The goal of this review paper will be to address complex optimization functions in the area of overcurrent relay optimization, to inspect and valorize their objectives and to critically examine their application in real distribution networks. Special...
The inclusion of distributed energy resources (DER) in Microgrids (MGs) comes at the expense of increased changes in current direction and magnitude. In the autonomous mode of MG operation, the penetration of synchronous distributed generators (DGs)...
Wind power systems are being integrated increasingly into the power grid because of their large capacity and easy access to the transmission grid. The reliability of wind power plants is very important and the elimination of protective relay’s malfun...
The optimization of overcurrent relays’ operation is a topic associated with protection coordination of distribution networks. Usually, this refers to medium-voltage networks, since they are protected by numerical relay devices, as opposed to l...
The relay coordination problem is of dire importance as it is critical to isolate the faulty portion in a timely way and thus ensure electrical network security and reliability. Meanwhile a relay protection optimization problem is highly constraint a...
When a fault occurs on the transmission line, the relay should send the faulty signal to the circuit breaker to trip or isolate the line. Timely detection is integral to fault protection and the management of transmission lines in power systems. This...
In recent years, with the growing popularity of smart microgrids in distribution networks, the effective coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) has presented a significant challenge for power system operators due to the intricate and...
In the electrical power system, the coordination of directional overcurrent protection relays (DOPR) plays a preeminent role in protecting the electrical power system with the help of primary and back up protection to keep the system vigorous and to...
The hybridization of PSO for the Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Protection Relays (DOPR) of the IEEE bus system proposes a new method for coordinating directional overcurrent protection relays in power systems. The method combines th...
Penetration of the power grid by renewable energy sources, distributed storage, and distributed generators is becoming increasingly common. Increased utilization of these distributed energy resources (DERs) has given rise to additional protection coo...
This paper presents an integrated overcurrent relays coordination approach for an Egyptian electric power distribution system. The protection scheme suits all network topologies, including adding distribution generation units (DGs) and creating new p...
Microgrids (MGs) are revolutionizing modern power systems by enabling decentralized energy production, renewable energy integration, and enhanced grid resilience. However, the increasing complexity of MGs, particularly with the integration of Distrib...
In an electrical power system, the coordination of the overcurrent relays plays an important role in protecting the electrical system by providing primary as well as backup protection. To reduce power outages, the coordination between these relays sh...
This paper proposes an adaptive protection scheme (APS) based on the original heap-based optimization (HBO) and a modified HBO (MHBO). APS is used to solve protection relays coordination problems that include directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) as...
In power systems protection, the optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is of paramount importance. The coordination of DOCRs in a multi-loop power system is formulated as an optimization problem. The main objective of this pa...
In electrical engineering problems, bio- and nature-inspired optimization techniques are valuable ways to minimize or maximize an objective function. We use the root tree algorithm (RTO), inspired by the random movement of roots, to search for the gl...
The ever increasing presence of renewable distributed generation (DG) in microgrids is imposing new challenges in protection coordination. The high penetration of renewable DG enables microgrids to operate under different topologies, giving rise to b...
The relative protective devices are cascaded in a proper sequence with a proper min/max coordination time margin (CTM) to minimize the outage area of the network in case of fault condition. This manuscript addresses a new methodology based on the gor...
This paper presents an adaptive protection scheme (APS) for solving the coordination problem that deals with coordination directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) and distance relays second zone time, in relation to coordination with DOCRs. The coordin...
The use of a directional overcurrent protection relay (DOPR) to protect an electrical power system is a crucial instrument for keeping the system dynamic and avoiding undue interruption. The coordination of a DOPR’s primary and backup relays is...
Protecting AC microgrids (MGs) is a challenging task due to their dual operating modes—grid-connected and islanded—which cause sudden variations in fault currents. Traditional protection methods may no longer ensure network security. This...
Integration of distributed generators (DGs) into a distribution network (DN) can cause coordination challenges of overcurrent relays (OCRs) because of different fault-current contributions of DGs as well as the directional change in fault currents. T...
Microgrids constitute complex systems that integrate distributed generation (DG) and feature different operational modes. The optimal coordination of directional over-current relays (DOCRs) in microgrids is a challenging task, especially if topology...
The optimal coordination of overcurrent relays (OCRs) has recently become a major challenge owing to the ever-increasing participation of distributed generation (DG) and the multi-looped structure of modern distribution networks (DNs). Furthermore, t...
The application of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) plays an important role in protecting power systems and ensuring their safe, reliable, and efficient operation. However, coordinating DOCRs involves solving a highly constrained and nonlinear...
