligence applications in optimizing EV charging facilities;
• Energy scheduling and dynamic power regulation of V2G regulation services;
• Advances, cybersecurity, and data privacy in V2G, vehicle-to-home, and vehicle-to-vehicle regimes.

Prof. Dr. Ching Chuen Chan
Prof. Dr. K. T. Chau
Dr. Wei Liu
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Energies energies	3.2	7.3	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.5	2011	16 Days	CHF 2400
Electronics electronics	2.6	6.1	2012	16.4 Days	CHF 2400
Vehicles vehicles	2.2	5.3	2019	21.4 Days	CHF 1800
Eng eng	2.4	3.2	2020	18 Days	CHF 1400
World Electric Vehicle Journal wevj	2.6	5.0	2007	21 Days	CHF 1400

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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All Energies Applied Sciences Electronics Vehicles Eng WEVJ

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19 pages, 2439 KB  

Open AccessReview

Electromobility and Distribution System Operators: Overview of International Experiences and How to Address the Remaining Challenges

by Ilaria Losa, Nuno de Sousa e Silva, Nikos Hatziargyriou and Petr Musilek

World Electr. Veh. J. 2026, 17(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17010040 - 13 Jan 2026

Viewed by 372

Abstract

The electrification of transport is rapidly reshaping power distribution networks, introducing new technical, regulatory, and operational challenges for Distribution System Operators (DSOs). This article presents an international review of electromobility integration strategies, analyzing experiences from Europe, Canada, Australia, and Greece. It examines how [...] Read more.

The electrification of transport is rapidly reshaping power distribution networks, introducing new technical, regulatory, and operational challenges for Distribution System Operators (DSOs). This article presents an international review of electromobility integration strategies, analyzing experiences from Europe, Canada, Australia, and Greece. It examines how DSOs address grid impacts through smart charging, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services, and demand flexibility mechanisms, alongside evolving regulatory and market frameworks. European initiatives—such as Germany’s Energiewende and the UK’s Demand Flexibility Service—demonstrate how coordinated planning and interoperability standards can transform electric vehicles (EVs) into valuable distributed energy resources. Case studies from Canada and Greece highlight region-specific challenges, such as limited access in remote communities or island grid constraints, while Australia’s high PV penetration offers unique opportunities for PV–EV synergies. The findings emphasize that DSOs must evolve into active system operators supported by digitalization, flexible market design, and user engagement. The study concludes by outlining implementation barriers, policy implications, and a roadmap for DSOs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Electric Vehicle Charging Systems and Vehicle-to-Grid Technology)

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48 pages, 5445 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Energy Management of a Dual-Stack Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on a Commercial SUV Platform Using a CompactRIO Controller

by Mircea Raceanu, Nicu Bizon, Mariana Iliescu, Elena Carcadea, Adriana Marinoiu and Mihai Varlam

World Electr. Veh. J. 2026, 17(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17010008 - 22 Dec 2025

Viewed by 557

Abstract

This study presents the design, real-time implementation, and full-scale experimental validation of a rule-based Energy Management Strategy (EMS) for a dual-stack Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCHEV) developed on a Jeep Wrangler platform. Unlike previous studies, predominantly focused on simulation-based analysis or single-stack [...] Read more.

