Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ

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Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrical machines play crucial roles in modern industry and domestic applications. This Special Issue aims to publish the recent development on the advanced design and optimization of electrical machines, such as new design and analysis techniques, system-level, multi-objective, multi-level, multi-physics, robust, digital-twin and learning-based design, and optimization of electric drive systems. We look forward to your recent works in this area.

Prof. Dr. Youguang Guo
Dr. Gang Lei
Dr. Xin Ba
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600
Materials materials	3.1	5.8	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600
Electronics electronics	2.6	5.3	2012	16.4 Days	CHF 2400
Machines machines	2.1	3.0	2013	15.5 Days	CHF 2400
World Electric Vehicle Journal wevj	2.6	4.5	2007	16.2 Days	CHF 1400

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Published Papers (22 papers)

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14 pages, 7242 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Structure for Controlling the Speed of Variable Reluctance Motor via Transitioning Policy Iteration Algorithm

by Hamad Alharkan

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090421 - 14 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 855

Abstract

This paper investigated a new speed regulator using an adaptive transitioning policy iteration learning technique for the variable reluctance motor (VRM) drive. A transitioning strategy is used in this unique scheme to handle the nonlinear behavior of the VRM by using a series [...] Read more.

This paper investigated a new speed regulator using an adaptive transitioning policy iteration learning technique for the variable reluctance motor (VRM) drive. A transitioning strategy is used in this unique scheme to handle the nonlinear behavior of the VRM by using a series of learning centers, each of which is an individual local learning controller at linear operational location that grows throughout the system’s nonlinear domain. This improved control technique based on an adaptive dynamic programming algorithm is developed to derive the prime solution of the infinite horizon linear quadratic tracker (LQT) issue for an unidentified dynamical configuration with a VRM drive. By formulating a policy iteration algorithm for VRM applications, the speed of the motor shows inside the machine model, and therefore the local centers are directly affected by the speed. Hence, when the speed of the rotor changes, the parameters of the local centers grid would be updated and tuned. Additionally, a multivariate transition algorithm has been adopted to provide a seamless transition between the Q-centers. Finally, simulation and experimental results are presented to confirm the suggested control scheme’s efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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13 pages, 4087 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Stage Multi-Objective Design Optimization Model for a 6 MW Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

by De Tian, Xiaoxuan Wu, Huiwen Meng and Yi Su

Energies 2024, 17(16), 4147; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164147 - 20 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 958

Abstract

The design optimization of a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (DDPMSG) is of great significance for wind turbines because of its unique advantages. This paper proposes a two-stage model to realize multi-objective design optimization for a 6 MW DDPMSG. In the first stage, [...] Read more.

The design optimization of a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (DDPMSG) is of great significance for wind turbines because of its unique advantages. This paper proposes a two-stage model to realize multi-objective design optimization for a 6 MW DDPMSG. In the first stage, a surrogate optimized response surface model based on an improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) was established for modeling the cogging torque and generator efficiency. In the second-stage model, a multi-objective optimization model is proposed to optimize the cogging torque and generator efficiency of the DDPMSG. Finally, the proposed two-stage model was used for a 6 MW DDPMSG design optimization, and the simulation results demonstrated the superiority and rationality of the proposed model. In the first-stage model, the proposed surrogate model based on the ISSA had a better modeling accuracy and lower errors. Compared with traditional response surface models and correlation analysis models, the proposed optimized surrogate model reduced errors in the cogging torque by 34.63% and 42.97%, respectively, while the errors in the efficiency models were reduced by 12.92% and 60.78%, respectively, which indicates the superiority of the first-stage model. In the second stage, compared with the single-objective optimization model, the multi-objective optimization model achieved a trade-off optimization between the cogging torque and the efficiency. Compared with the cogging torque optimization model, the proposed model optimized the efficiency by 101.41%. Compared with the efficiency optimization model, the proposed model reduced the cogging torque by 16.67%. These results verified the superiority and rationality of the second-stage model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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22 pages, 14279 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Study of a Self-Excited Three-Phase Induction Generator Operating as a Single-Phase Induction Generator for Use in Rotating Excitation Systems for Synchronous Generators

by Elzio Metello, Fernando Bento Silva, Raul Vitor Arantes Monteiro, José Mateus Rondina and Geraldo Caixeta Guimarães

