Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Atmosphere atmosphere	2.3	4.9	2010	19.7 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Buildings buildings	3.1	4.4	2011	15.1 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Climate climate	3.2	5.7	2013	20.8 Days	CHF 1800	Submit
Land land	3.2	5.9	2012	17.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Remote Sensing remotesensing	4.1	8.6	2009	24.3 Days	CHF 2700	Submit
Sensors sensors	3.5	8.2	2001	17.8 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	7.7	2009	17.9 Days	CHF 2400	Submit

17 pages, 1676 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heterogeneous Effects of Road Network Structure Characteristics on Household Carbon Emissions for the Western Valley Cities in China

by Xinhong Zhang, Shihan Wang, Jianhong Dong, Wuli Long and Na Zhang

Buildings 2026, 16(10), 1906; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16101906 - 11 May 2026

Viewed by 441

Abstract

Understanding how urban road network structures influence household carbon emissions is fundamental to developing low-carbon urban environments. This study examines China’s Western Valley cities (WVCs), which have distinct structural characteristics, to analyze the heterogeneous effects of road network structures on household carbon emissions. [...] Read more.

Understanding how urban road network structures influence household carbon emissions is fundamental to developing low-carbon urban environments. This study examines China’s Western Valley cities (WVCs), which have distinct structural characteristics, to analyze the heterogeneous effects of road network structures on household carbon emissions. Using 2020 household carbon emissions and road network data, we employed stepwise regression and curve estimation regression models to clarify these relationships based on the distribution patterns of both variables. The following are the key findings of this study: (1) Substantial differences exist between cities in terms of total household carbon emissions, per capita emissions, and per capita land use. (2) Regarding road network structure, cities can be categorized into three types—clusters, fingers, and belts—based on the distribution of high and low values of closeness centrality (CC), with four, five, and six cities falling into each category, respectively. While compactness differences between cities are relatively small, variability exhibits large disparities, leading to different city rankings and highlighting the complexity of road network organization. (3) The three structural characteristics show significant correlations with household carbon emissions not only in terms of direction but also magnitude and influence mechanisms. (4) CC follows an inverse function pattern, initially declining sharply before gradually stabilizing. Compactness follows a positive linear growth pattern, consistently promoting household carbon emissions. Variability exhibits a positive power-law growth pattern, showing a sharp initial increase that weakens over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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31 pages, 5501 KB

Open AccessArticle

Energy and Cost Analysis of a Methanol Fuel Cell and Solar System for an Environmentally Friendly and Smart Catamaran

by Giovanni Briguglio, Yordan Garbatov and Vincenzo Crupi

Atmosphere 2026, 17(5), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17050465 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 282

Abstract

Maritime transport is under increasing pressure to cut greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions to meet global decarbonization goals and tighter environmental standards. Ship electric propulsion systems offer a promising solution for short-range maritime operations, particularly for small vessels and coastal activities. Full-electric vessels [...] Read more.

Maritime transport is under increasing pressure to cut greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions to meet global decarbonization goals and tighter environmental standards. Ship electric propulsion systems offer a promising solution for short-range maritime operations, particularly for small vessels and coastal activities. Full-electric vessels can significantly reduce operational emissions; however, a key challenge is the extensive charging time for onboard energy storage, which can affect operational continuity and logistical efficiency. This study examines mission planning and energy management for a hybrid multi-source electric mail boat operating in the Aeolian archipelago. It evaluates the viability and performance of a daily inter-island route powered by a high-temperature methanol fuel cell, batteries, and photovoltaic panels. A routing and simulation framework was developed to model the boat’s itinerary among seven islands, accounting for realistic navigation speeds, scheduled stops, solar energy availability, and battery state-of-charge constraints. The study analyzes distance, travel time, energy consumption, solar power generation, and fuel–electric usage with high temporal resolution, enabling detailed analysis of power flows during sailing and docking. Several operational strategies were assessed, including periods of increased speed supported by battery assistance and fuel–electric cell output, combined with coordinated energy management to keep battery levels above a lower acceptable threshold while completing the route in a single day. The methodology provides a practical tool for planning low-emission island networks and supports the integration of innovative energy systems into small electric workboats operating in specific maritime regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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26 pages, 10201 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Building-Level Monthly CO₂ Emissions of Different Functions: A Case Study of England

by Youli Zeng, Yue Zheng, Jinpei Ou and Xiaoping Liu

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(9), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18091344 - 27 Apr 2026

Viewed by 333

Abstract

Understanding carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from buildings is critical for shaping effective policies toward sustainable urban development. Previous studies mainly applied bottom-up methods for small areas or top-down downscaling at national, provincial or grid scales. However, limited research has explored the [...] Read more.

Understanding carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from buildings is critical for shaping effective policies toward sustainable urban development. Previous studies mainly applied bottom-up methods for small areas or top-down downscaling at national, provincial or grid scales. However, limited research has explored the relationship between building functions and CO₂ emissions at a larger scale. To bridge this gap, this study employed ridge regression to disaggregate monthly CO₂ emissions to the level of different functional buildings across England in 2022 and investigated the relationship between building functions and CO₂ emissions. Results show that commercial buildings rank highest in CO₂ intensity, reaching 1.49 kg per volume in February, while residential buildings rank lowest, reaching 0.25 kg per volume in July at the national scale, and industrial buildings have the largest total emissions. In addition, regional disparities in economic development and industrial structure contribute to emission differences among buildings of the same function. Temporally, all functional buildings exhibited lower emissions during summer compared to winter. Overall, this study offers a scalable and interpretable framework for understanding urban carbon emissions at high spatial and functional granularity. The findings may offer valuable insights to support government decision-making in urban planning and spatial policy design, thereby contributing to low-carbon development goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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16 pages, 625 KB

Open AccessArticle

Benchmarking Training Emissions of Regression Models for Vehicle CO₂ Prediction

by Mahmut Turhan, Murat Emeç and Muzaffer Ertürk

Sustainability 2026, 18(6), 2830; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18062830 - 13 Mar 2026

Viewed by 464

Abstract

The urgency of climate action has intensified the use of machine learning (ML) to predict vehicular CO₂ emissions; however, the training of machine learning models also generates computational emissions that are seldom reported. This study addresses a paradox central to Green AI: [...] Read more.

The urgency of climate action has intensified the use of machine learning (ML) to predict vehicular CO₂ emissions; however, the training of machine learning models also generates computational emissions that are seldom reported. This study addresses a paradox central to Green AI: can carbon-intensive algorithms be justified for predicting carbon emissions? Using a public dataset of 7385 light-duty vehicles, we trained nine widely used regression models spanning simple linear baselines, polynomial and regularised linear methods, tree-based learners, ensembles, and a neural network. All experiments were instrumented with CodeCarbon to quantify real-time training footprints under a grid carbon intensity of 450 g CO₂/kWh. Across models, test performance ranged from R² = 0.72 to 0.99, yet training emissions varied by four orders of magnitude, from 0.001 g CO₂ (simple linear regression) to 2.3 g CO₂ (XGBoost). Although XGBoost achieved the highest accuracy (R² = 0.9947), it emitted approximately 2300× more CO₂ than regularised polynomial linear models for only a 0.39-point gain in R². Pareto analysis identifies Lasso and Ridge regression with degree-4 polynomial features as sustainability-optimal, reaching R² = 0.9908 at ~0.004 g CO₂. To unify predictive and environmental efficiency, we introduce Accuracy-per-Gram (APG = R²/CO₂) and Marginal Emissions Cost (MEC = ΔCO₂/ΔR²), demonstrating a steep efficiency cliff beyond regularised linear models. At the fleet scale (100 million vehicles with daily retraining), algorithm choice implies ~84 t CO₂/year for XGBoost versus ~0.15 t for Lasso, highlighting the potential climate cost of marginal accuracy gains. We provide a reproducible carbon-tracking pipeline, Green-AI evaluation metrics, and deployment guidance, arguing that computational sustainability must co-determine model selection for emissions-related ML systems. Most critically, we identify a clear accuracy–carbon emission Pareto frontier, demonstrating that regularised polynomial linear models lie on the sustainability-optimal boundary, while widely used ensemble methods such as XGBoost sit beyond an “efficiency cliff,” where marginal accuracy improvements incur disproportionately high carbon costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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20 pages, 5014 KB

Open AccessArticle

Participation in Digital Global Value Chains Reduces Embodied Carbon Emissions in Digital Exports

by Shuai Wang and Lei Chen

Sustainability 2026, 18(5), 2550; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052550 - 5 Mar 2026

Viewed by 471

Abstract

The technological revolution and industrial transformation led by digital technologies are driving the shift from global value chains (GVCs) to digital global value chains (DGVCs). To address the challenge of global climate change while achieving economic growth, many countries are prioritizing practical energy-saving [...] Read more.

The technological revolution and industrial transformation led by digital technologies are driving the shift from global value chains (GVCs) to digital global value chains (DGVCs). To address the challenge of global climate change while achieving economic growth, many countries are prioritizing practical energy-saving and emission reduction measures, while simultaneously seeking greater trade gains through participation in digital GVCs and the international division of labor. This study examines whether participation in DGVCs reduces carbon emissions. Using balanced panel data covering 62 countries from 2007 to 2021, we employ a Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model to investigate the nonlinear relationship between DGVC participation and CO₂ emissions embodied in digital exports (EEDE). The empirical results reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship, indicating that DGVC participation increases emissions below a digitalization threshold but reduces emissions beyond this threshold. These findings provide new evidence for the dual role of digitalization in shaping trade-related emissions and highlight the importance of stage-specific strategies. Policy implications emphasize that less-digitized economies must prioritize breaking free from carbon lock-in by pursuing green transformation alongside digital expansion. The study deepens the understanding of the trade–environment nexus in the digital era and provides actionable insights for aligning digital economic development with global climate goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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25 pages, 41526 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evolution Analysis and Optimization Strategy Development for Ecological Carbon-Sink Security Patterns: A Case Study of Zhengzhou, China

by Zhetao Xiao, Xiaobing Xing, Lijun Hao, Hao Li and Genyu Xu

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 2117; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18042117 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 683

Abstract

Carbon sinks have been widely recognized as critical components of climate change mitigation and achieving carbon neutrality. With rapid urbanization, protecting and optimizing urban carbon sinks remain major challenges. This study uses Zhengzhou as a case study and analyzes 2000–2023 land-use data with [...] Read more.