This study presents the design, real-time implementation, and full-scale experimental validation of a rule-based Energy Management Strategy (EMS) for a dual-stack Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCHEV) developed on a Jeep Wrangler platform. Unlike previous studies, predominantly focused on simulation-based analysis or single-stack architectures, this work provides comprehensive vehicle-level experimental validation of a deterministic real-time EMS applied to a dual fuel cell system in an SUV-class vehicle. The control algorithm, deployed on a National Instruments CompactRIO embedded controller, ensures deterministic real-time energy distribution and stable hybrid operation under dynamic load conditions. Simulation analysis conducted over eight consecutive WLTC cycles shows that both fuel cell stacks operate predominantly within their optimal efficiency range (25–35 kW), achieving an average DC efficiency of 68% and a hydrogen consumption of 1.35 kg/100 km under idealized conditions. Experimental validation on the Wrangler FCHEV demonstrator yields a hydrogen consumption of 1.67 kg/100 km, corresponding to 1.03 kg/100 km·m² after aerodynamic normalization (Cd·A = 1.624 m²), reflecting real-world operating constraints. The proposed EMS promotes fuel-cell durability by reducing current cycling amplitude and maintaining operation within high-efficiency regions for the majority of the driving cycle. By combining deterministic real-time embedded control with vehicle-level experimental validation, this work strengthens the link between EMS design and practical deployment and provides a scalable reference framework for future hydrogen powertrain control systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Electric Vehicle Charging Systems and Vehicle-to-Grid Technology)

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28 pages, 27052 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Energy Harvesting Devices for Extending the Lifespan of Lithium-Polymer Batteries: Insights for Electric Vehicles

by David Gutiérrez-Rosales, Omar Jiménez-Ramírez, Daniel Aguilar-Torres, Juan Carlos Paredes-Rojas, Eliel Carvajal-Quiroz and Rubén Vázquez-Medina

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(12), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16120682 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 580

Abstract

This study rigorously evaluated the integration of energy-harvesting systems within electric vehicles to prolong battery service life. A laboratory-scale system was configured utilizing a scale electric vehicle with a 12.6 V lithium-polymer (Li-Po) battery alongside an automated control platform to precisely estimate the [...] Read more.

This study rigorously evaluated the integration of energy-harvesting systems within electric vehicles to prolong battery service life. A laboratory-scale system was configured utilizing a scale electric vehicle with a 12.6 V lithium-polymer (Li-Po) battery alongside an automated control platform to precisely estimate the real-time State of Charge (SoC) through monitoring of current, voltage, and temperature of the vehicle battery under three distinct driving conditions: (A) constant velocity at 30 km/h, (B) variable velocities exhibiting a sawtooth profile, and (C) random speed variations. Wind energy was harvested employing Savonius rotor microturbines, with assessments conducted on efficiency losses and drag coefficients to determine the net power yield for each operational profile, which was found to be marginally positive. Considering the energy consumption of electric vehicles based on 2017 U.S. EPA fuel economy data, the maximal recovered energy corresponded to 0.0833% of auxiliary system demand, while the minimal recovery was 0.0398%. These results substantiated the necessity for continued research into sustainable energy management frameworks for electric vehicles. They emphasized the critical importance of optimizing the incorporation of renewable energy technologies to mitigate the environmental ramifications of the transportation sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Electric Vehicle Charging Systems and Vehicle-to-Grid Technology)

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22 pages, 3660 KB  

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enabling Grid Services with Bidirectional EV Chargers: A Comparative Analysis of CCS2 and CHAdeMO Response Dynamics

by Kristoffer Laust Pedersen, Rasmus Meier Knudsen, Mattia Marinelli, Mattia Secchi and Kristian Sevdari

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(11), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16110636 - 20 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) charging represents an opportunity to leverage EVs as flexible energy assets within the power system. By enabling controlled power flow in both directions, bidirectional charging unlocks a wide range of grid services, thereby enhancing grid stability as the energy [...] Read more.

Bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) charging represents an opportunity to leverage EVs as flexible energy assets within the power system. By enabling controlled power flow in both directions, bidirectional charging unlocks a wide range of grid services, thereby enhancing grid stability as the energy sector decarbonizes. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental evaluation of bidirectional charging systems (EVCS), focusing on response dynamics and controllability delays critical for grid services. A real ISO 15118–20–enabled EV and an EV emulator were used to conduct tests across configurations, utilizing the Watt & Well 22 kW bidirectional charging bay. The study compares CCS2 and CHAdeMO protocols under varying configuration conditions. Results show that modern chargers achieve sub-second responsiveness, with local communication delays typically below 0.4 s and ramping times around 0.5 s. However, power flow reversals introduce an additional delay of approximately 1 s. These updated controllability metrics are essential for validating bidirectional charging in time-critical applications such as primary frequency regulation. The findings highlight the influence of voltage level and modular configuration on dynamic performance, underscoring the need to integrate external control path delays for full-stack validation. This work provides a foundation for modeling and deploying bidirectional EVCS in fast-response grid services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Electric Vehicle Charging Systems and Vehicle-to-Grid Technology)

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17 pages, 2166 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Dyn-Pri: A Dynamic Privacy Sensitivity Assessment Framework for V2G Interactive Service Scenarios

by Tianbao Liu, Jingyang Wang, Nan Zhang, Jing Guo, Yanyan Tao, Qingyao Li and Zi Li

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(8), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16080459 - 11 Aug 2025

Viewed by 720

Abstract

In V2G service operations, highly efficient data sharing among participants is useful in grid load balancing and renewable energy integration. However, the data quality and sharing efficiency greatly rely on entities’ willingness to share. Moreover, there is no rational assessment framework for the [...] Read more.

In V2G service operations, highly efficient data sharing among participants is useful in grid load balancing and renewable energy integration. However, the data quality and sharing efficiency greatly rely on entities’ willingness to share. Moreover, there is no rational assessment framework for the privacy sensitivity of sharing data, which highly affects data sharing willingness. Existing privacy sensitivity assessment methods rely on static privacy attributes and fail to rationally assess privacy threats within V2G service scenarios. To address these limitations, this paper proposes Dyn-Pri, a novel multi-dimensional privacy sensitivity assessment framework for large-scale V2G interactive service scenarios. Dyn-Pri features an adaptive comprehensive multi-dimensional quantification model that integrates both the three privacy elements’ intrinsic effects and the dynamic, intertwining influences among them. The experimental validations in three typical V2G scenarios demonstrate that Dyn-Pri has significant advantages in the precision of sensitivity assessments, and balancing data utilization and privacy protection enhances renewable energy integration efficiency while ensuring cross-domain data security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Electric Vehicle Charging Systems and Vehicle-to-Grid Technology)

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20 pages, 670 KB  

Open AccessArticle

CO₂ Emissions Resulting from Large-Scale Integration of Electric Vehicles Using a Macro Perspective

by Fátima Monteiro and Armando Sousa

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6177; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146177 - 16 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1776

Abstract

Smart grids with EVs have been proposed as a great contribution to sustainability. Considering environmental sustainability is of great importance to humanity, it is essential to assess whether electrical vehicles (EVs) actually contribute to improving it. The objectives of the present study are, [...] Read more.

Smart grids with EVs have been proposed as a great contribution to sustainability. Considering environmental sustainability is of great importance to humanity, it is essential to assess whether electrical vehicles (EVs) actually contribute to improving it. The objectives of the present study are, from a macro (broad-scope) perspective, to identify the sources of emissions and to create a framework for the calculation of CO₂ emissions resulting from large-scale EV use. The results show that V2G mode increases emissions and therefore reduces the benefits of using EVs. The results also show that in the best scenario (NC mode), an EV will have 32.7% less emissions, and in the worst case (V2G mode), it will have 25.6% more emissions than an internal combustion vehicle (ICV), meaning that sustainability improvement is not always ensured. The present study shows that considering a macro perspective is essential to estimate a more comprehensive value of emissions. The main contributions of this work are the creation of a framework for identifying the main contributions to CO₂ emissions resulting from large-scale EV integration, and the calculation of estimated CO₂ emissions from a macro perspective. These are important contributions to future studies in the area of smart grids and large-scale EV integration, for decision-makers as well as common citizens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Electric Vehicle Charging Systems and Vehicle-to-Grid Technology)

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