Energies 2024, 17(16), 3900; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163900 - 7 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1709

Abstract

This article proposes the use of a three-phase induction generator (IG), connected through a single-phase connection (Fukami configuration), to be used as a rotating exciter for synchronous generators. This proposal aims at presenting an alternative to replace the permanent magnet generators (PMGs) used [...] Read more.

This article proposes the use of a three-phase induction generator (IG), connected through a single-phase connection (Fukami configuration), to be used as a rotating exciter for synchronous generators. This proposal aims at presenting an alternative to replace the permanent magnet generators (PMGs) used in the rotating exciters for synchronous generators (SGs). In order to obtain the results, a six-pole IG and a four-pole SG were used, a DC motor (DCM) was employed as the primary machine, and the speed control for the aforementioned primary machine is presented and described in this work. To carry out performance tests of the rotating exciter with the IG and the terminal voltage control of the SG, a voltage controller was proposed. The performance of the voltage regulator was tested when the SG supplied a dynamic load, as established by the NEMA MG-1 standard. This article validates its proposal by comparing the results obtained through computational simulation and experimental testing of the SG terminal voltage waveform when faced with a sudden load change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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18 pages, 7611 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of a New Asymmetric Biased-Flux Operation for an Inter-Modular Permanent Magnet Motor

by Mohammad Afrank, Mohammad Amirkhani, Ehsan Farmahini Farahani, Mojtaba Mirsalim, Amir Khorsandi and Nick J. Baker

Energies 2024, 17(14), 3459; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143459 - 13 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

Net zero and electrification targets are continuing to enforce a need for the development of high-performance electrical machines, increasingly based on the use of rare earth permanent magnets. Biased flux motors have the potential to overcome some of the disadvantages associated with more [...] Read more.

Net zero and electrification targets are continuing to enforce a need for the development of high-performance electrical machines, increasingly based on the use of rare earth permanent magnets. Biased flux motors have the potential to overcome some of the disadvantages associated with more conventional electrical machines. Since their introduction, there has been a consistent trend towards new and improved topologies, all relying on the same principles of operation. In this paper, a new alternative operation is proposed where the magnetic flux density offset of each module is different. The resulting asymmetric biased excitations of the magnets leads to a flux concentration in the air gap. Placement of magnets in the slot-opening area is shown to produce a higher average torque at a higher power factor. It is mathematically shown that the conventional methods used to investigate the effect of each group of magnets separately cannot be used for the explanation of this operation principle. Therefore, it is necessary to simultaneously consider both groups of magnets in the magnetic equivalent circuit. Due to the use of magnets in these motors, thermal conditions are also investigated. Finally, a comprehensive comparison between several stator-situated-magnet motors is presented. The performance of the proposed motor is improved in terms of average torque, torque density, PM torque density, power factor, and overload capability. The torque density specifically has increased by 9%. Moreover, both motors have suitable thermal behaviour which confirms the validity of the demagnetization analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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11 pages, 5672 KiB  

Open AccessCommunication

A Study on New Straight Shape Design to Reduce Cogging Torque of Small Wind Power Generator

by Junho Kang, Ju Lee, Sanghwan Ham, Yondo Chun and Hyunwoo Kim

Machines 2024, 12(6), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12060412 - 15 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1367

Abstract

In this paper, a 150 W small wind power generator which has a permanent magnet synchronous generator type is proposed with a new straight shape stator and rotor to reduce the cogging torque. The advantages of the proposed structure are introduced through a [...] Read more.