Carbon sinks have been widely recognized as critical components of climate change mitigation and achieving carbon neutrality. With rapid urbanization, protecting and optimizing urban carbon sinks remain major challenges. This study uses Zhengzhou as a case study and analyzes 2000–2023 land-use data with the InVEST model to quantify carbon stocks and identify high-value carbon-sink areas. Circuit theory was further integrated to delineate ecological security patterns and inform optimization strategies. The results show a net decrease of 19.12 × 10⁶ t in carbon storage from 2000 to 2023, with the most rapid decline occurring during 2015–2020. Spatially, high-value carbon storage clustered in forested, high-elevation areas in the southwest, whereas low values predominated in the urban core. Carbon-sink source areas continued to shrink: fragmentation increased in the east, the west remained relatively stable, and the central area was highly fragmented. Corridor analysis indicated that the mean corridor length first increased and then decreased, accompanied by an expansion of pinch points and barrier areas. The study developed a systematic optimization framework that establishes a “Two Cores, Five Carbon-Sink Areas, Multiple Corridors” security pattern and proposes targeted conservation measures. The proposed methodology and findings offer a transferable basis for managing urban carbon sinks in rapidly developing regions and support both ecological security and climate-change mitigation, promoting sustainable urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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20 pages, 455 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Industrialization, Information and Communication Technology, Economic Activity, and Trade Openness on Emissions in Europe: Evidence from Lithuania

by Lidija Kraujalienė, Atif Yaseen, Andreea Marin-Pantelescu and Dan Ioan Topor

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031314 - 28 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 727

Abstract

In recent years, industry development has become closely connected with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and trade openness. This research explores how industry, ICT, economic activity, and trade openness affect the environment, highlighting the importance of investing in low-carbon technologies and energy-efficient machinery. [...] Read more.

In recent years, industry development has become closely connected with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and trade openness. This research explores how industry, ICT, economic activity, and trade openness affect the environment, highlighting the importance of investing in low-carbon technologies and energy-efficient machinery. The goal of this research is to investigate the short- and long-run impacts of industrialization, ICT, economic activity, and trade openness on per capita carbon emissions in Lithuania from 2000 to 2024. This study employs the ARDL econometric model along with several diagnostic tests. The Breusch–Godfrey Serial Correlation test indicated no serial correlation, while the Breusch–Pagan–Godfrey test indicated no heteroscedasticity. The Ramsey RESET test confirmed that the model specification is appropriate and significant for the research. Additionally, the VIF test for multicollinearity indicates that no multicollinearity exists among the research variables. The research results show that industrialization and economic activity are positively associated with per capita carbon emissions and environmental harm. In contrast, trade openness and ICT are negatively associated with per capita carbon emissions in Lithuania, thereby contributing to environmental sustainability. The novelty of this research: a specific combination of variables combining key structural (industrialization), integration (trade openness), and digital diffusion (ICT penetration) determinants of CO₂ emissions within a specific single-country context, applying the ARDL framework for the Baltic EU member state, Lithuania. While prior studies primarily relied on multi-country panels and often treat ICT through heterogeneous proxies, this study operationalizes ICT as internet-user penetration to capture digital integration effects—an important distinction for small open economies where energy-intensive digital infrastructure may be located abroad. By separating short-run from long-run dynamics, the analysis offers evidence on how the environmental effects of openness, growth, and digitalization unfold over time, using recent data up to 2024 and providing policy recommendations encouraging decarbonization strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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23 pages, 889 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Built Environment on Travel Carbon Emissions in Old Communities: A Case Study of Chengdu

by Wenchang Cao, Bo Zhou, Yuxuan Qin and Tian Feng

Land 2026, 15(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010026 - 22 Dec 2025

Viewed by 614

Abstract

Old communities are the foundational units for low-carbon transformation in the background of high-quality urban development and dual carbon goals. However, existing research prioritizes building energy-efficient technologies and macro-level spatial indicators, with limited attention to how community-scale built environments specifically influence residents’ behaviors. [...] Read more.

Old communities are the foundational units for low-carbon transformation in the background of high-quality urban development and dual carbon goals. However, existing research prioritizes building energy-efficient technologies and macro-level spatial indicators, with limited attention to how community-scale built environments specifically influence residents’ behaviors. This study takes five old communities in Chengdu as its subject and quantitatively measure residents’ perceptions of their built environment. Using multiple regression and subgroup regression analyses, it systematically identifies key built environment factors in old communities that influence low-carbon travel behavior. The results show that: (1) Diversity, accessibility, street connectivity, and aesthetics consistently demonstrated significant negative effects across demographic groups; (2) As people age, the carbon emissions from their travel to tend to decrease. The impact intensity of street connectivity on low-carbon travel varies significantly among different age groups; (3) Compared with woman, men overall have higher travel carbon emissions. All findings indicate that complete spatial functions, clear road networks, and accessible facilities promote low-carbon travel. This offers key insights for upgrading built environments in old communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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27 pages, 10793 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Characteristics of Pocket Parks in Hot–Humid Cities Based on Usage Patterns

by Ya Zou, Shuxian Liang, Nan Mo, Feng Shi, Wenjing Liu, Junsong Wang and Qinglin Meng

Buildings 2026, 16(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16010032 - 21 Dec 2025

Viewed by 562

Abstract

Pocket parks serve as vital everyday green spaces in high-density cities, yet many remain underused, especially in hot–humid regions where thermal discomfort restricts outdoor activities. Traditional pocket-park classification approaches overlook actual usage patterns of pocket parks, and existing studies have not examined whether [...] Read more.

Pocket parks serve as vital everyday green spaces in high-density cities, yet many remain underused, especially in hot–humid regions where thermal discomfort restricts outdoor activities. Traditional pocket-park classification approaches overlook actual usage patterns of pocket parks, and existing studies have not examined whether thermal environments influence pocket park use, nor have they adequately addressed thermal comfort from the perspective of user needs. To address these gaps, this study investigates usage behavior, thermal environments, and thermal comfort demands in pocket parks in Guangzhou, a representative hot–humid city in southern China. Through a preliminary reconnaissance survey, this study selected three typical pocket parks for detailed case-study investigation, and the corresponding usage characteristics were systematically identified. Thermal environments and thermal comfort demands were collected separately through on-site thermal measurements and questionnaire surveys. Correlation and comparative analyses were then conducted to examine the relationships among usage characteristics, thermal environmental conditions, and thermal comfort. The findings reveal that (1) the usage rate of residential pocket parks showed the most sensitivity to WBGT, followed by business pocket parks, while the usage rate of traffic pocket parks showed no significant correlation with WBGT; and (2) business parks had the highest thermal sensitivity with PET, followed by residential and traffic types. A one-unit decrease in TSV corresponds to PET reductions of 11.1 °C, 12.5 °C, and 16.6 °C for business, residential, and traffic parks, respectively; (3) among thermal environmental parameters, wind speed exerted the greatest influence on the subjective thermal responses of users in both residential and business pocket parks. As for usage characteristics, activity type was the most significant factor affecting the thermal sensation of users in the traffic pocket park, while short-term thermal experience played the dominant role for users in the business pocket park. The results of this study offer a scientific basis for user-centered, climate-responsive design strategies for pocket parks in hot–humid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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38 pages, 13644 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Multiple Environmental Factors of Space Clusters for Informal Learning in Library Renovation and Update

by Li Wang, Jiru Song, Weihong Guo, Guangting Wan, Luca Caneparo and Xiao Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4530; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244530 - 15 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 638

Abstract

Informal learning spaces (ILSs) have received widespread attention owing to their diversity, flexibility, and richness. Many university libraries are undergoing renovation. After partial renovation, the ILS of the library often appears in a ‘group embedded’ organisational model. This study used a study cluster [...] Read more.

Informal learning spaces (ILSs) have received widespread attention owing to their diversity, flexibility, and richness. Many university libraries are undergoing renovation. After partial renovation, the ILS of the library often appears in a ‘group embedded’ organisational model. This study used a study cluster of a university library as an example to research the quality of the internal spatial environment and its influencing factors in the study cluster. In terms of research methods, this study adopted a combination of high-precision positioning, questionnaires, and environmental data measurement. The questionnaires integrated the opinions of both users and designers. Drawing on the literature, this study surveyed multiple university libraries, summarised the spatial quality and influencing factors of ‘group embedded’ libraries, and compared them with the ILS of other two organisational models. There is currently no targeted framework for the design of ILSs, and no scholars have discussed the specifics of their organisational models. This study established a multi-factor analysis model for ‘group embedded’ ILSs. Finally, this study found four key determinants and their weights; they were physical environment (30.65%), environmental atmosphere (26.76%), spatial ontology (25.03%), and spatial facilities (17.56%). Among the 20 key factors, the first three factors and their weights are privacy (10.34%), illumination (9.20%), and noise (8.62%). Unlike the other two spatial organisation models, users of clustered embedded libraries paid more attention to space privacy. This paper proposed six major improvement measures to address privacy, illumination, noise, temperature, air quality, and nature friendly design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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27 pages, 4997 KB

Open AccessArticle

Smartphone Use and Thermal Adaptation in Urban Outdoor Spaces: A Case Study from a Cold-Climate Public Park in Northeastern China

by Hongyu Zhao, Ziyi Li, Xue Jiang and Mingliang Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10796; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310796 - 2 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 806

Abstract

With global warming intensifying, urban public spaces in cold-climate regions are increasingly exposed to heat beyond residents’ adaptive capacity. This study investigates whether smartphone use enhances thermal adaptation in Jingyue Central Park, Northeast China. A seven-day field campaign integrating microclimate monitoring and Passive [...] Read more.

