Search Results (634)

The integration of nanoengineered materials into concrete systems has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing structural performance and sustainability. This study presents a hybrid experimental-analytical investigation into the use of multilayer graphene as a smart admixture in high-performance concrete. The research combines mechanical testing, microstructural characterization, and a multi-objective optimization model to determine the optimal graphene dosage that maximizes strength gains while minimizing carbon emissions. Concrete specimens incorporating multilayer graphene (ranging from 0.01% to 0.10% by weight of cement) were tested over 7 to 90 days for compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths. Simultaneously, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses revealed crystallinity enhancement, pore densification, and favorable elemental redistribution due to graphene inclusion. A normalized composite objective function was formulated to balance three maximization targets—compressive, tensile, and flexural strength—and one minimization goal—carbon emission. The highest objective score (Z = 1.047) was achieved at 0.10% graphene dosage, indicating the optimal balance of strength performance and environmental efficiency. This dual-framework study not only confirms graphene’s reinforcing effects experimentally but also validates the 0.10% dosage through mathematical scoring. The outcomes position of multilayer graphene as a powerful additive for high-strength, low-carbon concrete, especially suited for infrastructure in hot and arid environments. The proposed optimization approach provides a scalable pathway for performance-based graphene dosing in future innovative concrete formulations. Full article

Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) has gained significant attention as a high-capacity, long-duration solution for renewable energy integration, yet material-level challenges hinder its widespread adoption. This review for the first time systematically examines recent advancements in nano-engineered composite thermochemical materials (TCMs), focusing on their ability to overcome intrinsic limitations of conventional systems. Sorption-based TCMs, especially salt hydrates, benefit from nano-engineering through carbon-based additives like CNTs and graphene, which enhance thermal conductivity and reaction kinetics while achieving volumetric energy densities exceeding 200 kWh/m³. For reversible reaction-based systems operating at higher temperatures (250–1000 °C), the strategies include (1) nanoparticle doping (e.g., SiO₂, Al₂O₃, carbonaceous materials) for the mitigation of sintering and agglomeration; (2) flow-improving agents to enhance fluidization; and (3) nanosized structure engineering for an enlarged specific surface area. All these approaches show promising results to address the critical issues of sintering and agglomeration, slow kinetics, and poor cyclic stability for reversible reaction-based TCMs. While laboratory results are promising, challenges still persist in side reactions, scalability, cost reduction, and system integration. In general, while nano-engineered thermochemical materials (TCMs) demonstrate transformative potential for performance enhancement, significant research and development efforts remain imperative to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale achievements and industrial implementation. Full article

The degradation of the electronic properties of semiconductor materials and electronic devices under neutron irradiation is a critical issue for the development of electronic systems intended for use in nuclear and thermonuclear energy facilities. This study presents a methodology for real-time measurement of the electrical parameters of semiconductor structures during neutron irradiation in a high-flux reactor environment. A specially designed irradiation fixture with an electrical measurement system was developed and implemented at the WWR-K research reactor. The system enables simultaneous measurement of electrical conductivity and the Hall effect, with automatic temperature control and remote data acquisition. The sealed fixture, equipped with radiation-resistant wiring and a temperature control, allows for continuous measurement of remote material properties at neutron fluences exceeding 10¹⁸ cm⁻², eliminating the limitations associated with post-irradiation handling of radioactive samples. The technique was successfully applied to the two different InGaAs-based heterostructures, revealing distinct mechanisms of radiation-induced modification: degradation of mobility and carrier concentration in the InGaAs quantum well structure on GaAs substrate, and transmutation-induced doping effects in the heterostructure on InP substrate. The developed methodology provides a reliable platform for evaluating radiation resistance and optimizing materials for magnetic sensors and electronic components designed for high-radiation environments. Full article

Research into oral mucosa-targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) is rapidly evolving, with growing emphasis on enhancing bioavailability and precision targeting while overcoming the unique anatomical and physiological barriers of the oral environment. Despite considerable progress, challenges such as enzymatic degradation, limited mucosal penetration, and solubility issues continue to hinder therapeutic success. Recent advancements have focused on innovative formulation strategies—including nanoparticulate and biomimetic systems—to improve delivery efficiency and systemic absorption. Simultaneously, smart and stimuli-responsive materials are emerging, offering dynamic, environment-sensitive drug release profiles. One particularly promising area involves the application of glycosaminoglycans, a class of naturally derived polysaccharides with excellent biocompatibility, mucoadhesive properties, and hydrogel-forming capacity. These materials not only enhance drug residence time at the mucosal site but also enable controlled release kinetics, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes. However, critical research gaps remain: standardized, clinically meaningful mucoadhesion/permeation assays and robust in vitro–in vivo correlations are still lacking; long-term stability, batch consistency of GAGs, and clear regulatory classification (drug, device, or combination) continue to impede scale-up and translation. Patient-centric performance—palatability, mouthfeel, discreet wearability—and head-to-head trials versus standard care also require systematic evaluation to guide adoption. Overall, converging advances in GAG-based films, hydrogels, and nanoengineered carriers position oral mucosal delivery as a realistic near-term option for precision local and selected systemic therapies—provided the field resolves standardization, stability, regulatory, and usability hurdles. Full article