In this paper, a 150 W small wind power generator which has a permanent magnet synchronous generator type is proposed with a new straight shape stator and rotor to reduce the cogging torque. The advantages of the proposed structure are introduced through a comparison between the basic and the proposed models. By comparing the pole slot combination of the proposed generator, the combination with optimal cogging torque characteristics was selected. The electromagnetic characteristics of the proposed shape are analyzed for design variables using a finite element analysis of ANSYS 2021 R1 Maxwell. The final model of the proposed structure is designed by considering the cogging torque and electromagnetic characteristics of the generator. The electromagnetic and structural simulations of the final model are performed to satisfy the required performance of the generator and mechanical safety. To verify the FEA results of the final model, a prototype is manufactured, experimented, and compared with the FEA results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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15 pages, 6494 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Design and Construction of a Multipole Electric Motor Using an Axial Flux Configuration

by Adrián González-Parada, Francisco Moreno Del Valle and Ricard Bosch-Tous

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(6), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15060256 - 12 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1986

Abstract

In the transportation industry, the use of renewable energies has been implemented in conjunction with the development of higher-power electric motors and, consequently, the development of intelligent control systems for torque and speed control. Currently, the coupling between both systems is being developed [...] Read more.

In the transportation industry, the use of renewable energies has been implemented in conjunction with the development of higher-power electric motors and, consequently, the development of intelligent control systems for torque and speed control. Currently, the coupling between both systems is being developed through mechanical systems, affecting the efficient transmission of energy and the useful life of the components. On the other hand, new configurations of electric motors are being developed, such as axial flux motors (AFM), because these can be coupled directly without a mechanical coupling, given their characteristics of high torque at low speeds. In the present work, an innovative design of a multipole axial flux motor (MAFM) is introduced. General criteria for the design and construction are presented considering the geometry in axial flux and permanent magnets. The performance of the system is evaluated through finite element magnetic simulations (FEMM) and compared with experimental measurements of the developed prototype; confirming the effectiveness of the design, obtaining torques of up to 1.784 Nm without extra mechanical couplings and maximum speed regulation errors of 8.43%. The motor was controlled by a digital pole switching system whit six control mode, applied to a permanent magnet MFA for speed and torque control at constant speed. This control can be extended to conventional radial flux electric motor configurations and intelligent traction applications, based on torque demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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18 pages, 5219 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Physical Field Analysis and Optimization Design of the High-Speed Motor of an Air Compressor for Hydrogen Oxygen Fuel Cells

by Xiaojun Ren, Ming Feng, Jinliang Liu and Rui Du

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2722; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112722 - 3 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 964

Abstract

The hydrogen oxygen fuel cell is a power source with significant potential for development. The air compressor provides ample oxygen for the fuel cell, and as a key component of the air compressor, the performance of the motor greatly impacts the efficiency of [...] Read more.

The hydrogen oxygen fuel cell is a power source with significant potential for development. The air compressor provides ample oxygen for the fuel cell, and as a key component of the air compressor, the performance of the motor greatly impacts the efficiency of the fuel cell. In order to enhance the system performance of high-speed permanent magnet motors, optimization was conducted on the motor’s geometric dimensions to minimize rotor loss and maximize power density, taking into account the comprehensive constraints of electromagnetic and mechanical properties. The finite-element method was employed to analyze the motor’s performance, conducting a multi-physical field analysis that included electromagnetic field, rotor loss, and mechanical strength analysis, as well as temperature field analysis. Aiming at the problem of high temperature rise in high-speed motor winding, the influence of the cooling water flow rate on the winding temperature rise was analyzed and simulated. Based on the analysis results, the minimum cooling water flow rate was obtained. According to the optimized design results, a prototype of an 18 kW, 100,000 rpm motor was manufactured, and the efficiency and temperature rise were tested. The experimental results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the optimal design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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23 pages, 5590 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

In-Depth Exploration of Design and Analysis for PM-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines: Implications for Light Electric Vehicles

by Cristina Adăscăliței, Radu Andrei Marțiș, Petros Karaisas and Claudia Steluța Marțiș

Machines 2024, 12(6), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12060361 - 23 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1801

Abstract

In electric or hybrid vehicles’ propulsion systems, Permanent Magnet-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines represent a viable alternative to Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines. Based on previous research work, the present paper proposes, designs, and optimizes two ferrite PMaSynRM topologies, analyzed against a reference machine (also [...] Read more.

