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Search Results (449)

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Keywords = high-energy calorimetry

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18 pages, 5831 KiB  
Article
Cure Kinetics-Driven Compression Molding of CFRP for Fast and Low-Cost Manufacturing
by Xintong Wu, Ming Zhang, Zhongling Liu, Xin Fu, Haonan Liu, Yuchen Zhang and Xiaobo Yang
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152154 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are widely used in aerospace due to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio and tailorable properties. However, these properties critically depend on the CFRP curing cycle. The commonly adopted manufacturer-recommended curing cycle (MRCC), designed to accommodate the most conservative conditions, [...] Read more.
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are widely used in aerospace due to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio and tailorable properties. However, these properties critically depend on the CFRP curing cycle. The commonly adopted manufacturer-recommended curing cycle (MRCC), designed to accommodate the most conservative conditions, involves prolonged curing times and high energy consumption. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes an efficient and adaptable method to determine the optimal curing cycle. The effects of varying heating rates on resin dynamic and isothermal–exothermic behavior were characterized via reaction kinetics analysis using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheological measurements. The activation energy of the reaction system was substituted into the modified Sun–Gang model, and the parameters were estimated using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Based on the curing kinetic behavior of the resin, CFRP compression molding process orthogonal experiments were conducted. A weighted scoring system incorporating strength, energy consumption, and cycle time enabled multidimensional evaluation of optimized solutions. Applying this curing cycle optimization method to a commercial epoxy resin increased efficiency by 247.22% and reduced energy consumption by 35.7% while meeting general product performance requirements. These results confirm the method’s reliability and its significance for improving production efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Polymer Materials, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 2393 KiB  
Article
Impact of Cu-Site Dopants on Thermoelectric Power Factor for Famatinite (Cu3SbS4) Nanomaterials
by Jacob E. Daniel, Evan Watkins, Mitchel S. Jensen, Allen Benton, Apparao Rao, Sriparna Bhattacharya and Mary E. Anderson
Electron. Mater. 2025, 6(3), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat6030010 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Famatinite (Cu3SbS4) is an earth-abundant, nontoxic material with potential for thermoelectric energy generation applications. Herein, rapid, energy-efficient, and facile one-pot modified polyol synthesis was utilized to produce gram-scale quantities of phase-pure famatinite (Cu2.7M0.3SbS4, [...] Read more.
Famatinite (Cu3SbS4) is an earth-abundant, nontoxic material with potential for thermoelectric energy generation applications. Herein, rapid, energy-efficient, and facile one-pot modified polyol synthesis was utilized to produce gram-scale quantities of phase-pure famatinite (Cu2.7M0.3SbS4, M = Cu, Zn, Mn) nanoparticles (diameter 20–30 nm) with controllable and stoichiometric incorporation of transition metal dopants on the Cu-site. To produce pellets for thermoelectric characterization, the densification process by spark plasma sintering was optimized for individual samples based on thermal stability determined using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Electronic transport properties of undoped and doped famatinite nanoparticles were studied from 225–575 K, and the thermoelectric power factor was calculated. This is the first time electronic transport properties of famatinite doped with Zn or Mn have been studied. All famatinite samples had similar resistivities (>0.8 mΩ·m) in the measured temperature range. However, the Mn-doped famatinite nanomaterials exhibited a thermoelectric power factor of 10.3 mW·m−1·K−1 at 575 K, which represented a significant increase relative to the undoped nanomaterials and Zn-doped nanomaterials engendered by an elevated Seebeck coefficient of ~220 µV·K−1 at 575 K. Future investigations into optimizing the thermoelectric properties of Mn-doped famatinite nanomaterials are promising avenues of research for producing low-cost, environmentally friendly, high-performing thermoelectric materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Electronic Materials—Third Edition)
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22 pages, 4935 KiB  
Article
Material Optimization and Curing Characterization of Cold-Mix Epoxy Asphalt: Towards Asphalt Overlays for Airport Runways
by Chong Zhan, Ruochong Yang, Bingshen Chen, Yulou Fan, Yixuan Liu, Tao Hu and Jun Yang
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152038 - 26 Jul 2025
Viewed by 322
Abstract
Currently, numerous conventional airport runways suffer from cracking distresses and cannot meet their structural and functional requirements. To address the urgent demand for rapid and durable maintenance of airport runways, this study investigates the material optimization and curing behavior of cold-mix epoxy asphalt [...] Read more.