With global warming intensifying, urban public spaces in cold-climate regions are increasingly exposed to heat beyond residents’ adaptive capacity. This study investigates whether smartphone use enhances thermal adaptation in Jingyue Central Park, Northeast China. A seven-day field campaign integrating microclimate monitoring and Passive Activity Observation (PAO) collected synchronized environmental and behavioral data. Results show that smartphone users had higher attendance and longer stays under high temperatures. Their Thermal Neutrality Threshold (NTT) and Critical Thermal Threshold (CTT) increased by about 2 °C and 3 °C, respectively, and up to 4.5 °C during optional activities, suggesting that voluntary media engagement improves heat tolerance and adaptive behavior. The study proposes mediated thermal adaptation to describe how digital media co-regulate environmental perception and adaptation. It extends thermal comfort research to cognitive-behavioral dimensions, links UTCI, NTT/CTT, and PAO data within one framework, and provides practical insights for optimizing thermal environments in cold-climate public spaces. Overall, the findings reveal the growing role of media-mediated behavior in enhancing human resilience to thermal stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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26 pages, 21758 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Comparing the Current and Future Thermal Comfort Offered by Urban Park Configurations

by Maassoumeh Barghchi, Bill Grace, Julian Bolleter and Nicole Edwards

Land 2025, 14(11), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14112172 - 31 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1269

Abstract

There is growing interest in utilising urban parks as nature-based solutions to mitigate the effects of climate change and rising temperatures by improving thermal comfort. Nonetheless, understanding remains limited on how different park configurations influence summer thermal comfort, particularly under future warming scenarios. [...] Read more.

There is growing interest in utilising urban parks as nature-based solutions to mitigate the effects of climate change and rising temperatures by improving thermal comfort. Nonetheless, understanding remains limited on how different park configurations influence summer thermal comfort, particularly under future warming scenarios. This novel study evaluates park configurations across different neighbourhood layouts within Perth’s Mediterranean climate under both present and future conditions. Study precincts were modelled and simulated using ENVI-met version 5.5 for an average current summer day, based on 25 years of local weather data and climate projections for 2090 under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario, representing the worst-case scenario. Results showed that park surfaces were consistently cooler than surrounding streets based on LST; however, this did not always translate into improved thermal comfort, as exposed grass areas often exhibited high Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) values. PET has been confirmed as the most suitable outdoor human thermal comfort index. Canopy cover and vegetation type, particularly tall trees and bushland, were more influential than park size or configuration in enhancing thermal comfort. These findings provide evidence-based insights, highlighting the importance of strategies that prioritise tree canopy coverage to enhance urban cooling and resilience to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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44 pages, 77061 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Residential Neighborhood Layout Impact on Pedestrian Wind Environment: CFD Analysis Across China’s Major Climate Zones

by Lei Yu, Yongyi Ye, Lemei Li, Chunze Li and Pengyuan Shen

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3750; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203750 - 17 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1049

Abstract

This study establishes quantitative relationships between neighborhood layouts, as evaluated by key neighborhood morphological parameters and pedestrian wind environments across China’s five major climate zones. We analyzed 3204 residential neighborhoods using satellite imaging and simulated 281 scenarios by CFD simulations, identifying six typical [...] Read more.

This study establishes quantitative relationships between neighborhood layouts, as evaluated by key neighborhood morphological parameters and pedestrian wind environments across China’s five major climate zones. We analyzed 3204 residential neighborhoods using satellite imaging and simulated 281 scenarios by CFD simulations, identifying six typical neighborhood layouts and quantifying their performance in terms of climate specific wind comfort criteria. This work takes an approach that takes into account mechanical wind effects and region-specific criteria for evaluating pedestrian-level wind environment performance, going beyond previous studies that utilize universal evaluation standards. The most influential parameter is building enclosure ratio with sensitivity indices of 0.844 for winter wind proofing. Closed perimeter layout confers 15–20% better winter wind proofing in cold climates and semi-open design enhances summer ventilation by 12–18% in hot climates according to our cross-climate analysis. Quantitative optimization adopting regression technique (R² = 0.727–0.810) points to an optimal enclosure ratio of 0.25–0.28 or 0.52–0.61 with aspect ratio of 1.75–2.75. The results can provide evidence-based design guidelines for high-rise residential neighborhood planning and pedestrian wind environment, aiming to improve urban livability and support climate adaptation strategies across a broad range of climate zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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22 pages, 4160 KB

Open AccessArticle

External Temperature Distribution and Characteristics of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) Under Summer High-Temperature Conditions

by Yingge Zhang, Tian Mu and Yibing Xue

Buildings 2025, 15(18), 3415; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15183415 - 22 Sep 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1271

Abstract

This study investigates the external environmental temperature distribution of a small single-story BIPV building on a university campus in Jinan City, Shandong Province, China, under the most adverse summer high-temperature conditions. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and variation patterns of building external [...] Read more.

This study investigates the external environmental temperature distribution of a small single-story BIPV building on a university campus in Jinan City, Shandong Province, China, under the most adverse summer high-temperature conditions. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and variation patterns of building external temperature are analyzed. The results indicated the following: (1) During summer high-temperature days, the peak temperature of the BIPV photovoltaic surface reached 52.4 °C, which is 17.4 °C higher than the ambient temperature. (2) External measurement points exhibited significant daytime heating (+2.86 °C) and nighttime cooling (average relative temperature increment of −1.52 °C). (3) Complex nonlinear temperature gradient variations existed within the 10–100 cm range from the surface, with localized heat accumulation occurring around 60 cm, where 77% of high-temperature days show temperature gradient anomalies. (4) Based on dimensionless analysis, a modified Richardson criterion for BIPV buildings is established: Ri < 0.3 represents building-geometry-dominated mechanisms, and Ri > 0.7 represents thermal-plume-dominated mechanisms. The critical values occur earlier than in classical theory. (5) Solar radiation and wind speed are key factors affecting temperature distribution, with more pronounced local heat accumulation under low-wind-speed conditions. This study provides scientific evidence for BIPV building performance optimization and environmental control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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21 pages, 2777 KB

Open AccessReview

Key Concepts Used in Climate Change Mitigation Strategies in the Coffee Sector

by Yazmín Rubí Córdoba-Mora, Marisol Lima-Solano, Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino, Rafael Antonio Díaz-Porras, Adriana Contreras-Oliva and Victorino Morales-Ramos

Sustainability 2025, 17(17), 7848; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177848 - 31 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1719

Abstract

Key concepts such as “carbon footprint”, “carbon neutral”, “carbon neutrality”, “low carbon”, and “net-zero emissions” have gained prominence in the context of climate change, a current issue that has become an urgent global challenge caused by anthropogenic activities, including agriculture. This bibliometric review [...] Read more.

Key concepts such as “carbon footprint”, “carbon neutral”, “carbon neutrality”, “low carbon”, and “net-zero emissions” have gained prominence in the context of climate change, a current issue that has become an urgent global challenge caused by anthropogenic activities, including agriculture. This bibliometric review analyzed the use of these concepts in mitigation strategies for the coffee sector, since coffee production significantly contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily due to land use change, fertilizer use, and processing methods, and therefore, sustainable approaches within the whole coffee value chain need to be implemented. A total of 105 documents from the Scopus database, covering publications from January 1988 to June 2023, were analyzed. Co-word analysis and co-occurrence mapping techniques, together with traditional bibliometric laws and historical evolution analysis using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix, were applied. The evolution of research over time revealed that the first concept introduced for documenting the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was “low carbon emissions” in 1909, but it was not until 2008 that the first document was published establishing a link between “low carbon emissions” and “coffee”. In 2015, two more concepts, “carbon neutral” and “carbon neutrality”, documented since 1968 and 1995, respectively, were used in articles related to coffee. So far, the most relevant concept in quantifying GHG emissions in the context of coffee production activities has been “carbon footprint”. When it comes to new documents linking key concepts to coffee, between 2015 and 2018, there was an average of six documents per year. Since 2019, the average has remained at 15, highlighting the need to continue documenting climate change mitigation strategies in the coffee sector. Practical application of our findings for coffee sustainability programs must include the adoption of on-farm sustainable agricultural practices that span the entire value chain. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of concepts such as “carbon footprint” and “carbon neutrality” as key pillars in the development of effective climate change mitigation strategies in the coffee sector and the significance of their integration into future research and global policies with practical applications, with far-reaching implications for sustainable agriculture in the near future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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23 pages, 3775 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Based Study of Carbon Emissions Peak Pathways in Chinese Building Sector: Incorporating Legal and Policy Text Quantification

by Zhixuan Dai, Shouxin Zhang and Dongzhi Guan

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7211; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167211 - 9 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1416

Abstract

The decarbonization process of the carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector exerts a profound impact on the achievement of the national goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Currently, there is limited literature quantifying the impact of laws and policies on the [...] Read more.