In electric or hybrid vehicles’ propulsion systems, Permanent Magnet-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines represent a viable alternative to Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines. Based on previous research work, the present paper proposes, designs, and optimizes two ferrite PMaSynRM topologies, analyzed against a reference machine (also PMaSynRM) with improved torque ripple content, based on similar specifications and dimensional constraints. Considering the trend of increasing the DC voltage level in electric and hybrid vehicles, the optimal topology is included in an analysis of the DC voltage level impact on the design and performances of PMSynRM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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19 pages, 2355 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Machine Winding Performance Optimization by Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Algorithm

by François S. Martins, Bernardo P. Alvarenga and Geyverson T. Paula

Energies 2024, 17(10), 2286; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102286 - 9 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1203

Abstract

The present work aims to optimize the magnetomotive force and the end-winding leakage inductance from a discrete distribution of conductors in electrical machines through multi-objective particle swarm heuristics. From the development of an application capable of generating the conductor distribution for different machine [...] Read more.

The present work aims to optimize the magnetomotive force and the end-winding leakage inductance from a discrete distribution of conductors in electrical machines through multi-objective particle swarm heuristics. From the development of an application capable of generating the conductor distribution for different machine configurations (single or poly-phase, single or double layer, integral or fractional slots, full or shortened pitch, with the presence of empty slots, etc.) the curves of magnetomotive force and the end-winding leakage inductance associated with the winding are computed. Taking as an optimal winding the one that presents, simultaneously, less harmonic distortion of the magnetomotive force and less leakage inductance, optimization by multi-objective particle swarm was used to obtain the optimal electrical machine configuration and the results are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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15 pages, 28316 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Design and Aerodynamic Characteristics Analysis of an Electric Racecar Body Based on CFD

by Jixiong Li, Fengbi Liu and Lei Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050192 - 29 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1640

Abstract

This study focuses on the development of a body for an electric racecar, utilizing CAD software for the design. A simplified full-vehicle geometric model was constructed. Based on fundamental theories of computational fluid dynamics and using CAE software platforms, the shear stress transport [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the development of a body for an electric racecar, utilizing CAD software for the design. A simplified full-vehicle geometric model was constructed. Based on fundamental theories of computational fluid dynamics and using CAE software platforms, the shear stress transport (SST) k-ω physical model was chosen to establish a three-dimensional computational model of the racecar’s external flow field. Simulations were conducted to analyze the pressure, airflow streamlines, and velocity distribution around the body and its surrounding flow field, elucidating the impact of body shape structure on aerodynamic characteristics. Finally, a manufacturing process for the body was designed, and a prototype was produced and integrated into the complete vehicle for road testing. The results indicate that the designed electric racecar body maintained consistent airflow over its surface, meeting the basic requirements of aerodynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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18 pages, 9641 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Multi-Objective Optimization Design of Interior Double Radial and Tangential Combined Magnetic Pole Permanent Magnet Drive Motor for Electric Vehicles

by Shilun Ma, Keqi Chen and Qi Zhang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040142 - 31 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1392

Abstract

A new type of interior combined pole permanent magnet drive motor is proposed in this paper, which aims to improve the power and comfort of electric vehicles. In view of the complex magnetic circuit structure and rich harmonic magnetic field of the motor, [...] Read more.

A new type of interior combined pole permanent magnet drive motor is proposed in this paper, which aims to improve the power and comfort of electric vehicles. In view of the complex magnetic circuit structure and rich harmonic magnetic field of the motor, the initial magnetic pole parameters of the rotor are determined by the equivalent magnetic circuit method. Then, aiming at the complex magnetic circuit and rich harmonic magnetic field, a multi-objective optimization method based on the Taguchi method and response surface method is proposed to reduce the cogging torque, high harmonic content in air gap magnetic flux density and increase the output torque. Based on the finite element analysis of the electromagnetic performance of the new type interior combined magnetic pole permanent magnet drive motor before and after optimization, it can be seen that the improved rotor structure can effectively reduce the torque ripple and increase the torque density. Finally, a prototype was developed and experiments were conducted, and experimental results verified the correctness of the proposed multi-objective optimization algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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21 pages, 4261 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Research on a Torque Ripple Suppression Method of Fuzzy Active Disturbance Rejection Control for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

by Congxin Lv, Bo Wang, Jingbo Chen, Ruiping Zhang, Haiying Dong and Shaoqi Wan

Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1280; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071280 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1180

