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Search Results (738)

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16 pages, 3421 KiB  
Article
The Role of Ocean Penetrative Solar Radiation in the Evolution of Mediterranean Storm Daniel
by John Karagiorgos, Platon Patlakas, Vassilios Vervatis and Sarantis Sofianos
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(15), 2684; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152684 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 118
Abstract
Air–sea interactions play a pivotal role in shaping cyclone development and evolution. In this context, this study investigates the role of ocean optical properties and solar radiation penetration in modulating subsurface heat content and their subsequent influence on the intensity of Mediterranean cyclones. [...] Read more.
Air–sea interactions play a pivotal role in shaping cyclone development and evolution. In this context, this study investigates the role of ocean optical properties and solar radiation penetration in modulating subsurface heat content and their subsequent influence on the intensity of Mediterranean cyclones. Using a regional coupled ocean–wave–atmosphere model, we conducted sensitivity experiments for Storm Daniel (2023) comparing two solar radiation penetration schemes in the ocean model component: one with a constant light attenuation depth and another with chlorophyll-dependent attenuation based on satellite estimates. Results show that the chlorophyll-driven radiative heating scheme consistently produces warmer sea surface temperatures (SSTs) prior to cyclone onset, leading to stronger cyclones characterized by deeper minimum mean sea-level pressure, intensified convective activity, and increased rainfall. However, post-storm SST cooling is also amplified due to stronger wind stress and vertical mixing, potentially influencing subsequent local atmospheric conditions. Overall, this work demonstrates that ocean bio-optical processes can meaningfully impact Mediterranean cyclone behavior, highlighting the importance of using appropriate underwater light attenuation schemes and ocean color remote sensing data in coupled models. Full article
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38 pages, 6505 KiB  
Review
Trends in Oil Spill Modeling: A Review of the Literature
by Rodrigo N. Vasconcelos, André T. Cunha Lima, Carlos A. D. Lentini, José Garcia V. Miranda, Luís F. F. de Mendonça, Diego P. Costa, Soltan G. Duverger and Elaine C. B. Cambui
Water 2025, 17(15), 2300; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152300 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 285
Abstract
Oil spill simulation models are essential for predicting the oil spill behavior and movement in marine environments. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed a large and diverse body of peer-reviewed literature obtained from Scopus and Web of Science. Our initial analysis phase focused [...] Read more.
Oil spill simulation models are essential for predicting the oil spill behavior and movement in marine environments. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed a large and diverse body of peer-reviewed literature obtained from Scopus and Web of Science. Our initial analysis phase focused on examining trends in scientific publications, utilizing the complete dataset derived after systematic screening and database integration. In the second phase, we applied elements of a systematic review to identify and evaluate the most influential contributions in the scientific field of oil spill simulations. Our analysis revealed a steady and accelerating growth of research activity over the past five decades, with a particularly notable expansion in the last two. The field has also experienced a marked increase in collaborative practices, including a rise in international co-authorship and multi-authored contributions, reflecting a more global and interdisciplinary research landscape. We cataloged the key modeling frameworks that have shaped the field from established systems such as OSCAR, OIL-MAP/SIMAP, and GNOME to emerging hybrid and Lagrangian approaches. Hydrodynamic models were consistently central, often integrated with biogeochemical, wave, atmospheric, and oil-spill-specific modules. Environmental variables such as wind, ocean currents, and temperature were frequently used to drive model behavior. Geographically, research has concentrated on ecologically and economically sensitive coastal and marine regions. We conclude that future progress will rely on the real-time integration of high-resolution environmental data streams, the development of machine-learning-based surrogate models to accelerate computations, and the incorporation of advanced biodegradation and weathering mechanisms supported by experimental data. These advancements are expected to enhance the accuracy, responsiveness, and operational value of oil spill modeling tools, supporting environmental monitoring and emergency response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Remote Sensing for Coastal System Monitoring and Management)
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23 pages, 2122 KiB  
Article
Climate Change of Near-Surface Temperature in South Africa Based on Weather Station Data, ERA5 Reanalysis, and CMIP6 Models
by Ilya Serykh, Svetlana Krasheninnikova, Tatiana Gorbunova, Roman Gorbunov, Joseph Akpan, Oluyomi Ajayi, Maliga Reddy, Paul Musonge, Felix Mora-Camino and Oludolapo Akanni Olanrewaju
Climate 2025, 13(8), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13080161 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 249
Abstract
This study investigates changes in Near-Surface Air Temperature (NSAT) over the South African region using weather station data, reanalysis products, and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) model outputs. It is shown that, based on ERA5 reanalysis, the average NSAT increase in [...] Read more.