Currently, numerous conventional airport runways suffer from cracking distresses and cannot meet their structural and functional requirements. To address the urgent demand for rapid and durable maintenance of airport runways, this study investigates the material optimization and curing behavior of cold-mix epoxy asphalt (CEA) for non-disruptive overlays. Eight commercial CEAs were examined through tensile and overlay tests to evaluate their strength, toughness, and reflective cracking resistance. Two high-performing formulations (CEA 1 and CEA 8) were selected for further curing characterization using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests, and the non-isothermal curing kinetics were analyzed with different contents of Component C. The results reveal that CEA 1 and CEA 8 were selected as promising formulations with superior toughness and reflective cracking resistance across a wide temperature range. DSC-based curing kinetic analysis shows that the curing reactions follow an autocatalytic mechanism, and activation energy decreases with conversion, confirming a self-accelerating process of CEA. The addition of Component C effectively modified the curing behavior, and CEA 8 with 30% Component C reduced curing time by 60%, enabling traffic reopening within half a day. The curing times were accurately predicted for each type of CEA using curing kinetic models based on autocatalytic and iso-conversional approaches. These findings will provide theoretical and practical guidance for high-performance airport runway overlays, supporting rapid repair, extended service life, and environmental sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
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18 pages, 2582 KiB  
Article
Thermal Stability and Eutectic Point of Chloride-Based High-Temperature Molten Salt Energy Systems
by Sunghyun Yoo, Jihun Kim, Sungyeol Choi and Jeong Ik Lee
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3616; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143616 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 336
Abstract
In response to the growing impact of the climate crisis, many countries are accelerating efforts to develop sustainable and carbon-free energy solutions. This has led to increasing interest in advanced energy storage and conversion technologies, particularly the development of high-temperature molten salt energy [...] Read more.
In response to the growing impact of the climate crisis, many countries are accelerating efforts to develop sustainable and carbon-free energy solutions. This has led to increasing interest in advanced energy storage and conversion technologies, particularly the development of high-temperature molten salt energy systems. Among these, chloride salt-based molten salt systems, which offer excellent thermal properties such as high thermal conductivity, low melting points, and favorable chemical stability, are emerging as strong candidates for thermal energy storage and heat-transfer applications. This study focuses on deriving key thermophysical properties essential for selecting suitable molten salt heat-transfer fluids by examining their eutectic points and thermal stability with respect to various salt compositions. Three chloride mixtures—NaCl-MgCl2, NaCl-KCl-MgCl2, and NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2—were evaluated for potential use in high-temperature molten salt energy systems. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to measure the melting points and thermal stability of molten salts with various compositions near their eutectic regions. Experimental results were compared with predicted eutectic points to assess the thermal performance of each salt mixture. The findings indicate that the NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 mixture exhibits the most promising characteristics, including a low melting point below 400 °C and superior thermal stability, making it highly suitable as a heat-transfer fluid in high-temperature molten salt energy systems. In contrast, NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 was found unsuitable for such applications due to its high hygroscopicity and poor thermal stability. This study provides essential data for selecting optimal molten salt compositions for the efficient and reliable operation of high-temperature molten salt energy systems. Full article
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17 pages, 2477 KiB  
Article
The Purinergic Receptor P2X5 Modulates Glucose Metabolism and Expression of Thermogenic Genes in Brown Adipose Tissue
by Michelle Y. Jaeckstein, Lisa Miegel, Janina Behrens, Tobias Stähler, Björn-Philipp Diercks, Markus Heine, Friedrich Koch-Nolte and Joerg Heeren
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6474; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136474 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 388
Abstract
Next to adrenergic signalling, purinergic pathways mediated by extracellular adenine nucleotides have been described to shape thermogenic and metabolic functions in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here we describe high expression of P2X5 that is activated by ATP in mature adipocytes of BAT and [...] Read more.