The decarbonization process of the carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector exerts a profound impact on the achievement of the national goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Currently, there is limited literature quantifying the impact of laws and policies on the achievement of carbon peak in the Chinese building sector and further utilizing deep learning technology to characterize the carbon emissions peak path under uncertainty in the Chinese building sector. To address this issue, a quantitative framework of legal and policy incentive intensity is constructed to capture both the immediate effects and the long-term evolution of laws and policies, and the index of legal and policy incentive intensity for carbon emissions in the building sector in China from 2010 to 2022 is calculated. Based on this, a dynamic scenario forecasting model for carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector is developed by integrating a CNN-BiLSTM-AM model with the Monte Carlo simulation algorithm, embedded within the scenario analysis method. The model projects the dynamic trajectories of carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector under different scenarios from 2023 to 2050 and identifies effective schemes for controlling carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector. Results indicate that the growth in legal and policy incentive intensity was most significant during the 12th Five-Year Plan period in China. During the 13th Five-Year Plan in China, the legal and policy system became increasingly mature, leading to a diminishing marginal effect of newly issued policies. A negative growth in legal and policy incentive intensity was observed in 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. From 2021 to 2022, the annual growth rate of policy intensity began to rebound. Under the current scenario, carbon emissions in the Chinese building sector are projected to reach its carbon peak in 2036 (±1), with a peak level of 28.617 (±1.047) × 10⁸ t CO₂. Energy consumption per unit floor space, population size, legal and policy incentive intensity, integrated carbon emission factor, and floor space per capita are identified as the most critical factors influencing the timing and value of carbon peaking. The research methodology employed in this study not only provides scientific insights for the emission reduction efforts in the building sector but is also applicable to related studies in other industries’ energy conservation and emission reduction. It holds universal value for environmental policymakers and strategic planners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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22 pages, 14455 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing or Restricting Natural Ventilation? An Investigation into the Influence of Urban-Lake Spatial Patterns on the Penetration of Lake Breeze Fronts in a Multi-Lake Megacity Inland Setting

by Yatian Cheng, Wenbin Zhao, Xiaoqin Nie, Xiaodi Zheng, Changguang Wu, Baiqiang Ren, Yuan Zhou, Chao Liu, Xiangchun Wang and Chao Yang

Land 2025, 14(6), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14061211 - 5 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1280

Abstract

Spatially uneven urbanization shapes various urban-lake spatial patterns; however, the effect of pattern evolution on lake breeze front (LBF) penetration via thermal and aerodynamic mechanisms in inland multi-lake megacities remains unclear. Therefore, sensitivity experiments were conducted to examine LBF changes over the past [...] Read more.

Spatially uneven urbanization shapes various urban-lake spatial patterns; however, the effect of pattern evolution on lake breeze front (LBF) penetration via thermal and aerodynamic mechanisms in inland multi-lake megacities remains unclear. Therefore, sensitivity experiments were conducted to examine LBF changes over the past 40 years in Wuhan, China—where lakes are located on the periphery of built-up areas or integrated with urban fabrics—using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model under high-temperature and weak-wind conditions. Moreover, we quantified the contributions of thermal (lake-land surface temperature differences (LSTD), urban heat island intensity (UHII)), and aerodynamic factors (lake-land surface roughness differences (LSRD)) to LBF penetration. The results showed that for lakes entirely within urban fabrics, the thermal and roughness characteristics at lake-land interfaces dominated LBF penetration. Specifically, urban expansion towards lakeshores without connections promoted LBF penetration due to the stronger positive benefits of the LSTD. However, urban expansion bordering lakeshores inhibited LBF penetration, as the inhibitory effects of LSRD outweighed those of LSTD. When lakes remained on the periphery of built-up areas, higher UHII and the UHII-weighted center moving towards suburban lakes accelerated the LBF movement into built-up areas. Based on these findings, we propose adaptive strategies for urban growth boundaries to facilitate the natural infiltration of LBFs into urban environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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19 pages, 1728 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Scheduling-Optimization Model with Multi-Objective Constraints for Low-Carbon Urban Rail Transit Considering the Built Environment and Travel Demand: A Case Study of Hangzhou

by Jinrui Zang, Yuan Liu, Kun Qie, Yue Chen, Suli Wang and Xu Sun

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5061; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115061 - 31 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1878

Abstract

Urban rail transit, a crucial component of urban public transportation, often experiences increased operational costs and carbon emissions due to low-load operations being conducted during off-peak passenger flow periods. This study aims to develop an optimization method for the daily scheduling of rail [...] Read more.

Urban rail transit, a crucial component of urban public transportation, often experiences increased operational costs and carbon emissions due to low-load operations being conducted during off-peak passenger flow periods. This study aims to develop an optimization method for the daily scheduling of rail train operations with the goal of carbon emission reduction, while comprehensively considering the built environment and travel demand. Firstly, the influence of the urban built environment on residents’ travel demand is analyzed using an XGBoost model. Secondly, a time convolutional travel demand prediction model, Built Environment-Weighted Temporal Convolutional Network (BE-TCN), weighted by built environment factors, is constructed. Finally, an optimization method for rail train operation schedules based on the built environment and travel demand is proposed, with the objective of carbon emission reduction. A case study is conducted using the Hangzhou urban rail transit system as an example. The results indicate that the optimization method proposed in this study can achieve monthly carbon emission reductions of 1524.58 tons, 1181.94 tons, and 520.84 tons for Lines 1, 2, and 4 of the Hangzhou urban rail transit system, respectively. The research findings contribute to enhancing the economic efficiency and environmental sustainability of urban rail transit systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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26 pages, 9387 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Urban Form on Carbon Emission Efficiency Under Public Transit-Oriented Development: Spatial Heterogeneity and Driving Forces

by Xueyuan Li, Chun Zhang, Tianlu Pan and Xuecai Dong

Land 2025, 14(6), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14061172 - 29 May 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3063

Abstract

Urban form optimization is crucial for controlling carbon emissions. Taking Shenzhen as a case study with 2022 data, this research constructs a multidimensional indicator system covering land use, functional mix, transportation structure, and spatial layout. It incorporates both static (inventory-based) and dynamic (transit-based) [...] Read more.

Urban form optimization is crucial for controlling carbon emissions. Taking Shenzhen as a case study with 2022 data, this research constructs a multidimensional indicator system covering land use, functional mix, transportation structure, and spatial layout. It incorporates both static (inventory-based) and dynamic (transit-based) carbon efficiency metrics to capture complementary urban emission patterns. We employed OLS, GWR, and quantile regression methods to identify key influencing factors, spatial variations, and their impact on carbon emission efficiency. Results show that (1) compact road infrastructure and dense transit systems in the southwestern core contribute to higher efficiency, whereas extensive green coverage in eastern areas facilitates carbon sequestration; (2) elevated population and building densities in central zones are linked with lower efficiency, implying the necessity for balanced spatial redistribution and peripheral infrastructure enhancement; (3) despite comprehensive transit electrification, further improvements in network density and accessibility are essential to enhance urban low-carbon outcomes. These results establish a basis for optimizing urban spatial layout and reducing carbon emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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26 pages, 2069 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influencing Mechanism and Spatial Effect of the Digital Economy on Agricultural Carbon Emissions

by Suchang Yang, Shi Qiu, Jiawei Cao and Zhenhua Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3877; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093877 - 25 Apr 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1497

Abstract

As a progressive and systematic initiative that necessitates the collective participation of society, achieving the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality has had a significant and positive impact on the transformation of the energy structure, the development of the new energy industry, [...] Read more.

As a progressive and systematic initiative that necessitates the collective participation of society, achieving the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality has had a significant and positive impact on the transformation of the energy structure, the development of the new energy industry, the enhancement of economic efficiency and environmental quality, and the deepening of international cooperation across multiple dimensions. This study examines how the digital economy affects carbon reductions in the context of China’s pursuit of carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets. To thoroughly examine how regional digital economy development influences agricultural carbon emissions and uncover its underlying mechanism, this study uses regression analysis models using panel data from 31 Chinese provinces (not including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan) from 2013 to 2022. In the meantime, the study investigates the spatial effects of the digital economy on agricultural carbon emissions. The results show that the rapid development of the digital economy plays a significant role in reducing agricultural carbon emissions. In particular, every 1 unit increase in the level of digital economy development is associated with a 0.125-unit reduction in agricultural carbon emissions. Second, the expansion of the digital economy allows regional labor transfer, which indirectly influences its suppressive effect on agricultural carbon emissions through this channel. Third, the expansion of the digital economy in one area has significant spatial spillover effects, leading to agricultural carbon emissions in other provinces and cities. Fourth, these spatial spillover effects vary depending on the topography and economic production. In particular, flat regions and high-yield agricultural areas see greater carbon reduction spillover effects from the digital economy compared to steep regions and low-yield agricultural areas. Therefore, research on the impact of the digital economy on agricultural carbon emissions can help to reveal the path of the digital-technology-driven green transformation of agriculture and provide a scientific basis for optimizing agricultural carbon-emission-reduction policies and achieving sustainable agricultural development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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21 pages, 1802 KB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of Methodological Advances in Urban Heatwave Risk Assessment: Integrating Multi-Source Data and Hybrid Weighting Methods

by Chang Xu, Ruihan Wei and Hui Tong

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3747; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083747 - 21 Apr 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4246

Abstract

As climate change intensifies, urban populations face growing threats from frequent and severe heatwaves, underscoring the urgent need for advanced risk assessment frameworks to inform adaptation strategies. This systematic review synthesizes methodological innovations in urban heatwave risk assessment (2007–2024), analyzing 259 studies through [...] Read more.

As climate change intensifies, urban populations face growing threats from frequent and severe heatwaves, underscoring the urgent need for advanced risk assessment frameworks to inform adaptation strategies. This systematic review synthesizes methodological innovations in urban heatwave risk assessment (2007–2024), analyzing 259 studies through bibliometric analysis (CiteSpace 6.4.R1) and multi-criteria evaluation. We propose the hazard–exposure–vulnerability–adaptability (HEVA) framework, an extension of Crichton’s risk triangle that integrates dynamic adaptability metrics and supports high-resolution spatial analysis for urban heatwave risk assessment. Our systematic review reveals three key methodological gaps: (1) Inconsistent indicator selection across studies; (2) limited analysis of microclimatic variations; (3) sparse integration of IoT- or satellite-based monitoring. The study offers practical solutions for enhancing assessment accuracy, including refined weighting methodologies and high-resolution spatial analysis techniques. We conclude by proposing a research agenda that prioritizes interdisciplinary approaches—bridging urban planning, climate science, and public health—while advocating for policy tools that address spatial inequities in heat risk exposure. These insights advance the development of more precise, actionable assessment systems to support climate-resilient urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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25 pages, 3414 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Urban Vegetation in Mitigating Fire Risk Under Climate Change: A Review

by Deshun Zhang, Manqing Yao, Yingying Chen and Yujia Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2680; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062680 - 18 Mar 2025

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4419

Abstract

The confluence of global warming, the urban heat island effect, and alterations in the nature of underlying surfaces has led to a continuous escalation in the frequency, scale, and intensity of fires within urban green spaces. Mitigating or eliminating the adverse effects of [...] Read more.