Abstract

In order to meet the necessities of steady and protected operation of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in electromechanical pressure gadget aviation beneath complicated working conditions, a three-phase four-arm inverter fuzzy self-disturbance suppression management (Fuzzy-ADRC) approach for PMSM is proposed to suppress [...] Read more.

In order to meet the necessities of steady and protected operation of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in electromechanical pressure gadget aviation beneath complicated working conditions, a three-phase four-arm inverter fuzzy self-disturbance suppression management (Fuzzy-ADRC) approach for PMSM is proposed to suppress the motor torque pulsation beneath complicated working conditions. Firstly, the defects of the common inverter are analyzed, the three-phase four-bridge inverter is changed via the standard three-phase three-bridge inverter, and the present-day harmonic suppression’s overall performance of the three-phase four-bridge inverter is modeled, analyzed, and verified. Secondly, the ADRC and fuzzy management approach is analyzed, the Kalman filter is delivered into the motor pace loop management to enhance the overall performance of ADRC, and then the fuzzy manipulate and ADRC are blended to similarly enhance the torque ripple suppression’s overall performance of the everlasting magnet synchronous motor. Finally, the proposed three-phase four-arm inverter and fuzzy-ADRC approach are combined, and contrasted with the normal three-phase three-arm inverter and ADRC method. The simulation consequences exhibit that the proposed manipulation technique can efficiently suppress the torque ripple of everlasting magnet synchronous motor and has robust reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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21 pages, 3064 KiB  

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design and Optimisation of a 5 MW Permanent Magnet Vernier Motor for Podded Ship Propulsion

by Nima Arish, Maarten J. Kamper and Rong-Jie Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(3), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030119 - 20 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2390

Abstract

The evolution of electric propulsion systems in the maritime sector has been influenced significantly by technological advancements in power electronics and machine design. Traditionally, these systems have employed surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) in podded configurations. However, the advent of permanent magnet [...] Read more.

The evolution of electric propulsion systems in the maritime sector has been influenced significantly by technological advancements in power electronics and machine design. Traditionally, these systems have employed surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) in podded configurations. However, the advent of permanent magnet Vernier motors (PMVMs), which leverage magnetic gearing effects, presents a novel approach with promising potential. This study conducts a comparative analysis between PMVMs and conventional PMSMs at a power level of 5 MW for podded ship propulsion, with a particular focus on the impact of gear ratios ($Gr$). An objective function was developed that integrates motor dimension constraints and the power factor (PF), a critical yet frequently neglected parameter in existing research. The findings indicate that PMVMs with lower $Gr$ have lower mass and cost compared to those with higher $Gr$ and traditional PMSMs, at a PF level of 0.7, which is high for Vernier machines. Moreover, PMVMs with lower $Gr$ achieve efficiencies exceeding 99%, outperforming both their higher $Gr$ counterparts and conventional PMSMs. The superior performance of PMVMs is attributed to lower current density and reduced copper loss, which contribute to their enhanced thermal performance. These details are elaborated on further in the paper. Consequently, these findings suggest that PMVMs with lower $Gr$ are particularly well suited for high-power maritime propulsion applications, offering advantages in terms of compactness, efficiency (EF), cost-effectiveness, and thermal performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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19 pages, 5881 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor Topologies Magnetic Performance Comparison

by Han Wang, Xianwu Zeng, John Frederick Eastham and Xiaoze Pei

Energies 2024, 17(2), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020401 - 13 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3490

Abstract

Axial flux permanent magnet motors have attracted increasing attention due to their compact topology and high torque density. Many topological variations have arisen over time; however, limited research has directly compared the differences in magnetic performance of these topologies. This paper carries out [...] Read more.