This study investigates changes in Near-Surface Air Temperature (NSAT) over the South African region using weather station data, reanalysis products, and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) model outputs. It is shown that, based on ERA5 reanalysis, the average NSAT increase in the region (45–10° S, 0–50° E) for the period 1940–2023 was 0.11 ± 0.04 °C. Weak multi-decadal changes in NSAT were observed from 1940 to the mid-1970s, followed by a rapid warming trend starting in the mid-1970s. Weather station data generally confirm these results, although they exhibit considerable inter-station variability. An ensemble of 33 CMIP6 models also reproduces these multi-decadal NSAT change characteristics. Specifically, the average model-simulated NSAT values for the region increased by 0.63 ± 0.12 °C between the periods 1940–1969 and 1994–2023. Based on the results of the comparison between weather station observations, reanalysis, and models, we utilize projections of NSAT changes from the analyzed ensemble of 33 CMIP6 models until the end of the 21st century under various Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios. These projections indicate that the average NSAT of the South African region will increase between 1994–2023 and 2070–2099 by 0.92 ± 0.36 °C under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, by 1.73 ± 0.44 °C under SSP2-4.5, by 2.52 ± 0.50 °C under SSP3-7.0, and by 3.17 ± 0.68 °C under SSP5-8.5. Between 1994–2023 and 2025–2054, the increase in average NSAT for the studied region, considering inter-model spread, will be 0.49–1.15 °C, depending on the SSP scenario. Furthermore, climate warming in South Africa, both in the next 30 years and by the end of the 21st century, is projected to occur according to all 33 CMIP6 models under all considered SSP scenarios. The main spatial feature of this warming is a more significant increase in NSAT over the landmass of the studied region compared to its surrounding waters, due to the stabilizing role of the ocean. Full article
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34 pages, 6236 KiB  
Article
Factors Impacting Projected Annual Energy Production from Offshore Wind Farms on the US East and West Coasts
by Rebecca J. Barthelmie, Kelsey B. Thompson and Sara C. Pryor
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4037; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154037 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 185
Abstract
Simulations are conducted using a microscale model framework to quantify differences in projected Annual Energy Production (AEP), Capacity Factor (CF) and wake losses for large offshore wind farms that arise due to different input datasets, installed capacity density (ICD) and/or wake parameterizations. Differences [...] Read more.
Simulations are conducted using a microscale model framework to quantify differences in projected Annual Energy Production (AEP), Capacity Factor (CF) and wake losses for large offshore wind farms that arise due to different input datasets, installed capacity density (ICD) and/or wake parameterizations. Differences in CF (and AEP) and wake losses that arise due to the selection of the wake parameterization have the same magnitude as varying the ICD within the likely range of 2–9 MW km−2. CF simulated with most wake parameterizations have a near-linear relationship with ICD in this range, and the slope of the dependency on ICD is similar to that in mesoscale simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Microscale simulations show that remotely generated wakes can double AEP losses in individual lease areas (LA) within a large LA cluster. Finally, simulations with the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST) model are shown to differ in terms of wake-induced AEP reduction from those with the WRF model by up to 5%, but this difference is smaller than differences in CF caused by the wind farm parameterization used in the mesoscale modeling. Enhanced evaluation of mesoscale and microscale wake parameterizations against observations of climatological representative AEP and time-varying power production from wind farm Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) data remains critical to improving the accuracy of predictive AEP modeling for large offshore wind farms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)
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17 pages, 3919 KiB  
Article
On the Links Between Tropical Sea Level and Surface Air Temperature in Middle and High Latitudes
by Sergei Soldatenko, Genrikh Alekseev and Yaromir Angudovich
Atmosphere 2025, 16(8), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080913 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 197
Abstract
Change in sea level (SL) is an important indicator of global warming, since it reflects alterations in several components of the climate system at once. The main factors behind this phenomenon are the melting of glaciers and thermal expansion of ocean water, with [...] Read more.
