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Advanced Control Strategies for Power Converters and Microgrids

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F3: Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 July 2026 | Viewed by 5695

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 15000, China
Interests: power electronic converter; microgrid operation control
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, microgrids (MGs) have received widespread attention as small-scale power distribution systems that can effectively integrate distributed power generation units, renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and different types of power electronic loads. They can be employed not only in traditional power systems, but also in emerging fields such as distributed energy systems, electric transportation, aerospace, and unmanned propulsion systems. This attention has facilitated the current advancement of MGs in terms of power electronics devices, topologies, theoretical analyses, modeling methods, control strategies, optimal scheduling, and cybersecurity, which are characterized by their highly integrated structures, flexible and autonomous operation, efficient use of energy, high reliability in terms of power supply, and high power quality.

On the one hand, converters in MGs should exhibit excellent transient performance in dealing with source-load-side disturbances, while the negative incremental impedance of constant power loads can adversely affect the stable operation of MGs, which drives research in the areas of advanced control strategies and large-signal stabilization. On the other hand, the increasing use of deeply converged cyber–physical systems in MGs has driven research in the areas of multi-intelligent consensus algorithms, highly integrated distributed control, cooperative strategies under non-ideal communication, multi-objective optimal economic dispatch, and resilient control under cyber attack, leading to the development of highly reliable topologies and high-performance control strategies.

The Special Issue aims to introduce and disseminate the latest advances in theoretical analysis, structural design, system modeling, control strategies, and extended applications related to AC/DC MGs with various types of converters.

Areas of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • All aspects of DC MGs, AC MGs, hybrid AC/DC MG,s and MG clusters;
  • MG topologies and application technologies for additional electric transportation, aerospace, and new energy systems;
  • Integration of renewable energy and energy storage;
  • Advanced control of MG converters;
  • Distributed cooperative control for MGs;
  • Cybersecurity and resilient control;
  • High-efficiency integrated power converter development;
  • Energy management and scheduling algorithms;
  • Advanced modeling techniques for MGs;
  • System stability analysis methods;
  • Electromagnetic compatibility for devices in MGs;

Dr. Panbao Wang
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • microgrids
  • power electronics devices
  • topology
  • theoretical analysis
  • modeling methods
  • control strategies
  • optimized scheduling
  • cybersecurity