Next to adrenergic signalling, purinergic pathways mediated by extracellular adenine nucleotides have been described to shape thermogenic and metabolic functions in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here we describe high expression of P2X5 that is activated by ATP in mature adipocytes of BAT and differentiated brown adipocytes in vitro. The levels of other P2X family members were much lower, or expression was restricted to tissue-resident macrophages or endothelial cells. Global and brown adipocyte-specific P2rx5 deficiency resulted in lower expression of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). However, indirect calorimetry studies showed that P2X5 did not affect systemic energy expenditure. Of note, glucose tolerance was impaired under chow and obesogenic high-fat diet conditions, which can be explained by lower glucose disposal into BAT but not into other organs. In summary, these data indicate a modulatory role of P2X5 in systemic and BAT-specific glucose metabolism. Full article
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20 pages, 9762 KiB  
Article
Wet Chemical-Synthesized Low-Loss Dielectric Composite Material Based on CuCl-Cu7S4 Nanoparticles and PVDF Copolymer
by Alexander A. Maltsev, Andrey A. Vodyashkin, Evgenia L. Buryanskaya, Olga Yu. Koval, Alexander V. Syuy, Sergei B. Bibikov, Irina E. Maltseva, Bogdan A. Parshin, Anastasia M. Stoynova, Pavel A. Mikhalev and Mstislav O. Makeev
Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1845; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131845 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 302
Abstract
Polymer composites with high dielectric permittivity (>10) and low dielectric loss are critical for energy storage and microelectronic applications. This study reports on a semi-transparent composite of a PVDF copolymer filled with Cu7S4 nanoparticles synthesized via a wet chemical route. [...] Read more.
Polymer composites with high dielectric permittivity (>10) and low dielectric loss are critical for energy storage and microelectronic applications. This study reports on a semi-transparent composite of a PVDF copolymer filled with Cu7S4 nanoparticles synthesized via a wet chemical route. Only a small content (6%) of copper sulfide increases the dielectric permittivity of the material from 10.4 to 15.9 (1 kHz), maintaining a low dielectric loss coefficient (less than 0.1). The incorporated nanoparticles affect the morphology of the composite film surface and crystalline phases in the whole volume, which was studied with FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning probe microscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Composites: Manufacturing, Processing and Applications)
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13 pages, 1832 KiB  
Article
Novel Resting Energy Expenditure Prediction Equations for Multi-Ethnic Asian Older Adults with Multimorbidity
by Pei San Kua, Musfirah Albakri, Su Mei Tay, Phoebe Si-En Thong, Olivia Jiawen Xia, Wendelynn Hui Ping Chua, Kevin Chong, Nicholas Wei Kiat Tan, Xin Hui Loh, Jia Hui Tan and Lian Leng Low
Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2144; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132144 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 665
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Malnutrition is prevalent among hospitalized older adults with multimorbidity, leading to adverse health outcomes and increased healthcare costs. An accurate assessment of resting energy expenditure (REE) is crucial because an inaccurate estimation of energy needs may result in unintentional underfeeding or overfeeding, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Malnutrition is prevalent among hospitalized older adults with multimorbidity, leading to adverse health outcomes and increased healthcare costs. An accurate assessment of resting energy expenditure (REE) is crucial because an inaccurate estimation of energy needs may result in unintentional underfeeding or overfeeding, both of which can worsen nutritional status and clinical outcomes. While indirect calorimetry (IC) is the preferred method, its clinical applicability is limited. Prediction equations are commonly used, but their accuracy in older Asian patients with multimorbidity remains unclear. Methods: This multicenter, cross-sectional study enrolled 400 patients aged ≥65 years from March to December 2023 in Outram Community Hospital (OCH) and Sengkang Community Hospital (SKCH). Participants’ REE was measured using indirect calorimetry. We compared the performance of the newly developed novel prediction equations (PEs), derived from readily accessible or easily measured