Change in sea level (SL) is an important indicator of global warming, since it reflects alterations in several components of the climate system at once. The main factors behind this phenomenon are the melting of glaciers and thermal expansion of ocean water, with the latter contributing about 40% to the overall rise in SL. Rising SL indirectly indicates an increase in ocean heat content and, consequently, its surface temperature. Previous studies have found that tropical sea surface temperature (SST) is critical to regulating the Earth’s climate and weather patterns in high and mid-latitudes. For this reason, SST and SL in the tropics can be considered as precursors of both global climate change and the emergence of climate anomalies in extratropical latitudes. Although SST has been used in this capacity in a number of studies, similar research regarding SL had not been conducted until recently. In this paper, we examine the links between SL in the tropical North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans and surface air temperature (SAT) at mid- and high latitudes, with the aim of assessing the potential of SL as a predictor in forecasting SAT anomalies. To identify similarities between the variability of tropical SL and SST and that of SAT in high- and mid-latitude regions, as well as to estimate possible time lags, we applied factor analysis, clustering, cross-correlation and cross-spectral analyses. The results reveal a structural similarity in the internal variability of tropical SL and extratropical SAT, along with a significant lagged relationship between them, with a time lag of several years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Climatology)
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29 pages, 4258 KiB  
Review
Corrosion Performance of Atmospheric Corrosion Resistant Steel Bridges in the Current Climate: A Performance Review
by Nafiseh Ebrahimi, Melina Roshanfar, Mojtaba Momeni and Olga Naboka
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3510; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153510 - 26 Jul 2025
Viewed by 519
Abstract
Weathering steel (WS) is widely used in bridge construction due to its high corrosion resistance, durability, and low maintenance requirements. This paper reviews the performance of WS bridges in Canadian climates, focusing on the formation of protective patina, influencing factors, and long-term maintenance [...] Read more.
Weathering steel (WS) is widely used in bridge construction due to its high corrosion resistance, durability, and low maintenance requirements. This paper reviews the performance of WS bridges in Canadian climates, focusing on the formation of protective patina, influencing factors, and long-term maintenance strategies. The protective patina, composed of stable iron oxyhydroxides, develops over time under favorable wet–dry cycles but can be disrupted by environmental aggressors such as chlorides, sulfur dioxide, and prolonged moisture exposure. Key alloying elements like Cu, Cr, Ni, and Nb enhance corrosion resistance, while design considerations—such as drainage optimization and avoidance of crevices—are critical for performance. The study highlights the vulnerability of WS bridges to microenvironments, including de-icing salt exposure, coastal humidity, and debris accumulation. Regular inspections and maintenance, such as debris removal, drainage system upkeep, and targeted cleaning, are essential to mitigate corrosion risks. Climate change exacerbates challenges, with rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and ocean acidification accelerating corrosion in coastal regions. Future research directions include optimizing WS compositions with advanced alloys (e.g., rare earth elements) and integrating climate-resilient design practices. This review highlights the need for a holistic approach combining material science, proactive maintenance, and adaptive design to ensure the longevity of WS bridges in evolving environmental conditions. Full article
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20 pages, 9529 KiB  
Article
Geochemistry and Geochronology of the Late Permian Linxi Formation in the Songliao Basin, China: Tectonic Implications for the Paleo-Asian Ocean
by Xin Huang, Haihua Zhang, Liang Qiu, Gongjian Li, Yujin Zhang, Wei Chen, Shuwang Chen and Yuejuan Zheng
Minerals 2025, 15(8), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080784 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 146
Abstract
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) represents a crucial area for understanding the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and surrounding orogenic systems. This study investigates the petrology, geochronology, and geochemistry of volcanic and clastic rocks from Well HFD3 in the northern Songliao [...] Read more.