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 4524 KB  
Article
High-Performance DC–DC Converter Applied to the Receiving End of Current-Source WPT Systems
by Li-Ang Zhang, Yihan Liu, Yukui Wang, Zhenli Zang, Huibao Li and Shuai Dong
Energies 2026, 19(10), 2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102385 - 15 May 2026
Viewed by 190
Abstract
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems often face performance limitations due to the right-half-plane zero (RHPz) in conventional constant-current-fed Buck converters, which can lead to negative undershoot and a slow dynamic response. In this paper, we propose a Buck converter topology with an additional [...] Read more.
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems often face performance limitations due to the right-half-plane zero (RHPz) in conventional constant-current-fed Buck converters, which can lead to negative undershoot and a slow dynamic response. In this paper, we propose a Buck converter topology with an additional active switch in series with the input capacitor. This mechanism-level modification effectively mitigates the RHPz. The operating modes, steady-state behavior, and small-signal characteristics of the converter are systematically analyzed. A tailored control strategy enables independent regulation of input and output capacitor charging times, supporting improved voltage regulation. Experimental results indicate that the proposed converter reduces settling time by approximately 83%, substantially suppresses negative undershoot, and maintains stable voltage regulation under reference step changes and load transients. The converter maintains high efficiency while demonstrating improved dynamic performance and stability relative to conventional topologies, providing a practical approach for advanced WPT applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Strategies for Power Converters and Microgrids)
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23 pages, 9159 KB  
Article
Synthesis of Sliding Mode Control Strategy for T-Type Grid Inverter in Presence Grid Voltage Disturbance
by Albert Sawiński, Piotr Chudzik and Karol Tatar
Energies 2026, 19(3), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030790 - 3 Feb 2026
Viewed by 387
Abstract
The paper proposes a new hybrid sliding mode control algorithm based on saturated-type reaching law for current regulation of a grid-following inverter in a microgrid connected to the power grid, ensuring system stability under severe main grid voltage disturbances. The system contains the [...] Read more.
The paper proposes a new hybrid sliding mode control algorithm based on saturated-type reaching law for current regulation of a grid-following inverter in a microgrid connected to the power grid, ensuring system stability under severe main grid voltage disturbances. The system contains the control system, T-type inverter, LCL filter, and DC source. First, a mathematical model of the above-described microgrid structure is proposed. The designs of well-known SMC algorithms used to control the power grid current are presented. This work introduces a new hybrid SMC method based on saturated-type reaching law, which is later used in the control system for a specific test scenario including voltage grid disturbance. For this case, an additional and extended stability analysis is conducted to obtain the controller parameters that shall provide the system with greater robustness and a faster convergence to the desired state after prior displacement. The primary objective of this study is to enhance the quality of transmitted energy in a power electronic system by means of a novel sliding mode control approach with a hybrid reaching law, while reducing the system’s sensitivity to selected external disturbances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Strategies for Power Converters and Microgrids)
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17 pages, 1069 KB  
Article
Distributed Model Predictive Control-Based Power Management Scheme for Grid-Integrated Microgrids
by Sergio Escareno, Sijo Augustine, Liang Sun, Sathishkumar J. Ranade, Olga Lavrova, Enrico Pontelli and John Hedengren
Energies 2026, 19(2), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020406 - 14 Jan 2026
Viewed by 788
Abstract
Transitioning from traditional electrical grids to smart grids is currently an ongoing process that many nations are striving for due to their access to renewable resources. Energy management is one of the key parameters that decides the performance of such complex systems. Distributed [...] Read more.
Transitioning from traditional electrical grids to smart grids is currently an ongoing process that many nations are striving for due to their access to renewable resources. Energy management is one of the key parameters that decides the performance of such complex systems. Distributed Model Predictive Control (DMPC) is a promising technique that can be used to improve the energy management of grid-connected systems. This paper analyzes a grid-connected inverter system with DMPC that exchanges key operating parameters with the grid to optimize coordinated power sharing between its respective loads. The state-space model for the inverter is derived and verified to ensure controllability and observability. A state observer for an inverter system is then developed to estimate the nominal states in the derived state-space model. The system performance is evaluated with MATLAB simulation by implementing load disturbances, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed power management control algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Strategies for Power Converters and Microgrids)
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28 pages, 8888 KB  
Article
Decentralized DC Power-Exchange System for DC Microgrids
by Hirohito Yamada and Qiongyan Tang
Energies 2025, 18(24), 6576; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246576 - 16 Dec 2025
Viewed by 548
Abstract
A decentralized DC power-exchange method is proposed to enable direct bidirectional power transfer among geographically distributed DC microgrids. Each microgrid is connected to a shared power-exchange grid via a bidirectional DC/DC converter, allowing for flexible participation regardless of location. The architecture supports dynamic [...] Read more.
A decentralized DC power-exchange method is proposed to enable direct bidirectional power transfer among geographically distributed DC microgrids. Each microgrid is connected to a shared power-exchange grid via a bidirectional DC/DC converter, allowing for flexible participation regardless of location. The architecture supports dynamic scalability, permitting microgrids to join or leave the exchange network without disrupting overall operation. To evaluate the feasibility of the proposed method, a 2-to-2 power-exchange experiment was conducted using lithium-ion batteries configured to emulate microgrid baselines. The results demonstrated that arbitrary power ratios can be achieved through appropriate adjustment of converter parameters, and that transmission loss and efficiency varies depending on the power distribution ratio. In addition, the operational stability of the system was experimentally verified under sudden fluctuations in baseline voltage, such as those caused by abrupt changes in generation or load. Stable power exchange was maintained even under disturbances of several percent. These findings confirm the practicality and robustness of the converter-based architecture and highlight its applicability to scalable, distributed DC microgrid interconnection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Strategies for Power Converters and Microgrids)
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Review