The confluence of global warming, the urban heat island effect, and alterations in the nature of underlying surfaces has led to a continuous escalation in the frequency, scale, and intensity of fires within urban green spaces. Mitigating or eliminating the adverse effects of such fires on the service functions of urban ecosystems, while enhancing the resilience of urban greening systems in disaster prevention and risk reduction, has become a pivotal challenge in modern urban development and management. Academic focus has progressively broadened from isolated urban and forest domains to encompass the more intricate environments of the Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) and urban–suburban forests, with a particular emphasis on the distinctive characteristics of urban greening and in-depth research. This study employs a combination of CiteSpace bibliometric analysis and a narrative literature review to comprehensively examine three critical aspects of urban fire safety as follows: (1) the evaluation of the fire-resistant performance of landscape plants in urban green spaces; (2) the mechanisms of fire behavior in urban greening systems; and (3) the assessment and prediction of urban fire risks. Our findings indicate that landscape plants play a crucial role in controlling the spread of fires in urban green spaces by providing physical barriers and inhibiting combustion processes, thereby mitigating fire propagation. However, the diversity and non-native characteristics of urban greenery species present challenges. The existing research lacks standardized experimental indicators and often focuses on single-dimensional analyses, leading to conclusions that are limited, inconsistent, or even contradictory. Furthermore, most current fire spread models are designed primarily for forests and wildland–urban interface (WUI) regions. Empirical and semi-empirical models dominate this field, yet future advancements will likely involve coupled models that integrate climate and environmental factors. Fire risk assessment and prediction represent a global research hotspot, with machine learning- and deep learning-based approaches increasingly gaining prominence. These advanced methods have demonstrated superior accuracy compared to traditional techniques in predicting urban fire risks. This synthesis aims to elucidate the current state, trends, and deficiencies within the existing research. Future research should explore methods for screening highly resistant landscape plants, with the goal of bolstering the ecological resilience of urban greening systems and providing theoretical underpinnings for the realization of sustainable urban environmental security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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20 pages, 4816 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research Progress and Prospects of Refrigerant Replacement Under the Background of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction: A Visualization Analysis of the CiteSpace Map

by Shengzhong Huang, Hui Zhang and Conghui Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2199; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052199 - 3 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1612

Abstract

As global environmental consciousness continues to expand, the issue of refrigerant alternatives has increasingly become a focal point for scholarly attention. Using CiteSpace visualization technology, a comprehensive and innovative research framework for refrigerant alternatives has been developed. This framework systematically organizes and analyzes [...] Read more.

As global environmental consciousness continues to expand, the issue of refrigerant alternatives has increasingly become a focal point for scholarly attention. Using CiteSpace visualization technology, a comprehensive and innovative research framework for refrigerant alternatives has been developed. This framework systematically organizes and analyzes not only the volume of publications related to refrigerant alternatives but also the collaborative relationships among authors and research institutions. By employing keyword co-occurrence maps, clustering diagrams, and timeline charts, an in-depth analysis of the academic literature on refrigerant alternatives has been performed, elucidating the core research themes, evolutionary trajectories, and emerging trends in this field. Research indicates an exponential increase in the number of studies on refrigerant alternatives; however, there is insufficient collaboration and communication among researchers and institutions. Key research hotspots in this field encompass the organic Rankine cycle, vapor-liquid equilibria, pressure drop characteristics, vapor compression refrigeration systems, exergy analysis, alternative refrigerants, and performance evaluation of carbon dioxide systems. In future research, the performance of various low GWP refrigerants in refrigeration cycle systems will continue to be a focal point. To address diverse application requirements, developing blended refrigerants represents a pragmatic technical approach. From a sustainability standpoint, natural refrigerants are anticipated to emerge as the ultimate alternative, with the technical challenges associated with their application constituting a critical area for future investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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27 pages, 42978 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Thermal Comfort in Different Subway Spaces in China’s Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region: A Field Investigation Based on Subway Station Transition

by Chi Zhang, Shen Xu, Congyue Qi, Rui Dai, Thushini Mendis and Minghao Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050786 - 27 Feb 2025

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2678

Abstract

With the accelerated development of subways in China, elevated subway stations (ESSs) capitalize on natural ventilation and lighting to significantly save energy. Nevertheless, their thermal environments are rarely addressed. This study conducts annual thermal environment measurements, surveys, and thermal comfort analysis on five [...] Read more.

With the accelerated development of subways in China, elevated subway stations (ESSs) capitalize on natural ventilation and lighting to significantly save energy. Nevertheless, their thermal environments are rarely addressed. This study conducts annual thermal environment measurements, surveys, and thermal comfort analysis on five typical ESS buildings. The results of field measurements demonstrate that the station’s thermal environment is influenced by architectural space forms such as skylight ratio, platform doors, openness, and platform form. The standard effective temperature—predicted thermal sensation (SET*—PTS) equation was developed based on the survey, indicating that passengers’ thermal adaptability surpasses the PTS. In summer, the neutral temperatures for passengers in open and enclosed stations are 28.74 SET* °C and 27.13 SET* °C, correspondingly. In winter, they are 23.43 SET* °C and 21.98 SET* °C. Physiological changes that passengers experience during the transition from entering the metro station to arriving at the platform were measured and quantified, which confirmed differences in thermal adaptation during the shift between hot and cold environments, emphasizing thermal delay and accumulation effects. This study provides important guidance for the construction, renovation, and operation of ESS buildings and the development of related standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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25 pages, 5032 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Life-Cycle Carbon Emission of Urban Residential Buildings: A Case Study of Xi’an

by Lina Shen, Zilong Ma and Chang Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041602 - 14 Feb 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2604

Abstract

According to statistics from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the construction industry accounts for approximately 30% to 40% of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, making it a major source of carbon emissions. As a critical component of urban construction, residential [...] Read more.

According to statistics from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the construction industry accounts for approximately 30% to 40% of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, making it a major source of carbon emissions. As a critical component of urban construction, residential buildings are characterized by their large scale and significant potential for carbon reduction. Building on this context, this study utilizes diversified geospatial data and applies the life-cycle stage framework for residential buildings alongside the emission factor method to calculate total carbon emissions during the material production, construction, and operation phases. It systematically analyzes the distribution characteristics and spatial evolution trends of life-cycle carbon emissions for urban residential buildings. The findings reveal that 63.06% of the cumulative carbon emissions from residential buildings in Xi’an originate from the operation phase, underscoring the importance of optimizing carbon emissions in this phase as a critical priority for future reductions. Additionally, the spatial distribution of residential building carbon emissions exhibits significant clustering, with an increasingly pronounced expansion pattern. Over time, the direction of expansion has shifted from a northeast–southwest orientation to a northwest–southeast trajectory and continues to extend toward peripheral areas. Economic growth, increased urbanization, and the intensive consumption of specific building materials are identified as significant drivers of residential carbon emissions, while population growth and improvements in material utilization efficiency help mitigate emissions to some extent. This study offers valuable insights to support the green development of China’s construction industry and to advance energy-saving and carbon-reduction strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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14 pages, 3279 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Pilot Study on the Main Air Pollutants in a Rural Community in Guanajuato, Mexico, Using a Low-Cost ATMOTUBE^® Monitor

by Rebeca Monroy-Torres

Climate 2025, 13(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13010013 - 8 Jan 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3784

Abstract

Air pollution is the second leading cause of death from non-communicable diseases. In Guanajuato, Mexico, the brick industry is the main economic source of polluting emissions, with the greatest health impacts. This sector has initiated government regulatory changes, but there is currently no [...] Read more.

Air pollution is the second leading cause of death from non-communicable diseases. In Guanajuato, Mexico, the brick industry is the main economic source of polluting emissions, with the greatest health impacts. This sector has initiated government regulatory changes, but there is currently no monitoring of its impact on health. As a first pilot phase, this study’s objective was to measure the main air pollutants in a rural community in Guanajuato, Mexico, using a low-cost ATMOTUBE^® monitor and to describe the area and population group at the greatest risk of exposure. An analytical and longitudinal design from September 2023 to February 2024, with the ATMOTUBE^® measurement parameters VOC, PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, temperature, humidity, and pressure, was used. During the six months of measurement, the results were as follows: a VOC of 4.15 ± 11.79 ppm, an Air Quality Score (AQS) of 65.17 ± 30.11, and a PM₁ value of 4.90 ± 18.43 μg/m³. January–February 2024 was the period with the highest concentration of pollutants, with a maximum PM_2.5 concentration of 664 ± 12.5 μg/m³, a maximum PM₁₀ concentration of 650 ± 14.8 μg/m³, and a low humidity value (34.1 ± 5.2%). These values were found near two schools. The first inventory of the main air pollutants in this rural community is presented, with children and women being the population at greatest risk. With these data from this pilot phase, it is recommended to start implementing surveillance measures alongside health and nutrition indicators, mainly for the vulnerable population of this rural community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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24 pages, 35926 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Urban Commercial Street Interface Morphology on Surrounding Wind Environment and Thermal Comfort

by Yijie Zhang and Bin Huang

Atmosphere 2025, 16(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16010053 - 7 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1660

Abstract

In recent climate-adaptive design strategies, there has been a growing interest in creating healthy and comfortable urban microclimates. However, not enough attention has been paid to the influence of street interface morphology in order to better understand the wind–thermal conditions of various commercial [...] Read more.