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) represents a crucial area for understanding the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and surrounding orogenic systems. This study investigates the petrology, geochronology, and geochemistry of volcanic and clastic rocks from Well HFD3 in the northern Songliao Basin, which provides key insights into the tectonic development of this region. Zircon U–Pb dating of tuff samples from the Linxi Formation provides an accurate age of 251.1 ± 1.1 Ma, corresponding to the late Permian. Geochemical analyses show that the clastic rocks are rich in SiO2 (63.5%) and Al2O3 (13.7%), with lower K2O/Na2O ratios (0.01–1.55), suggesting low compositional maturity. Additionally, the trace element data reveal enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and depletion in Nb, Sr, and Ta, with a negative Eu anomaly, which indicates a felsic volcanic arc origin. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values (53.2–65.8) reflect weak chemical weathering, consistent with cold and dry paleo-climatic conditions. These findings suggest that the Linxi Formation clastic rocks are derived from felsic volcanic arcs in an active continental margin environment, linked to the subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean slab. The sedimentary conditions reflect a gradual transition from brackish to freshwater environments, corresponding with the final stages of subduction or the onset of orogeny. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 7th National Youth Geological Congress)
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20 pages, 7113 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cu Content on Corrosion Resistance of 3.5%Ni Weathering Steel in Marine Atmosphere of South China Sea
by Yuanzheng Li, Ziyu Guo, Tianle Fu, Sha Sha, Bing Wang, Xiaoping Chen, Shujun Jia and Qingyou Liu
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3496; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153496 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 291
Abstract
The influence of the copper (Cu) content on the corrosion resistance of 3.5%Ni low-carbon weathering steel was investigated using periodic dry–wet cycle accelerated corrosion tests. The mechanical properties of the steels were assessed via tensile and low-temperature impact tests, while corrosion resistance was [...] Read more.
The influence of the copper (Cu) content on the corrosion resistance of 3.5%Ni low-carbon weathering steel was investigated using periodic dry–wet cycle accelerated corrosion tests. The mechanical properties of the steels were assessed via tensile and low-temperature impact tests, while corrosion resistance was evaluated based on weight loss measurements. Surface oxide layers were characterized using three-dimensional laser confocal microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical methods. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was employed to examine the cross-sectional morphology of the oxide layer after 72 h of accelerated corrosion tests. The results indicate that the solution state of Cu increased the strength of 3.5%Ni steels but significantly damaged the low-temperature toughness. As the Cu content increased from 0.75% to 1.25%, the corrosion rate decreased from 4.65 to 3.74 g/m2 h. However, when there was a further increase in the Cu content to 2.15%, there was little decrease in the corrosion rate. With the increase in the Cu content from 0.75% to 2.15%, the surface roughness of 3.5%Ni weathering steel after corrosion decreased from 5.543 to 5.019 μm, and the corrosion behavior was more uniform. Additionally, the α/γ protective factor of the oxide layer of the surface layer increased from 2.58 to 2.84 with an increase in the Cu content from 0.75% to 1.25%, resulting in the oxide layer of the surface layer being more protective. For 1.25%Cu steel, the corrosion current density of rusted samples is lower (ranging from 1.2609 × 10−4 A/cm2 to 3.7376 × 10−4 A/cm2), and the corrosion potential is higher (ranging from −0.85544 V to −0.40243 V). Therefore, the rusted samples are more corrosion resistant. The Cu in the oxide layer of the surface layer forms CuO and CuFeO2, which are helpful for increasing corrosion resistance, which inhibits the penetration of Cl. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Corrosion and Protection of Metallic Materials)
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26 pages, 4796 KiB  
Article
Novel Analytical Methods for and Qualitative Analysis of the Generalized Water Wave Equation
by Haitham Qawaqneh, Abdulaziz S. Al Naim and Abdulrahman Alomair
Mathematics 2025, 13(14), 2280; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13142280 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 202
Abstract
For a significant fluid model and the truncated M-fractional (1 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear generalized water wave equation, distinct types of truncated M-fractional wave solitons are obtained. Ocean waves, tidal waves, weather simulations, river and irrigation flows, tsunami predictions, and more are all explained [...] Read more.
For a significant fluid model and the truncated M-fractional (1 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear generalized water wave equation, distinct types of truncated M-fractional wave solitons are obtained. Ocean waves, tidal waves, weather simulations, river and irrigation flows, tsunami predictions, and more are all explained by this model. We use the improved (G/G) expansion technique and a modified extended direct algebraic technique to obtain these solutions. Results for trigonometry, hyperbolic, and rational functions are obtained. The impact of the fractional-order derivative is also covered. We use Mathematica software to verify our findings. Furthermore, we use contour graphs in two and three dimensions to illustrate some wave solitons that are obtained. The results obtained have applications in ocean engineering, fluid dynamics, and other fields. The stability analysis of the considered equation is also performed. Moreover, the stationary solutions of the concerning equation are studied through modulation instability. Furthermore, the used methods are useful for other nonlinear fractional partial differential equations in different areas of applied science and engineering. Full article
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26 pages, 9032 KiB  
Article
Relative Humidity and Air Temperature Characteristics and Their Drivers in Africa Tropics
by Isaac Kwesi Nooni, Faustin Katchele Ogou, Abdoul Aziz Saidou Chaibou, Samuel Koranteng Fianko, Thomas Atta-Darkwa and Nana Agyemang Prempeh
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070828 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 523
Abstract
In a warming climate, rising temperature are expected to influence atmospheric humidity. This study examined the spatio-temporal dynamics of temperature (TEMP) and relative humidity (RH) across Equatorial Africa from 1980 to 2020. The analysis used RH data from European Centre of Medium-range Weather [...] Read more.