Axial flux permanent magnet motors have attracted increasing attention due to their compact topology and high torque density. Many topological variations have arisen over time; however, limited research has directly compared the differences in magnetic performance of these topologies. This paper carries out a comprehensive investigation, employing both analytical and 3D finite element analyses, to compare the magnetic performance of three topologies: yokeless and segmented armature (YASA), axial flux internal rotor (AFIR), and offset AFIR. The findings reveal that each topology offers specific advantages for different applications. The YASA topology excels in minimizing core losses; the AFIR configuration achieves the highest torque density; and the offset AFIR topology shows the highest efficiency. The offset AFIR topology appears to offer advantages for a wide array of applications due to its higher power factor and lower permanent magnet loss, leading to reduced costs for converter design and cooling system design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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16 pages, 10335 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation Study on Braking Performance of a New Eddy Current-Hydrodynamic Hybrid Retarder

by Fei Wang, Wenguang Guo and Junmin Li

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(12), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120319 - 23 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1860

Abstract

Based on the principle of eddy current braking and hydraulic braking, a new eddy current-hydrodynamic hybrid retarder (ECHHR) is proposed. Based on the introduction of the working principle and structure of the ECHHR, the finite element analysis models of the electromagnetic field and [...] Read more.

Based on the principle of eddy current braking and hydraulic braking, a new eddy current-hydrodynamic hybrid retarder (ECHHR) is proposed. Based on the introduction of the working principle and structure of the ECHHR, the finite element analysis models of the electromagnetic field and the flow field of the ECHHR were established, respectively. The electromagnetic field distribution, the flow field velocity, and the flow field pressure in the ECHHR were numerically simulated. The air gap magnetic density, the eddy current braking torque, and the hydraulic braking torque under different excitation currents and different liquid filling rates were calculated. Finally, the braking performance of the EHHR was tested via experiments, and the effectiveness of the finite element analysis method was verified. The test results indicated that as the speed increased, the composite braking torque of the ECHHR increased approximately linearly. When the speed was 1000 r/min, the composite braking torque reached 2100 N·m. Compared to separate hydraulic braking and eddy current braking, the composite braking torque was relatively high in the full-speed range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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22 pages, 14694 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Design Consideration on a Low-Cost Permanent Magnetization Remanufacturing Method for Low-Efficiency Induction Motors

by Peng Zhou, Yanliang Xu and Wenji Zhang

Energies 2023, 16(17), 6142; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176142 - 23 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1570

Abstract

At present, a large number of inefficient induction motors (IMs) are still being used in various industrial fields, resulting in a huge waste of energy. Obviously, it is expensive to replace all these machines with high-efficiency motors. Therefore, this paper will investigate the [...] Read more.

At present, a large number of inefficient induction motors (IMs) are still being used in various industrial fields, resulting in a huge waste of energy. Obviously, it is expensive to replace all these machines with high-efficiency motors. Therefore, this paper will investigate the method of low-cost modification of inefficient IMs and propose a low-cost permanent magnetization remanufacturing (PMR) method that can make full use of the original structure of IMs. The PMR method converts the IM’s rotor into a permanent magnet (PM) rotor by directly milling slots in the original rotor and embedding PMs, thus improving the efficiency of the original motor to meet the IE4 standard. Firstly, this paper proposes the PMR process of IM, and based on this process, a Y2-132M1-6 IM is designed for remanufacturing, and the performance of the motor before and after the PMR is compared through finite-element analysis. Then, this paper researches the factors that may affect the starting performance and rated performance of the motor in the PMR design. Finally, based on the PMR design scheme, the Y2-132M1-6 IM is remanufactured into an experimental prototype. The total cost of the PMR is calculated and the performance improvement is tested through experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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16 pages, 8537 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Investigation of Winding Eddy and Circulating Current Losses of Stator Iron Coreless PMBLDC Motors

by Liu Yang, Jing Zhao, Wenqi Fu, Xiangdong Liu, Jianguo Zhu and Chao Ai

Energies 2023, 16(14), 5523; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145523 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1986

Abstract

A method is proposed to comprehensively study the eddy and circulating current losses of stator winding wound by multiple parallel strands, to further improve the power density of stator iron coreless permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motors. Analytical models of the eddy and [...] Read more.