In recent climate-adaptive design strategies, there has been a growing interest in creating healthy and comfortable urban microclimates. However, not enough attention has been paid to the influence of street interface morphology in order to better understand the wind–thermal conditions of various commercial streets within the city and create a sustainable built environment. This research summarizes and categorizes commercial streets according to their functions and types of attributes and then abstracts the ideal models of three types of typical commercial streets to explore the effects of changes in specific morphological parameters on their wind–thermal environments. Firstly, this study selects out design parameters that affect the street interface morphology. Then, it uses the numerical simulation software PHOENICS2019 to simulate and investigate the effects of three types of typical commercial street interface morphology on their wind environment and thermal comfort. The results show that (1) in neighborhood-commercial streets, reducing void ratio and variance of height fluctuations can enhance the average wind speed of the street while reducing average temperature and improving the thermal comfort; (2) in business-office streets, the value of the void ratio is negatively correlated with the wind environment and thermal comfort, while the changes in the variance of height fluctuations and the average aspect ratio are positively correlated; and (3) in comprehensive-commercial streets, the decrease of the void ratio will reduce the average wind speed of its street and increase the average temperature, thus weakening the thermal comfort of pedestrians. In contrast, the variance of height fluctuations as well as the average aspect ratio do not significantly affect its wind–thermal environment. These conclusions from this research provide a theoretical basis and methodological reference for the creation of safer, resilient and sustainable built environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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33 pages, 30699 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scale Spatial Structure Impacts on Carbon Emission in Cold Region: Case Study in Changchun, China

by Bingxin Li, Qiang Zheng, Xue Jiang and Chennan He

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010228 - 31 Dec 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2424

Abstract

Cities in cold regions face significant challenges, including high carbon emissions, intense energy use, and outdated energy structures, making them critical areas for achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable development. While studies have explored the impact of spatial structures on urban carbon emissions, the [...] Read more.

Cities in cold regions face significant challenges, including high carbon emissions, intense energy use, and outdated energy structures, making them critical areas for achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable development. While studies have explored the impact of spatial structures on urban carbon emissions, the effects of multi-scale spatial structures remain insufficiently understood, limiting effective spatial planning strategies. This research examines Changchun, a city in a severe cold region, using data from 2012 to 2021, including road networks, land use, nighttime light, and energy statistics. Employing spatial syntax, landscape pattern indices, random forests, and segmented linear regression, this research establishes a carbon emission translation pathway to analyze the nonlinear effects of multi-scale spatial structures. Findings reveal a 26.70% annual decrease in carbon emissions, with winter emissions 1.84 times higher than summer ones. High-emission zones have shifted from industrial areas to transportation, commercial, and residential zones, reflecting growing seasonal variability and structural changes. Spatial complexity increased while connectivity declined. Multi-scale analysis identified a “decrease–increase–decrease” pattern, with macro-scale centrality declining and micro-scale hierarchy rising. These results provide both theoretical and practical guidance for urban planning in cold regions, supporting early carbon neutrality and long-term sustainable development goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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21 pages, 2397 KB

Open AccessArticle

3D Concrete Printing in Kuwait: Stakeholder Insights for Sustainable Waste Management Solutions

by Hanan Al-Raqeb and Seyed Hamidreza Ghaffar

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010200 - 30 Dec 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4257

Abstract

Robotic construction using three-dimensional (3D) concrete printing (3DCP) offers significant potential to transform Kuwait’s construction industry, particularly in reducing waste. This study explores the feasibility of integrating 3DCP into Kuwait’s construction waste management practices by examining the perspectives of key stakeholders. Through a [...] Read more.

Robotic construction using three-dimensional (3D) concrete printing (3DCP) offers significant potential to transform Kuwait’s construction industry, particularly in reducing waste. This study explores the feasibility of integrating 3DCP into Kuwait’s construction waste management practices by examining the perspectives of key stakeholders. Through a mixed method approach of a comprehensive literature review, a survey of 87 industry professionals, and 33 in-depth interviews with representatives from the Public Authority for Housing Welfare (PAHW), Municipality, private sector, and the general public, the study identifies both the benefits and challenges of 3DCP adoption. The findings highlight key advantages of 3DCP, including increased construction efficiency, cost savings, enhanced design flexibility, and reduced material waste. However, several barriers, such as regulatory limitations, technical challenges in adapting 3DCP to local project scales, and cultural resistance, must be addressed. Results also indicate varying levels of stakeholder familiarity with 3DCP and existing waste management practices, underscoring the need for awareness and educational initiatives. This study makes two significant contributions: first, by providing a detailed analysis of the technical and regulatory challenges specific to Kuwait’s construction sector, and second, by offering a strategic roadmap for 3DCP integration, including regulatory reform, research into sustainable materials, and cross-sector collaboration. These recommendations aim to enhance waste management practices by promoting more sustainable and efficient construction methods by achieving SDGs 9, 11, 12, and 13. The study concludes that government support and policy development will be essential in driving the adoption of 3DCP and achieving long-term environmental benefits in Kuwait’s construction industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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39 pages, 8771 KB

Open AccessReview

The Dynamics and Trends of International Research on Urban Carbon Risk

by Qiang Yao, Na An and Hai Ci

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010007 - 24 Dec 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2945

Abstract

Research on Urban Carbon Risk (RUCR) is crucial for understanding the impact mechanisms of carbon emissions on urban environments and health, particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas. This paper conducted a bibliometric analysis of 2012 studies on RUCR indexed in the Web of Science [...] Read more.

Research on Urban Carbon Risk (RUCR) is crucial for understanding the impact mechanisms of carbon emissions on urban environments and health, particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas. This paper conducted a bibliometric analysis of 2012 studies on RUCR indexed in the Web of Science (WOS) database from 1991 to June 2023. It reached the following conclusions: (1) The annual publication volume of RUCR has steadily increased since 2005, mainly focusing on environmental science and public health. A co-citation analysis of the literature indicates that RUCR research content is centered on carbon sink assessment, risk factor analysis, and response strategies. (2) RUCR has undergone four developmental stages: singular exploration, evaluation and construction, innovative breakthroughs, and technological synergy. (3) The key research issues of RUCR include carbon reduction and sink enhancement, integrating qualitative and quantitative planning methods, and multidisciplinary collaboration. (4) Current research hotspots in RUCR focus on urban pollution and health risks, ecological environment and land use change, carbon emissions and energy utilization, and pollution monitoring technologies. Future research trends are anticipated to center on source apportionment and monitoring of carbon emissions, the relationship between air pollution and health risks, and the governance and mitigation of carbon emissions. (5) Based on the analysis of critical issues and trends, it is recommended that future research prioritize spatial identification and scenario simulation of urban carbon risk. The conclusions of this paper facilitate researchers’ quick understanding of the current status and development trends of RUCR and propose future research directions from urban planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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20 pages, 19148 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Built Environment as a Predictor for Coronary Heart Disease—A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Machine Learning

by Dan Jiang, Fei Guo, Ziteng Zhang, Xiaoqing Yu, Jing Dong, Hongchi Zhang and Zhen Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(12), 4024; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14124024 - 18 Dec 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2121

Abstract

The relationship between coronary heart disease (CHD) and complex urban built environments remains a subject of considerable uncertainty. The development of predictive models via machine learning to explore the underlying mechanisms of this association, as well as the formulation of intervention policies and [...] Read more.

The relationship between coronary heart disease (CHD) and complex urban built environments remains a subject of considerable uncertainty. The development of predictive models via machine learning to explore the underlying mechanisms of this association, as well as the formulation of intervention policies and planning strategies, has emerged as a pivotal area of research. A cross-sectional dataset of hospital admissions for CHD over the course of a year from a hospital in Dalian City, China, was assembled and matched with multi-source built environment data via residential addresses. This study evaluates five machine learning models, including decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), and support vector machine (SVM), and compares them with multiple linear regression models. The results show that DT, RF, and XGBoost exhibit superior predictive capabilities, with all R² values exceeding 0.70. The DT model performed the best, with an R² value of 0.818, and the best performance was based on metrics such as MAE and MSE. Additionally, using explainable AI techniques, this study reveals the contribution of different built environment factors to CHD and identifies the significant factors influencing CHD in cold regions, ranked as age, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), house price (HP), sky view factor (SVF), and interaction factors. Stratified analyses by age and gender show variations in the influencing factors for different groups: for those under 60 years old, Road Density is the most influential factor; for the 61–70 age group, house price is the top factor; for the 71–80 age group, age is the most significant factor; for those over 81 years old, building height is the leading factor; in males, GDP is the most influential factor; and in females, age is the most influential factor. This study explores the feasibility and performance of machine learning in predicting CHD risk in the built environment of cold regions and provides a comprehensive methodology and workflow for predicting cardiovascular disease risk based on refined neighborhood-level built environment factors, offering scientific support for the construction of sustainable healthy cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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38 pages, 2184 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Unveiling the Contemporary Research Direction and Current Business Management Strategies for Port Decarbonization Through a Systematic Review

by Ramazan Ozkan Yildiz, Elif Koc, Oguzhan Der and Murat Aymelek

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10959; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410959 - 13 Dec 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3648

Abstract

Port decarbonization is becoming an increasingly critical focus in the maritime industry. It facilitates prioritizing compliance with the latest regulatory updates introduced by the International Maritime Organization, the European Union, and national governments. It is also seen as a key element to tackling [...] Read more.