In a warming climate, rising temperature are expected to influence atmospheric humidity. This study examined the spatio-temporal dynamics of temperature (TEMP) and relative humidity (RH) across Equatorial Africa from 1980 to 2020. The analysis used RH data from European Centre of Medium-range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v.5 (ERA5) reanalysis, TEMP and precipitation (PRE) from Climate Research Unit (CRU), and soil moisture (SM) and evapotranspiration (ET) from the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM). In addition, four teleconnection indices were considered: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). This study used the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator to analyze trends, alongside multiple linear regression to investigate the relationships between TEMP, RH, and key climatic variables—namely evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture (SM), and precipitation (PRE)—as well as large-scale teleconnection indices (e.g., IOD, ENSO, PDO, and NAO) on annual and seasonal scales. The key findings are as follows: (1) mean annual TEMP exceeding 30 °C and RH less than 30% were concentrated in arid regions of the Sahelian–Sudano belt in West Africa (WAF), Central Africa (CAF) and North East Africa (NEAF). Semi-arid regions in the Sahelian–Guinean belt recorded moderate TEMP (25–30 °C) and RH (30–60%), while the Guinean coastal belt and Congo Basin experienced cooler, more humid conditions (TEMP < 20 °C, RH (60–90%). (2) Trend analysis using Mann–Kendal and Sen slope estimator analysis revealed spatial heterogeneity, with increasing TEMP and deceasing RH trends varying by region and season. (3) The warming rate was higher in arid and semi-arid areas, with seasonal rates exceeding annual averages (0.18 °C decade−1). Winter (0.27 °C decade−1) and spring (0.20 °C decade−1) exhibited the strongest warming, followed by autumn (0.18 °C decade−1) and summer (0.10 °C decade−1). (4) RH trends showed stronger seasonal decline compared to annual changes, with reduction ranging from 5 to 10% per decade in certain seasons, and about 2% per decade annually. (5) Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated a strong negative relationship between TEMP and RH with a correlation coefficient of r = − 0.60. (6) Significant associations were also observed between TEMP/RH and both climatic variables (ET, SM, PRE) and large scale-teleconnection indices (ENSO, IOD, PDO, NAO), indicating that surface conditions may reflect a combination of local response and remote climate influences. However, further analysis is needed to distinguish the extent to which local variability is independently driven versus being a response to large-scale forcing. Overall, this research highlights the physical mechanism linking TEMP and RH trends and their climatic drivers, offering insights into how these changes may impact different ecological and socio-economic sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precipitation in Africa (2nd Edition))
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30 pages, 6809 KiB  
Article
Laminaria digitata Supplementation as a Climate-Smart Strategy to Counteract the Interactive Effects of Marine Heatwaves and Disease Outbreaks in Farmed Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)
by Isa Marmelo, Tomás Chainho, Daniel Bolotas, Alícia Pereira, Busenur Özkan, Cátia Marques, Iris A. L. Silva, Florbela Soares, Pedro Pousão-Ferreira, Elsa F. Vieira, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Zélia Silva, Paula A. Videira, Tiago Repolho, Mário Sousa Diniz, António Marques and Ana Luísa Maulvault
Environments 2025, 12(7), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070226 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 720
Abstract
Extreme weather events, such as marine heatwaves (MHWs), pose serious threats to the aquaculture sector, facilitating the occurrence of disease outbreaks and compromising farmed animals’ welfare and survival. Hence, finding eco-innovative strategies to improve animal immunocompetence is essential to assure aquaculture’s sustainability and [...] Read more.