A method is proposed to comprehensively study the eddy and circulating current losses of stator winding wound by multiple parallel strands, to further improve the power density of stator iron coreless permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motors. Analytical models of the eddy and circulating current losses in stator winding are deduced firstly to explicitly express the influencing factors of these two losses. As is shown, these factors are mutually contradicting. While the eddy current loss can be greatly reduced by using multiple parallel conductor strands, the circulating current loss will be extensively increased. The factors influencing these two winding losses, such as the strand diameter, magnetization types, and rotating speed, are investigated. A prototype of stator iron coreless PMBLDC motor without an inner rotor core is manufactured and tested to validate the theory. The experimental results of winding eddy and circulating current losses with different combinations of strand diameters and parallel numbers agree well with the theoretical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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19 pages, 9728 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of a Dual Air-Gap Liquid-Cooled Eddy Current Retarder Considering Transient Permeability

by Wenguang Guo, Bin Yan and Desheng Li

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(7), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14070182 - 12 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1573

Abstract

This paper proposes a model for the electromagnetic performance of the dual air-gap liquid-cooled eddy current retarder (DAL-ECR) considering the transient permeability. First, the structure and working principle of the DAL-ECR are introduced. Next, the analysis model of the static air-gap flux density [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a model for the electromagnetic performance of the dual air-gap liquid-cooled eddy current retarder (DAL-ECR) considering the transient permeability. First, the structure and working principle of the DAL-ECR are introduced. Next, the analysis model of the static air-gap flux density considering the flux leakage and end effect is established based on the piecewise function method and the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC). Then, based on the skin effect of the electromagnetic field in the retarder, an iterative method for solving the transient permeability of the stator is proposed. According to Faraday’s and Ampere’s laws, the analysis model of the static air-gap flux density, and the transient permeability, the analysis model of the transient air-gap flux density is established. The braking torque of the DAL-ECR is then calculated while taking the actual path of the eddy current and the skin effect on the permeability of the stator into consideration. Finally, the calculation accuracy of the model was verified by the finite element method (FEM) and the bench test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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12 pages, 5995 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

The Optimization of the Interior Permanent Magnetic Motor Case Study

by Bogdan Mociran and Vasile Topa

Electronics 2023, 12(13), 2982; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12132982 - 6 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1542

Abstract

This paper presents two optimization methods of an interior permanent magnetic motor (IPM). The first method is based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), while the second one is based on the NSGA-III algorithm. The focus is on the reduction of [...] Read more.

This paper presents two optimization methods of an interior permanent magnetic motor (IPM). The first method is based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), while the second one is based on the NSGA-III algorithm. The focus is on the reduction of the cogging torque (CT), which acts upon the rotor when the IPM is not powered, and the current that flows through the three windings is 0. The influence of the CT over the motor operation is a negative one, inducing vibrations that are not desired. The limitation of these influences is the desired way for improvement. The optimizations applied entailed the change of the geometrical configuration of the stator whilst maintaining the exterior dimensions unaltered. Through this simple but robust approach, the performance of the IPM proposed was improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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14 pages, 16457 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Vibration Characteristics of Inter-Turn Short Circuits in High Frequency Transformer

by Haibo Ding, Wenliang Zhao, Chengwu Diao and Min Li

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081884 - 17 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2492

Abstract

As a common fault of transformer winding, inter-turn short circuits cause severe consequences, such as excessive current and serious deformation of winding. Aiming to solve the problem of inter-turn short circuit at the end-winding and middle-winding of high frequency transformers (HFT), this paper [...] Read more.