This study presents a pH-responsive drug delivery platform, created based on naproxen-loaded zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF) and kaolin-ZIF (Kao@ZIF) nanocarriers embedded in a 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) scaffold coated with a gelatin hydrogel. The PLA discs were designed as structural tissue models to simulate localized drug release. Kaolin (Kao), a basic mineral in the kaolin group that includes halloysite, was selected as a chemically stable and biocompatible adsorbent to enhance ZIF integrity and system reliability. To address the concerns about the safety and reproducibility of nanoscale materials in biomedical applications, structurally stable ZIF and Kao@ZIF nanocarriers were synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, SEM-EDS, and LC-M/MS, measuring drug loading efficiencies over 90% for ZIF and slightly higher for Kao@ZIF. In vitro release profiles showed strong pH sensitivity, with greater naproxen release at acidic pH (5.4) and more sustained release from Kao@ZIF. Cytotoxicity assays using L929 fibroblasts demonstrated improved biocompatibility, with cell viabilities of approximately 75% for ZIF–naproxen, 82% for Kao@ZIF–naproxen, and 90% for gelatin-coated PLA–Kao@ZIF scaffolds, for 24 h incubation. Incorporating kaolin-stabilized ZIF nanocarriers into 3D-printed biodegradable scaffolds offers a promising and safer approach for pH-sensitive, tissue-targeted drug delivery, while laying the groundwork for future studies involving halloysite-derived nanotubular systems. Full article

The integration of nanotechnology into drug repurposing strategies is redefining the development landscape for diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic agents. In radiopharmacy, nanoplatforms are increasingly being explored to enhance or extend the use of existing radiopharmaceuticals, complementing earlier applications in other biomedical fields. Many of these nanoplatforms evolve into multifunctional systems by incorporating additional imaging modalities (e.g., MRI, fluorescence) or non-radioactive therapies (e.g., photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy). These hybrid constructs often emerge from the reformulation, repositioning, or revival of previously approved or abandoned compounds, generating entities with novel pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and biodistribution profiles. However, their translational potential faces significant regulatory hurdles. Existing frameworks—typically designed for single-modality drugs or devices—struggle to accommodate the combined complexity of nanoengineering, radioactive components, and integrated functionalities. This review examines how these systems challenge current norms in classification, safety assessment, preclinical modeling, and regulatory coordination. It also addresses emerging concerns around digital adjuncts such as AI-assisted dosimetry and software-based therapy planning. Finally, the article outlines international initiatives aimed at closing regulatory gaps and provides future directions for building harmonized, risk-adapted frameworks that support innovation while ensuring safety and efficacy. Full article

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) represents the most common type of cancer in the pediatric population. The (1;19)(q23;p13) translocation is a primary chromosomal abnormality present in 3–12% of ALL cases. The current study aims to develop a label-free innovative nanodevice for the ultrasensitive diagnosis of the TCF3-PBX1 chimeric oncogene, featuring simplified operation and rapid analysis using minimal sample volumes, which positions it as a superior alternative for clinical diagnostics and early leukemia identification. The biosensor system was engineered on a nanostructured platform composed of polypyrrole (PPy) and a novel chemically functionalized hybrid nanocomposite of platinum nanospheres and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂@Pt). Single-stranded oligonucleotide sequences were chemically immobilized on the nanoengineered transducer to enable biospecific detection. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize each stage of the biotechnological device fabrication process. The analytical properties of the sensing tool were explored using recombinant plasmids containing the TCF3-PBX1 oncogenic sequence and clinical specimens from pediatric patients with B-cell ALL. After exposing the molecular monitoring system to the genetic target, significant variations were observed in the voltammetric oxidation current (∆I = 33.08% ± 0.28 to 124.91% ± 17.08) and in the resistance to charge transfer (ΔR_CT = 19.73% ± 0.96 to 83.51% ± 0.84). Data analysis revealed high reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation of 3.66%, a response range from 3.58 aM to 357.67 fM, a detection limit of 19.31 aM, and a limit of quantification of 64.39 aM. Therefore, a novel nanosensor for multiparametric electrochemical screening of the TCF3-PBX1 chimeric oncogene was described for the first time, potentially improving the quality of life for leukemic patients. Full article