Extreme weather events, such as marine heatwaves (MHWs), pose serious threats to the aquaculture sector, facilitating the occurrence of disease outbreaks and compromising farmed animals’ welfare and survival. Hence, finding eco-innovative strategies to improve animal immunocompetence is essential to assure aquaculture’s sustainability and resilience in a rapidly changing ocean. This study evaluated the immunostimulatory potential of Laminaria digitata powder (0.3% and 1.5%) and extract (0.3%) in juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) exposed to a Vibrio harveyi outbreak during a Category III MHW event (T = 25.7 °C). Overall, L. digitata supplementation did not significantly affect fish immunocompetence under optimal rearing conditions (T = 21.4 °C; no infection), nor did it induce any adverse effects. However, both the powder (1.5%) and extract (0.3%) forms of L. digitata supplementation effectively mitigated the negative impacts prompted by the MHW and Vibrio harveyi infection—evidenced by improvements in fish health indicators, hematological parameters, leukocyte viability, granulocyte proportions, and reductions in peroxidase activity and immunoglobulin M levels. From an economic standpoint, supplementation with 1.5% L. digitata powder emerged as the most promising strategy, offering a practical balance between effectiveness and affordability for large-scale applications. These findings highlight the potential of L. digitata as an immunostimulatory aquafeed supplement, with promising benefits for fish health and resilience under adverse rearing conditions. Full article
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17 pages, 938 KiB  
Article
Status Quo and Future Prospects of China’s Weather Routing Services for Ocean-Going Business Vessels
by Hao Zhang, Guanjun Niu, Tao Liu, Chuanhai Qian, Wei Zhao, Xiaojun Mei and Hao Wu
Oceans 2025, 6(3), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6030038 - 23 Jun 2025
Viewed by 551
Abstract
The global shipping industry is evolving towards deep integration of digital transformation, intelligent upgrading, and green development. Meanwhile, recent geopolitical shifts have introduced heightened uncertainties into international shipping, compounding the challenges and escalating the demands for weather routing services for ocean-going ships. This [...] Read more.
The global shipping industry is evolving towards deep integration of digital transformation, intelligent upgrading, and green development. Meanwhile, recent geopolitical shifts have introduced heightened uncertainties into international shipping, compounding the challenges and escalating the demands for weather routing services for ocean-going ships. This paper provides a systematic review and expert perspective on China’s current status and key challenges in ocean-going weather routing services. Based on operational insights from China’s national meteorological service synthesized with a review of current trends and the literature, it further explores the future development of China’s ocean-going weather routing services and technologies from multiple dimensions: enhancing maritime weather observation capabilities, developing advanced weather routing service models, upgrading autonomous and controllable global satellite communication systems, promoting intelligent navigation technologies to facilitate shipping’s low-carbon transition, and expanding meteorological support capabilities for Arctic shipping routes. The analysis identifies critical gaps and proposes strategic directions, offering a unique contribution to understanding the trajectory of weather routing services within China’s specific national context from the perspective of its primary national service provider. Full article
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21 pages, 14658 KiB  
Article
Retrieval of Ocean Surface Currents by Synergistic Sentinel-1 and SWOT Data Using Deep Learning
by Kai Sun, Jianjun Liang, Xiao-Ming Li and Jie Pan
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(13), 2133; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132133 - 21 Jun 2025
Viewed by 430
Abstract
A reliable ocean surface current (OSC) estimate is difficult to retrieve from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data due to the challenge of accurately partitioning the Doppler shifts induced by wind waves and OSC. Recent research on SAR-based OSC retrieval is typically based on [...] Read more.
A reliable ocean surface current (OSC) estimate is difficult to retrieve from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data due to the challenge of accurately partitioning the Doppler shifts induced by wind waves and OSC. Recent research on SAR-based OSC retrieval is typically based on the assumption that the SAR Doppler shifts caused by wind waves and OSC are linearly superimposed. However, this assumption may lead to large errors in regions where nonlinear wave–current interactions are significant. To address this issue, we developed a novel deep learning model, OSCNet, for OSC retrieval. The model leverages Sentinel-1 Interferometric Wide (IW) Level 2 Ocean products collected from July 2023 to September 2024, combined with wave data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and geostrophic currents from newly available SWOT Level 3 products. The OSCNet model is optimized by refining input ocean surface physical parameters and introducing a ResNet structure. Moreover, the Normalized Radar Cross-Section (NRCS) is incorporated to account for wave breaking and backscatter effects on Doppler shift estimates. The retrieval performance of the OSCNet model is evaluated using SWOT data. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are found to be 0.15 m/s and 0.19 m/s, respectively. This result demonstrates that the OSCNet model enhances the retrieval of OSC from SAR data. Furthermore, a mesoscale eddy detected in the OSC map retrieved by OSCNet is consistent with the collocated sea surface chlorophyll-a observation, demonstrating the capability of the proposed method in capturing the variability of mesoscale eddies. Full article
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19 pages, 7410 KiB  
Article
Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Tropopause Retrievals from FY-3/GNOS-II Radio Occultation Profiles
by Shaocheng Zhang, Youlin He, Sheng Guo and Tao Yu
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(13), 2126; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132126 - 21 Jun 2025
Viewed by 366
Abstract
The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and tropopause play critical roles in weather formation and climate change. This study initially focuses on the ABL height (ABLH), tropopause height (TPH), and temperature (TPT) retrieved from the integrated radio occultation (RO) profiles from FY-3E, FY-3F, and [...] Read more.