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20 pages, 2983 KB  
Review
A Review of Dynamic Power Allocation Strategies for Hybrid Power Supply Systems: From Ground-Based Microgrids to More Electric Aircraft
by Guihua Liu, Ye Tao, Xinyu Wang and Kun Liu
Energies 2026, 19(4), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19040997 - 13 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 544
Abstract
The evolution of Hybrid Power Supply Systems (HPSSs) has extended from ground-based microgrids to the safety-critical domain of More Electric Aircraft (MEA). This paper presents a comprehensive review of dynamic power allocation strategies, bridging the gap between mature ground-based control theories and the [...] Read more.
The evolution of Hybrid Power Supply Systems (HPSSs) has extended from ground-based microgrids to the safety-critical domain of More Electric Aircraft (MEA). This paper presents a comprehensive review of dynamic power allocation strategies, bridging the gap between mature ground-based control theories and the stringent operational requirements of aerospace systems. Strategies are systematically classified into centralized, decentralized, and distributed architectures based on control structures. Evaluations indicate that centralized strategies, while effective in microgrids, achieve global optimality but face reliability constraints in airborne environments. In contrast, decentralized strategies based on virtual impedance ensure the high reliability and “plug-and-play” modularity essential for avionics yet often yield suboptimal coordination. Consequently, distributed cooperative control is identified as the most promising paradigm to bridge this gap, synthesizing optimization with fault tolerance. Finally, critical challenges in adapting these technologies to aviation—spanning algorithmic determinism and airworthiness certification—are discussed, and future trends in hybrid intelligence and digital twin-based verification are outlined for next-generation airborne energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Strategies for Power Converters and Microgrids)
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34 pages, 3257 KB  
Review
Protection in Inverter-Dominated Grids: Fault Behavior of Grid-Following vs. Grid-Forming Inverters and Mixed Architectures—A Review
by Md Nurunnabi and Shuhui Li
Energies 2026, 19(3), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030684 - 28 Jan 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1629
Abstract
The rapid rise of inverter-based resources (IBRs) such as solar, wind, and battery energy storage is transforming power grids and creating new challenges for protection. Unlike synchronous generators, many IBRs are interfaced through grid-following (GFL) inverters that operate as controlled current sources and [...] Read more.
The rapid rise of inverter-based resources (IBRs) such as solar, wind, and battery energy storage is transforming power grids and creating new challenges for protection. Unlike synchronous generators, many IBRs are interfaced through grid-following (GFL) inverters that operate as controlled current sources and rely on an external voltage reference, resulting in fault responses that are current-limited and controller-shaped. These characteristics reduce fault current magnitude and can undermine conventional protection schemes. In contrast, emerging grid-forming (GFM) inverters behave as voltage sources that establish local voltage and frequency, offering improved disturbance support but still transitioning to current-limited operation under severe faults. This review summarizes GFL versus GFM operating principles and deployments, compares their behavior under balanced and unbalanced faults, and evaluates protection impacts using a protection-relevant taxonomy supported by illustrative electromagnetic transient (EMT) case studies. Key challenges, including underreach/overreach of impedance-based elements, reduced overcurrent sensitivity, and directional misoperation, are identified. Mitigation options are discussed, spanning adaptive/supervised relaying, communication-assisted and differential protection, and inverter-side fault current shaping and GFM integration. The implications of IEEE 1547-2018 and IEEE 2800-2022 are reviewed to clarify ride-through and support requirements that constrain protection design in high-IBR systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Strategies for Power Converters and Microgrids)
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24 pages, 3752 KB  
Review
A Review of Filters for Conducted Electromagnetic Interference Suppression in Converters
by Chenyu Cao, Panbao Wang, Wei Wang and Dianguo Xu
Energies 2025, 18(24), 6470; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246470 - 10 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1128
Abstract
With the evolution of semiconductor devices, power electronics systems are trending towards higher frequencies and greater integration, leading to increasingly severe electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues. As an effective means of suppressing EMI, EMI filters have been extensively researched consequently. Over the past few [...] Read more.
With the evolution of semiconductor devices, power electronics systems are trending towards higher frequencies and greater integration, leading to increasingly severe electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues. As an effective means of suppressing EMI, EMI filters have been extensively researched consequently. Over the past few decades, research on EMI filters has yielded a wealth of valuable achievements. However, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive and systematic collation of different EMI filters. In order to fill this gap, this work presents a thorough survey of EMI filters. According to their principles and implementation methods, these EMI filters can be broadly categorized into three types: Passive EMI Filters (PEFs), Active EMI Filters (AEFs) and integrated electromagnetic EMI filters (IEFs). Based on the review of the principles for each category, this paper analyzes their respective advantages, drawbacks, and development status. Through organization and categorization, this work aims to provide a reference for researchers and designers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Strategies for Power Converters and Microgrids)
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