Port decarbonization is becoming an increasingly critical focus in the maritime industry. It facilitates prioritizing compliance with the latest regulatory updates introduced by the International Maritime Organization, the European Union, and national governments. It is also seen as a key element to tackling climate change challenges. Hence, it is essential to comprehend recent developments in port decarbonization research to address sustainability requirements of the industry. This article reveals the recent research directions and current industrial practices in response to port decarbonization requirements by employing a holistic view of the literature. The methodology of this research uses a detailed qualitative approach framework to conduct an in-depth analysis of contemporary research publications. In this study, 75 recent publications in the literature are examined in-depth using systematic review, thematic analysis, and content analysis. The findings of this study suggest a significant emphasis on innovative technologies and collaborative strategies for achieving decarbonization goals. Another important contribution of this study is the identification of key barriers and facilitators in the implementation of decarbonization practices at ports. This study also encompasses future research directions by identifying existing themes, contents, and research gaps in the literature. It is anticipated that the outcomes of this article will shed light on the main research motivations and policymaking requirements in the field of port decarbonization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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20 pages, 4718 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Urban Environments Impact Walkability? An Analysis Using Multi-Source Data of Beijing

by Changming Yu, Xinyu Wang, Ziao Zheng and Stephen Siu Yu Lau

Land 2024, 13(12), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122101 - 5 Dec 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4204

Abstract

Purpose: Recognizing that walkability is a fundamental element of sustainable urban development, this study focuses on the variables affecting walkability in the living environment and aims to provide insights into land use planning strategies that can contribute to carbon emission reduction. The research [...] Read more.

Purpose: Recognizing that walkability is a fundamental element of sustainable urban development, this study focuses on the variables affecting walkability in the living environment and aims to provide insights into land use planning strategies that can contribute to carbon emission reduction. The research specifically examines how to create a pedestrian-friendly street environment in existing urban areas, where employment and residential functions are mixed and co-exist. Methodology: By using multi-source data, this research evaluates streets based on two binary characteristics: the occurrence of walking activity and the walking experience. Findings: The results reveal a strong relationship between walking opportunities and street usage frequency, with the road network being identified as the most influential factor. Additionally, the impact of walking experience was found to be more significant than that of walking opportunity. Contributions: First, the study developed a matrix of dependent variables for street usage frequency and walking experience, and an independent variable matrix for street environment factors. Second, the research created an analytical framework to examine factors influencing street use and experience across different travel needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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41 pages, 4566 KB

Open AccessReview

Smart Electrical Planning, Roadmaps and Policies in Latin American Countries Through Electric Propulsion Systems: A Review

by Daniel Icaza, David Vallejo-Ramirez, Mauricio Siguencia and Luis Portocarrero

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10624; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310624 - 4 Dec 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5351

Abstract

This article presents a review of renewable energy systems in Latin America, highlighting recent advances aimed at transforming electricity markets to make them more environmentally sustainable. The transition of energy systems in these countries is closely linked to policies and legislation that promote [...] Read more.

This article presents a review of renewable energy systems in Latin America, highlighting recent advances aimed at transforming electricity markets to make them more environmentally sustainable. The transition of energy systems in these countries is closely linked to policies and legislation that promote the adoption of renewable energy, guided by roadmaps that facilitate planning and decision-making processes. Transportation stands out as a crucial sector in these transition efforts, and support for renewable energy is already driving significant changes in several continents, albeit with different levels of impact. The analysis involved a review of 180 articles published in ScienceDirect since 2000, focused on renewable energy systems in Latin America. Among them, only 40 scientific articles were identified that specifically address electric mobility systems for mass transportation, such as trams and railways, that is environmentally friendly. Currently, their contribution in Latin America is only 1.7%, and it is expected that they will play a fundamental role in the energy transition in 2050, contributing 9.3% within the electrified transportation sector. The results of the research revealed that Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Colombia, and Costa Rica are the countries that have carried out the most high-impact research in relation to mobility systems with 100% renewable energy systems. In Latin America, there is a limited number of authors focused on massive electric propulsion systems. The purpose of this research is to provide an overview of the energy situation related to electric propulsion systems for transport in South American countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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28 pages, 12814 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Environmental Factors on Pedestrian Summer Vitality in Urban Pedestrian Streets in Cold Regions Guided by Thermal Comfort: A Case Study of Sanlitun—Beijing, China

by Wenyu Zhou, Jinjiang Zhang, Xuan Li, Fei Guo and Peisheng Zhu

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10419; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310419 - 28 Nov 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3112

Abstract

In the context of increasingly extreme high temperatures during the summer in cold regions, the spatial vitality of urban blocks is significantly affected. In order to enhance the summer vitality of sustainable urban neighborhoods, this study explores the mechanisms of street elements and [...] Read more.

In the context of increasingly extreme high temperatures during the summer in cold regions, the spatial vitality of urban blocks is significantly affected. In order to enhance the summer vitality of sustainable urban neighborhoods, this study explores the mechanisms of street elements and vitality under the guidance of thermal comfort. Taking an urban pedestrian street in Sanlitun, Beijing, during a summer day as the research subject, this study systematically analyzed the impact of environmental factors such as street orientation, aspect ratio, three-dimensional greenery of trees, and tree spacing on the thermal comfort of street space. By quantitatively analyzing the relationship between thermal comfort and pedestrian vitality in different street spaces, this study reveals the mechanisms by which environmental factors enhance the summer usability and spatial vitality of pedestrian streets. The research results indicate that street vitality shows a gradually increasing trend throughout the day, particularly between 12:00 and 16:00, when thermal comfort significantly affects people’s vitality. Furthermore, univariate analysis reveals that the street aspect ratio is the primary factor influencing the spatial vitality of the southern section of the Sanlitun Taikoo Li pedestrian street, with a characteristic average of 8.28 over a week. Finally, the results of the multi-factor analysis show that, when enhancing street vitality, priority should be given to the interactions between street aspect ratio, tree greenery, temperature, and physiological equivalent temperature, where the correlation coefficient between street aspect ratio and vitality is 0.70, and that between temperature and physiological equivalent temperature is 0.63, both showing positive correlations. Research shows that, in street planning, a reasonable building aspect ratio (1:2 to 1:4) and scientific green design are key. By carefully controlling the planting density and greenery configuration of trees, optimal street space effects can be achieved. This study proposes sustainable urban design strategies by optimizing street space design and improving environmental thermal comfort, aiming to enhance the summer vitality of urban blocks in cold regions and advocate for a sustainable development model that combines ecological and social benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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11 pages, 2318 KB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Study on the Effects of Relative Humidity (RH) on Long-Wave Radiative Heat Gain in Residential Buildings

by Jie Chen, Fei Xue, Xiaoxue Jin, Stephen Siu Yu Lau and Yue Fan

Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3724; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123724 - 22 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2009

Abstract

Long-wave radiation cooling plays a pivotal role in building thermal design. Utilizing a steady-state method to determine surface heat transfer coefficients across diverse climates can result in discrepancies between the designed and actual cooling performance of a building’s envelope. To evaluate the influence [...] Read more.

Long-wave radiation cooling plays a pivotal role in building thermal design. Utilizing a steady-state method to determine surface heat transfer coefficients across diverse climates can result in discrepancies between the designed and actual cooling performance of a building’s envelope. To evaluate the influence of climate and surface emissivity on building heat transfer during summer, the numerical simulation method was employed to calculate the summer long-wave radiation for nine typical residential buildings across various climate regions. This study assesses the applicable meteorological conditions and distribution range of sky radiation technology. The findings indicate that buildings can effectively dissipate heat through sky radiation when the outdoor relative humidity is below 60% and the summer temperature difference exceeds 12 °C. Analysis of meteorological characteristics across different zones reveals a positive correlation between temperature deviations and sky radiative cooling potential, thereby identifying suitable climate zones for the implementation of sky radiative cooling technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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28 pages, 9113 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi Source Data-Based Method for Assessing Carbon Sequestration of Urban Parks from a Spatial–Temporal Perspective: A Case Study of Shanghai Century Park

by Yiqi Wang, Jiao Yu, Weixuan Wei and Nannan Dong

Land 2024, 13(11), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13111914 - 14 Nov 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2472

Abstract

As urbanization accelerates globally, urban areas have become major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, urban parks are crucial as significant components of carbon sinks. Using Shanghai Century Park as a case study, this study aims to develop an applicable and [...] Read more.

As urbanization accelerates globally, urban areas have become major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, urban parks are crucial as significant components of carbon sinks. Using Shanghai Century Park as a case study, this study aims to develop an applicable and reliable workflow to accurately assess the carbon sequestration capacity of urban parks from a spatial–temporal perspective. Firstly, the random forest model is employed for biotope classification and mapping in the park based on multi-source data, including raw spectral bands, vegetation indices, and texture features. Subsequently, the Net Primary Productivity and biomass of different biotope types are calculated, enabling dynamic monitoring of the park’s carbon sequestration capacity from 2018 to 2023. Moreover, the study explores the main factors influencing changes in carbon sequestration capacity from the management perspective. The findings reveal: (1) The application of multi-source imagery data enhances the accuracy of biotope mapping, with winter imagery proving more precise in classification. (2) From 2018 to 2023, Century Park’s carbon sequestration capacity showed a fluctuating upward trend, with significant variations in the carbon sequestration abilities of different biotope types within the park. (3) Renovation and construction work related to biotope types significantly impacted the park’s carbon sequestration capacity. Finally, the study proposes optimization strategies focused on species selection and layout, planting density, and park management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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23 pages, 10219 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Influence of the Built Environment and Personal Attributes on Commuting Distance: A Case Study of the Tianjin Central Area Divided by TAZ Units

by Jiayin Zhou, Jingyi Xin, Lingxin Meng and Lifeng Tan

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3561; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113561 - 8 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2180

Abstract

Long commuting distances pose a significant challenge for many large cities, undermining the principles of sustainable urban development. The factors influencing urban commuting distances among residents are complex and necessitate hierarchical analysis. This study uses Tianjin, one of China’s four municipalities, as a [...] Read more.