In recent years, distributed generation (DG) has become more common in modern distribution networks (DNs). The presence of these small-scale generation units within a DN brings new challenges to protection engineers, since short-circuit currents tend...
In the contemporary context of power network protection, acknowledging uncertainties in safeguarding recent power networks integrated with distributed generation (DG) is imperative to uphold the dependability, security, and efficiency of the grid ami...
Efficient coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is vital for maintaining the stability and reliability of electrical power systems (EPSs). The task of optimizing DOCR coordination in complex power networks is modeled as an optimizati...
Electric power distribution networks are generally radial in nature, with unidirectional power flows transmitted from the highest voltage levels to the consumption levels. The protection system in these distribution networks is relatively simple and...
In case of an error in the power system, it is the duty of the protection relays to isolate the faulty part from the rest of the system as soon as possible. Overcurrent and distance relays are usually used to protect the transmission and super distri...
In electrical power systems, directional overcurrent relay (DOCR) coordination is assumed to be an essential component of the system for protection purposes. To diminish and reduce power losses, the coordination between these relays ought to be kept...
The proper coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is crucial in electrical power systems. The coordination of DOCRs in a multi-loop power system is expressed as an optimization problem. The aim of this study focuses on improving the p...
In this paper, the authors have developed a hardware model for blocking even and odd harmonics of a power transformer. In the proposed hardware model, intelligent differential & over-current relays are used for the blocking of harmonics of a powe...
This paper introduces a two-stage protection coordination framework designed for grid-connected and islanded microgrids (MGs) that integrate distributed generations (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). The first stage focuses on determining the o...
This paper proposes the assessment method of the protection coordination index (PCI) for overcurrent protection relay and upstream relay. The protection coordination index is an indicator of how properly the equipment is protected by protective relay...
This paper introduces a new protection system for solar photovoltaic generator (SPVG)-connected networks. The system is a combination of voltage-restrained overcurrent relays (VROCRs) and directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs). The DOCRs are implemen...
The protection relay issues increase with the penetration of distributed generation (DG) units in distribution networks. Blind protection, sympathetic tripping and failure of reclosing are the frequent problems that are created by adding DG to the di...
Conventional protection schemes in the distribution system are liable to suffer from high penetration of renewable energy source-based distributed generation (RES-DG). The characteristics of RES-DG, such as wind turbine generators (WTGs), are stochas...
As the development of renewable distributed generations (DGs) is growing rapidly, the autonomous self-healing microgrid had emerged as an effective solution for integrating renewable DGs in the distribution networks. However, before the autonomous se...
Due to the high penetration of renewable energy sources into the electrical power network, overcurrent relays coordination with highly sensitive and selective protection systems are now two of the most important power protection concerns. In this res...
Engineering laboratories are key elements in engineering learning and are essential for a concrete understanding of engineering topics and experiments. These key laboratories are no longer just hardware-dependent, they are a creative combination of p...
A directional overcurrent relay is commonly used to protect the power distribution networks of a distributed system. The selection of the appropriate settings for the relays is an important component of the protection strategies used to isolate the f...
In this research paper, an adaptive and intelligent protection scheme is developed that brings selectivity and sensitivity to the conventional overcurrent relays considering the changes in grid topologies, changes in grid operation modes, and changes...
Much attention has been paid to the optimized protection of microgrids (MGs) and active distribution networks (ADNs). However, the literature shows a research gap in proposing a hybrid scheme, utilizing the voltage-based and overcurrent-based relays,...
Distributed, generation-based micro-grids are increasingly being used in the build-up of the modern power system. However, the protection of these micro-grids has many challenges. One of the important challenges is the coordination of directional ove...
This study examines the impact of Inverter-Based Distributed Generators (IIDGs) on short-circuit currents detected by the main relay at the head of a radial feeder. It highlights how changes in fault currents induced by these inverter technologies ca...
Guaranteeing the effective coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) within microgrids (MGs) is a complex nonlinear problem due to bidirectional power flows, varying fault current levels, and the need for adaptive operation across multip...
The miscoordination and malfunctioning of directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) may occur due to a significant change in the fault current level (FCL) and a change in the network topology, from a radial to ring topology, caused by renewable energy re...
The high penetration of distributed photovoltaics (PV) into distribution networks alters the system’s short-circuit current characteristics, posing risks of maloperation and failure-to-operate to conventional inverse-time overcurrent protection...
Due to the demand for eco-friendly energy, distributed energy resources (DERs) using renewable energy have increased. The increase in DER has caused the power system to become more complex and caused problems in the protection system. Typical problem...
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