As a common fault of transformer winding, inter-turn short circuits cause severe consequences, such as excessive current and serious deformation of winding. Aiming to solve the problem of inter-turn short circuit at the end-winding and middle-winding of high frequency transformers (HFT), this paper considers the electromagnetic vibration characteristics of inter-turn short circuits (interleaved winding and continuous winding) at different positions, and the HFT is established by the multi-physical field coupling principle. Coupling equations for the inter-turn short circuit, as well as electromagnetic force and sound pressure level, are established to characterize the vibration noise mechanism of inter-turn short circuits. Furthermore, the HFT equivalent model is simulated in 3D finite element method (FEM) to emulate the real transformer operation and investigate the impact of interleaved winding and continuous winding under inter-turn short circuit faults. The short-circuit current and axial flux leakage, as well as the harmonic response of vibration acceleration and sound pressure level distribution, are obtained when inter-turn short circuits occur at different positions. Finally, the results show that the electromagnetic effect of the inter-turn short circuit in end-winding is worse than it is in middle-winding. Advantages in resisting impulse current make interleaved winding superior to continuous winding in terms of vibration and noise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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14 pages, 5485 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Analysis of a Modular Permanent Magnet Machine under Open-Circuit Fault with Asymmetric Temperature Distribution

by Yunfei Liu, Bingyi Zhang, Ming Zong and Guihong Feng

Electronics 2023, 12(7), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071623 - 30 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1474

Abstract

A modular permanent magnet machine is composed of several stator modules, and the three-phase winding of each module can be controlled independently. The novel modular permanent magnet machine has good abilities in terms of fault tolerance when the machine is exposed to fault [...] Read more.

A modular permanent magnet machine is composed of several stator modules, and the three-phase winding of each module can be controlled independently. The novel modular permanent magnet machine has good abilities in terms of fault tolerance when the machine is exposed to fault conditions. The current of each phase is different and will result in uneven loss distribution in each phase. Heat transfer occurs in the circumferential direction and temperature distribution will be asymmetric in the circumferential direction. This paper proposes a 3D finite element thermal model to accurately calculate the rise in temperature under open-circuit conditions for modular permanent magnet machines. When two modules are in operation, the machine can output rated torque. When one module is in operation and the temperature is 150 °C, the output torque is 0.76 times the rated torque. The temperature of the machine under the one-phase open-circuit condition with a zero-temperature-difference control strategy will be 0.8 °C lower than that with a minimum copper loss control strategy. Finally, a prototype with three stator modules is manufactured and the calculation results are validated by experimental test. It holds great significance for the accurate calculation of a machine with asymmetric temperature distribution in the circumferential direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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17 pages, 1349 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Design and Optimization of Synchronous Motor Using PM Halbach Arrays for Rim-Driven Counter-Rotating Pump

by Lahcen Amri, Smail Zouggar, Jean-Frédéric Charpentier, Mohamed Kebdani, Abdelhamid Senhaji, Abdelilah Attar and Farid Bakir

Energies 2023, 16(7), 3070; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073070 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3154

Abstract

This document deals with the design of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) to peripherally drive a counter-rotating pump inducer. The motor/pump is associated using a rim-driven principle where the motor’s active parts are located at the periphery of the inducer blades. It [...] Read more.

This document deals with the design of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) to peripherally drive a counter-rotating pump inducer. The motor/pump is associated using a rim-driven principle where the motor’s active parts are located at the periphery of the inducer blades. It proposes using a Halbach array of permanent magnets for the active rotor of the motor. This solution allows the generation of a Sinusoidal Electromotive Force (EMF). Therefore, a more stable electromagnetic torque is reached. An optimum geometry suitable for the inducer specifications while respecting operational constraints is determined. The obtained geometry is then simulated using the Finite Element Method. The results are satisfactory in terms of average torque and EMF waveform. Use of the Halbach array allows a significant improvement of the flux density in the air gap compared to a designed surface-mounted machine. The experimental validation will be performed once the prototype is realized in the Laboratory of Fluid Engineering and Energy systems (LISFE). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ)

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