Long commuting distances pose a significant challenge for many large cities, undermining the principles of sustainable urban development. The factors influencing urban commuting distances among residents are complex and necessitate hierarchical analysis. This study uses Tianjin, one of China’s four municipalities, as a case study, employing transportation analysis zones (TAZ) as research units. We classify these units based on resident and working populations, extracting multiple built environment and personal attribute factors to establish a model that examines the influence of the job–housing balance. The analysis identifies 12 sub-items across two categories of influencing factors, with correlations tested through spatial analysis and linear regression. We found 28 positive associations and 35 negative associations. Notably, the job–housing relationship for the working population was generally more sensitive to changes than that of the resident population. At the TAZ level, personal attributes exerted a more significant influence on the job–housing balance than built environment factors, with commuting mode, life stage, age, and income level notably affecting commuting distances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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19 pages, 3675 KB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Mechanisms of Perceived Indoor Environmental Quality on Anxiety Symptoms in University

by Fei Guo, Mingxuan Luo, Hui Zhao, Zekun Du, Zhen Zhang, Hongchi Zhang, Jing Dong and Dongxu Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3530; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113530 - 5 Nov 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4728

Abstract

The indoor environment is widely acknowledged as a non-pharmacological tool for regulating residents’ mental health. In dormitory environments with relatively high residential density, the mental health of university students requires particular attention. This study surveyed 445 students from a northern Chinese university and [...] Read more.

The indoor environment is widely acknowledged as a non-pharmacological tool for regulating residents’ mental health. In dormitory environments with relatively high residential density, the mental health of university students requires particular attention. This study surveyed 445 students from a northern Chinese university and used structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the impact of perceived indoor environmental quality (IEQ)—including thermal, lighting, acoustics, indoor air quality, and overcrowding—on self-reported anxiety symptoms. The results indicated the following: (1) students’ perceptions of dormitory IEQ significantly affected anxiety symptoms, explaining 40% of the variance; (2) anxiety symptoms associated with the IEQ were mainly characterized by anxiety and panic (r = 0.91, p < 0.001); (3) subjective perceptions of the acoustic environment (r = −0.55, p < 0.001) and indoor air quality (r = −0.15, p < 0.05) were key predictors of anxiety, while thermal environment, lighting environment, and overcrowding were not significant. The findings enrich the IEQ system and provide directions for optimizing the dormitory indoor environment from the perspective of student mental health, with implications for other types of residential buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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16 pages, 6950 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Cover Change and Carbon Storage in the Northern Gulf Economic Zone of Guangxi Based on the InVEST Model

by Shu-Qi Huang, Da-Fang Wu, Yue-Ling Pan, Jin-Yao Lin and Ping Zhou

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1332; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111332 - 5 Nov 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2088

Abstract

In recent years, the international community has increasingly focused on the “dual carbon” issue, as human-induced land use changes significantly impact ecosystem structure and carbon cycling. This study analyzes land use changes in the economic zone of the northern Gulf of Guangxi from [...] Read more.

In recent years, the international community has increasingly focused on the “dual carbon” issue, as human-induced land use changes significantly impact ecosystem structure and carbon cycling. This study analyzes land use changes in the economic zone of the northern Gulf of Guangxi from 1980 to 2020, utilizing the InVEST model to simulate spatiotemporal changes in carbon storage and conducting zoning studies through spatial analysis. The findings reveal that ① forest land and arable land dominate the northern Gulf of Guangxi’s land use, with notable changes observed in forest land, unused land, and construction land areas. Forest land and construction land have increased by 1761.5 km² and 1001.19 km², respectively, while unused land has decreased by 1881.18 km² from 2000 to 2020. ② The total carbon storage values in the northern Gulf of Guangxi in 1980, 2000, and 2020 were, respectively, 504.91 × 10⁶/t, 487.29 × 10⁶/t, and 500.31 × 10⁶/t, with the expansion of construction land and conversion of forest land being the main reasons for the decrease in carbon storage. ③ In the northern Gulf of Guangxi, there is a slight upward trend in total carbon storage values over time. Spatially, higher carbon storage values are observed in mountainous and hilly areas at high altitudes, while the central and southern coastal areas exhibit lower carbon storage values. ④ The local spatial autocorrelation results reveal that Pu Bei County exhibits high–high clustering of carbon storage, while He Pu County undergoes a transition from high–low to low–low clustering, and several other administrative areas in Beihai demonstrates low–low clustering. Due to the imperative of economic development, the expansion of urban construction land encroaches upon ecological land, resulting in a decline in carbon storage. Therefore, in the Northern Gulf of Guangxi, it is essential to implement measures such as reforestation and establish ecological protection areas such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands to develop effective carbon sequestration methods and compensate for the carbon loss caused by the expansion of construction land. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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24 pages, 5250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Heterogeneity Effects of Urban Morphology on Building Energy Consumption from a Spatio-Temporal Perspective Using Old Residential Buildings on a University Campus

by Jinhui Ma, Haijing Huang, Mingxi Peng and Yihuan Zhou

Land 2024, 13(10), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101683 - 15 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2794

Abstract

The significant increase in building energy consumption poses a major challenge to environmental sustainability. In this process, urban morphology plays a pivotal role in shaping building energy consumption. However, its impact may exhibit latent heterogeneity due to differences in temporal resolution and spatial [...] Read more.

The significant increase in building energy consumption poses a major challenge to environmental sustainability. In this process, urban morphology plays a pivotal role in shaping building energy consumption. However, its impact may exhibit latent heterogeneity due to differences in temporal resolution and spatial scales. For urban energy planning and energy consumption modeling, it is crucial to pinpoint when and where urban morphology parameters matter, an overlooked aspect in prior research. This study quantitatively explores this heterogeneity, utilizing a detailed dataset from old residential buildings within a university campus. Spatial lag models were employed for cross-modeling across various temporal and spatial dimensions. The results show that annual and seasonal spatial regression models perform best within a 150 m buffer zone. However, not all significant indicators fall within this range, suggesting that blindly applying the same range to all indicators may lead to inaccurate conclusions. Moreover, significant urban morphology indicators vary in quantity, category, and directionality. The green space ratio exhibits correlations with energy consumption in annual, summer, and winter periods within buffer zones of 150 m, 50~100 m, and 100 m, respectively. It notably displays a negative correlation with annual energy consumption but a positive correlation with winter energy consumption. To address this heterogeneity, this study proposes a three-tiered framework—macro-level project decomposition, establishing a key indicator library, and energy consumption comparisons, facilitating more targeted urban energy model and energy management decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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18 pages, 8643 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Mechanism of Street Spatial Form on Thermal Comfort from Urban Morphology and Human-Centered Perspectives: A Study Based on Multi-Source Data

by Fei Guo, Mingxuan Luo, Chenxi Zhang, Jun Cai, Xiang Zhang, Hongchi Zhang and Jing Dong

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3253; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103253 - 14 Oct 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3920

Abstract

The influence of street spatial form on thermal comfort from urban morphology and human-centered perspectives has been underexplored. This study, utilizing multi-source data and focusing on urban central districts, establishes a refined index system for street spatial form and a thermal comfort prediction [...] Read more.

The influence of street spatial form on thermal comfort from urban morphology and human-centered perspectives has been underexplored. This study, utilizing multi-source data and focusing on urban central districts, establishes a refined index system for street spatial form and a thermal comfort prediction model based on extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). The results reveal the following: (1) Thermal comfort levels display spatial heterogeneity, with areas of thermal discomfort concentrated in commercial zones and plaza spaces. (2) Compared to the human-centered perspective, urban morphology indicators correlate strongly with thermal comfort. (3) The key factors influencing thermal comfort, in descending order of importance, are distance from green and blue infrastructure (GBI), tree visibility factor (TVF), street aspect ratio (H/W), orientation, functional diversity indices, and sky view factor. All but the TVF negatively correlates with thermal comfort. (4) In local analyses, the primary factors affecting thermal comfort vary across streets with different heat-risk levels. In high heat-risk streets, thermal comfort is mainly influenced by distance from GBI, H/W, and orientation, whereas in low heat-risk streets, vegetation-related factors dominate. These findings provide a new methodological approach for optimizing urban thermal environments from both urban and human perspectives, offering theoretical insights for creating more comfortable cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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27 pages, 88524 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cold Coastal City Neighborhood Morphology Design Method Based on Multi-Objective Optimization Simulation Analysis

by Sheng Xu, Peisheng Zhu, Fei Guo, Duoduo Yan, Shiyu Miao, Hongchi Zhang, Jing Dong and Xianchao Fan

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3176; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103176 - 5 Oct 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2885

Abstract

In the context of global warming and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather, coastal cities are more susceptible to the heat island effect and localized microclimate problems due to the significant influence of the oceanic climate. This study proposes a computer-driven simulation optimization [...] Read more.

In the context of global warming and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather, coastal cities are more susceptible to the heat island effect and localized microclimate problems due to the significant influence of the oceanic climate. This study proposes a computer-driven simulation optimization method based on a multi-objective optimization algorithm, combined with tools such as Grasshopper, Ladybug, Honeybee and Wallacei, to provide scientific optimization decision intervals for morphology control and evaluation factors at the initial stage of coastal city block design. The effectiveness of this optimization strategy is verified through empirical research on typical coastal neighborhoods in Dalian. The results show that the strategy derived from the multi-objective optimization-based evaluation significantly improves the wind environment and thermal comfort of Dalian neighborhoods in winter and summer: the optimization reduced the average wind speed inside the block by 0.47 m/s and increased the UTCI by 0.48 °C in winter, and it increased the wind speed to 1.5 m/s and decreased the UTCI by 0.59 °C in summer. This study shows that the use of simulation assessment and multi-objective optimization technology to adjust the block form of coastal cities can effectively improve the seasonal wind and heat environment and provide a scientific basis for the design and renewal of coastal cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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