The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and tropopause play critical roles in weather formation and climate change. This study initially focuses on the ABL height (ABLH), tropopause height (TPH), and temperature (TPT) retrieved from the integrated radio occultation (RO) profiles from FY-3E, FY-3F, and FY-3G satellites during September 2022 to August 2024. All three FY-3 series satellites are equipped with the RO payload of Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation Sounder-II (GNOS-II), which includes open-loop tracking RO observations from the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS). The wavelet covariance transform method was used to determine the ABL top, and the temperature lapse rate was applied to judge the tropopause. Results show that the maximum ABL detection rate of FY-3/GNOS-II RO can reach up to 76% in the subtropical eastern Pacific, southern hemisphere Atlantic, and eastern Indian Ocean. The ABLH is highly consistent with the collocated radiosonde observations and presents distinct seasonal variations. The TPH retrieved from FY-3/GNOS-II RO profiles is in agreement with the radiosonde-derived TPH, and both TPH and TPT from RO profiles display well-defined spatial structures. From 45°S to 45°N and south of 55°S, the annual cycle of the TPT is negatively correlated with the TPH. This study substantiates the promising performance of FY-3/GNOS-II RO measurements in observing the ABL and tropopause, which can be incorporated into the weather and climate systems. Full article
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20 pages, 14382 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Causes of Multicentury Hydroclimate Anomalies in the South American Altiplano with an Idealized Climate Modeling Experiment
by Ignacio Alonso Jara, Orlando Astudillo, Pablo Salinas, Limbert Torrez-Rodríguez, Nicolás Lampe-Huenul and Antonio Maldonado
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070751 - 20 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Paleoclimate records have long documented the existence of multicentury hydroclimate anomalies in the Altiplano of South America. However, the causes and mechanisms of these extended events are still unknown. Here, we present a climate modeling experiment that explores the oceanic drivers and atmospheric [...] Read more.
Paleoclimate records have long documented the existence of multicentury hydroclimate anomalies in the Altiplano of South America. However, the causes and mechanisms of these extended events are still unknown. Here, we present a climate modeling experiment that explores the oceanic drivers and atmospheric mechanisms conducive to long-term precipitation variability in the southern Altiplano (18–25° S; 70–65 W; >3500 masl). We performed a series of 100-year-long idealized simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, configured to repeat annually the oceanic and atmospheric forcing leading to the exceptionally humid austral summers of 1983/1984 and 2011/2012. The aim of these cyclical experiments was to evaluate if these specific conditions can sustain a century-long pluvial event in the Altiplano. Unlike the annual forcing, long-term negative precipitation trends are observed in the simulations, suggesting that the drivers of 1983/1984 and 2011/2012 wet summers are unable to generate a century-scale pluvial event. Our results show that an intensification of the anticyclonic circulation along with cold surface air anomalies in the southwestern Atlantic progressively reinforce the lower and upper troposphere features that prevent moisture transport towards the Altiplano. Prolonged drying is also observed under persistent La Niña conditions, which contradicts the well-known relationship between precipitation and ENSO at interannual timescales. Contrasting the hydroclimate responses between the Altiplano and the tropical Andes result from a sustained northward migration of the Atlantic trade winds, providing a useful analog for explaining the divergences in the Holocene records. This experiment suggests that the drivers of century-scale hydroclimate events in the Altiplano were more diverse than previously thought and shows how climate modeling can be used to test paleoclimate hypotheses, emphasizing the necessity of combining proxy data and numerical models to improve our understanding of past climates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Climate in Arid and Semi-arid Regions)
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