This research explores the effect of a composite support of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ with Fe and Co incorporated as catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) using a 3D-printed stainless steel (SS) microchannel microreactor. Two mesoporous catalysts, FeCo/SiO₂Al₂O₃ and Co/SiO₂Al₂O₃, were synthesized via a one-pot (OP) method and extensively characterized using N₂ physisorption, XRD, SEM, TEM, H₂-TPR, TGA-DSC, FTIR, and XPS. H₂-TPR results revealed that the synthesis method significantly affected the reducibility of metal oxides, thereby influencing the formation of active FTS sites. SEM-EDS and TEM further revealed a well-defined hexagonal matrix with a porous surface morphology and uniform metal ion distribution. FTS reactions, carried out in the 200–350 °C temperature range at 20 bar with a H₂/CO molar ratio of 2:1, exhibited the highest activity for FeCo/SiO₂Al₂O₃, with up to 80% CO conversion. Long-term stability was evaluated by monitoring the catalyst performance for 30 h on stream at 320 °C under identical reaction conditions. The catalyst was initially active for the methanation reaction for up to 15 h, after which the selectivity for CH₄ declined. Correspondingly, the C₄⁺ selectivity increased after 15 h of time-on-stream, indicating a shift in the product distribution toward longer-chain hydrocarbons. This trend suggests that the catalyst undergoes gradual activation or restructuring under reaction conditions, which enhances chain growth over time. The increase in C₄⁺ products may be attributed to the stabilization of the active sites and suppression of methane or light hydrocarbon formation. Full article

Metallic multi-material structures are heterogeneous structures characterized by changing composition, microstructures, and site-specific characteristics, advantageous for numerous applications where multifunctionality is desired. Metallic multi-material structures are known as bimetallic structures (BSs), which are functionally graded materials (FGMs). In recent years, wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) advanced as a promising additive manufacturing process to realize the fabrication of these structures due to its high deposition rate, cost-effectiveness, and material utilization efficiency. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the recent progress, processing strategies, and scientific challenges in WAAM of multi-material structures. The paper begins with an introduction to multi-material structures, followed by a bibliometric analysis of the current research landscape. Conventional and additive manufacturing fabrication approaches are presented. The review highlights key developments in processing strategies and critically evaluates research studies on WAAM of BS and FGMs. Major scientific challenges, including porosity, lack of fusion, residual stresses, cracking, material compatibility, and brittle intermetallic phase formation, are critically analyzed. Additionally, modeling, simulation, and process automation issues are discussed as barriers to industrial-scale implementation. The paper concludes with an outlook on future research directions to address existing challenges and accelerate the adoption of WAAM for complex multi-material components. Full article

The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and other ligands of cannabinoid receptors attracts considerable attention due to their diverse pharmacological effects and utility in various medical applications. However, challenges such as low solubility, limited bioavailability, and potential side effects hinder their broad clinical use. Nanoformulation techniques offer a promising approach to address these issues and optimize the therapeutic effectiveness of cannabinoids and other cannabinoid receptor ligands. This comprehensive review explores the advancements in nanoformulation strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and safety of synthetic cannabinoids and related compounds, such as CB13, rimonabant, and HU-211, which have been studied in a range of preclinical models addressing conditions such as neuropathic pain, depression, and cancer. The review discusses various nanocarriers employed in this field, including lipid-based, polymeric, and hybrid nanoparticles, micelles, emulsions, and other nanoengineered carriers. In addition to formulation approaches, this review provides an in-depth analysis of chemical structures and their effect on compound activity, especially in the context of the affinity for the cannabinoid type 1 receptor in the brain, which is chiefly responsible for the psychoactive effects. The provided summary of research concerning either chemical modifications of existing cannabinoids or the creation of new compounds that interact with cannabinoid receptors, followed by the development of nanoformulations for these agents, allows for the identification of new research directions and future perspectives for Cannabis-based medicine. In conclusion, the combination of nanotechnology and cannabinoid pharmacology holds promise for delivering more effective and safer therapeutic solutions for a broad spectrum of medical conditions, making this an exciting area of research with profound implications for the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. Full article

Structural composite materials are being used more than ever in aeronautics, automotive and naval, or in renewable energies fields. To reconcile the contradictory needs for higher performances and lower costs, it is crucial to ensure the real-time monitoring of as many features as possible during the manufacturing process to feed a digital twin able to minimise post-fabrication controls. For thermoset composites, little information is available regarding the evolution of the polymer’s core properties during infusion and curing. The local kinetics of reticulation, in several areas of interest across the thickness of a structural composite part, are valuable data to record and analyse to guarantee the materials’ performances. This paper investigates a novel strategy curing in the core of an epoxy matrix with crosslinkable quantum-resistive nanocomposite sensors (xQRS). First, the electrical behaviour of the sensor during isothermal curing is considered. Then, the influence of the dynamic percolation and the epoxy crosslinking reaction on the resistance is examined. The evidence of a relationship between the curing state of the resin and the evolution of the xQRS resistance makes its use in the process monitoring of thermoset composites promising, especially in cases involving large and thick parts. Full article

The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), driven largely by fossil fuel combustion, is a major contributor to global climate change and ocean acidification. As conventional CO₂ capture technologies, primarily amine-based solvents, face challenges such as high energy requirements, volatility, and degradation, there is an urgent need for alternative materials that are both efficient and sustainable. Ionic liquids (ILs) and poly (ionic liquids) (PILs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique physicochemical properties, including negligible vapor pressure, high thermal and chemical stability, structural tunability, and strong CO₂ affinity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the design, synthesis, and application of ILs and PILs for CO₂ capture. We examine the mechanisms of CO₂ absorption in IL and PIL systems, analyze the structure-property relationships influencing capture performance, and compare their advantages and limitations relative to conventional solvents. Special attention is given to the role of functional groups, anion/cation selection, and polymeric architectures in enhancing CO₂ uptake and reducing regeneration energy. Finally, the review highlights current challenges and future research directions for scaling up IL and PIL-based technologies in industrial carbon capture and sequestration systems. Full article

In recent years, electrospinning technology has sparked a revolution in the nanoengineering of gas-sensing materials. Nanofibers based on metal oxide semiconductors, carbon materials, or conductive polymers prepared by the electrospinning process have exhibited inspiring properties, including a large specific surface area, porous structure, and nice stability, with bright application prospects in advanced gas sensors. Meanwhile, the increasingly expanding applications of gas sensors, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), the food industry, disease diagnosis, etc., have raised higher sensor performance requirements. To further enhance the gas-sensing performance of nanofibers, the scheme of functionalized nanofiber strategies, either in electrospinning or post-treatment, has been proposed and verified. This review systematically summarized the nanostructures, gas-sensing properties, and functional mechanisms of modified nanofibers. Additionally, the perspectives and challenges regarding electrospun nanofibers for gas sensing were discussed. Full article

Casein, the main phosphoprotein in milk, has a multifaceted molecular structure and unique physicochemical properties that make it a viable candidate for biomedical use, particularly in wound healing. This review presents a concise analysis of casein’s structural composition that comprises its hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature, calcium phosphate nanocluster structure, and its response to different pH, temperature, and ionic conditions. These characteristics have direct implications for its colloidal stability, including features such as gelation, swelling capacity, and usability as a biomaterial in tissue engineering. This review also discusses industrial derivatives and recent advances in casein biomaterials based on different fabrication types such as hydrogels, electrospun fibres, films, and advanced systems. Furthermore, casein dressings’ functional and biological attributes have shown remarkable exudate absorption, retention of moisture, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity in both in vivo and in vitro studies. The gathered evidence highlights casein’s versatile bioactivity and dynamic molecular properties, positioning it as a promising platform to address advanced wound dressing challenges. Full article

In recent years, industrial wastewater discharge containing heavy metals has increased significantly and has adversely affected both human health and the aquatic ecosystem. The increasing demand for metals in industry has prompted researchers to focus on developing effective and economical methods for removal of these metals. In this study, the removal of Ni(II) from wastewater using the Graphene oxide@Fe₃O₄@Pluronic-F68 (GO@Fe₃O₄@Pluronic-F68) nano composite as an adsorbent was investigated. The nanocomposite was characterised using a series of analytical methods, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The effects of contact time, pH, adsorbent amount, and temperature parameters on adsorption were investigated. Various adsorption isotherm models were applied to interpret the equilibrium data in aqueous solutions; the compatibility of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models with experimental data was examined. For a kinetic model consistent with experimental data, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion models were examined. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 151.5 mg·g⁻¹ in the Langmuir isotherm model. The most suitable isotherm and kinetic models were the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of the GO@Fe₃O₄@Pluronic-F68 nanocomposite as an adsorbent offering a sustainable solution for Ni(II) removal. Full article