anthropometric data, against established equations. Statistical analysis included the calculation of R2, the root mean square error (RMSE), and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess reliability and goodness of fit. Results: A high prevalence (85%) of multimorbidity was observed among the participants. REE increased progressively with body mass index (BMI) across all groups (865.6–1269.4 kcal in females; 889.1–1269.4 kcal in males). The novel PEs (RMSE: 186–191; ICC: 0.5–0.52) demonstrated improved accuracy and stronger reliability compared to conventional equations (RMSE: 222–258; ICC: 0.271–0.460). Conclusions: Our newly developed PEs offer potentially valuable tools for precise REE estimation in hospitalized older Asian patients with multimorbidity. Further external validation and investigation in diverse populations are necessary to confirm these results. Full article
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20 pages, 6655 KiB  
Article
Design of a Dual-Drug Delivery System for Local Release of Chlorhexidine and Dexketoprofen
by Vicente Esparza-Villalpando, Amaury Pozos-Guillén, Ángel Antonio Vértiz-Hernández, Jose Vega-Baudrit and Daniel Chavarría-Bolaños
Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131771 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 471
Abstract
Background: This study developed and characterized a novel drug delivery system (DDS) for potential use in oral surgery, combining poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres loaded with chlorhexidine (MS-CHX) and a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel containing dexketoprofen (HG-DXT). Methods: MS-CHX was synthesized using a double [...] Read more.
Background: This study developed and characterized a novel drug delivery system (DDS) for potential use in oral surgery, combining poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres loaded with chlorhexidine (MS-CHX) and a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel containing dexketoprofen (HG-DXT). Methods: MS-CHX was synthesized using a double emulsion evaporation method, while HG-DXT was formulated from a PEG blend. The components were combined in a 2:1 ratio to create the MS-CHX/HG-DXT DDS. Characterization techniques included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Antibacterial activity was evaluated using disk diffusion assays against E. faecalis, E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Biocompatibility was assessed with MTS, and drug release was measured via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in vitro. Results: CHX-loaded microspheres showed spherical morphology, stability above 37 °C, and antimicrobial efficacy. HG-DXT demonstrated good biocompatibility (80% of cell viability) and stable physicochemical properties (stability at 50-day storage). The DDS exhibited a biphasic release: an initial burst of dexketoprofen for analgesia, followed by sustained release of chlorhexidine for antimicrobial protection. Conclusions: This novel dual-action DDS showed promising characteristics and a favorable release profile, supporting its potential as a therapeutic alternative for post-operative pain and infection control in oral surgical procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel Materials for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering)
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25 pages, 7095 KiB  
Article
Kinetics of Phase Transitions in Amorphous Carbamazepine: From Sub-Tg Structural Relaxation to High-Temperature Decomposition
by Roman Svoboda and Adéla Pospíšilová
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136136 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 334
Abstract
Thermokinetic characterization of amorphous carbamazepine was performed utilizing non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). Structural relaxation of the amorphous matrix was described in terms of the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan model with the following parameters: Δh* ≈ 200–300 kJ·mol−1, β = [...] Read more.
Thermokinetic characterization of amorphous carbamazepine was performed utilizing non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). Structural relaxation of the amorphous matrix was described in terms of the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan model with the following parameters: Δh* ≈ 200–300 kJ·mol−1, β = 0.57, x = 0.44. The crystallization of the amorphous phase was modeled using complex Šesták–Berggren kinetics, which incorporates temperature-dependent activation energy and degree of autocatalysis. The activation energy of the crystal growth was determined to be >320 kJ·mol−1 at the glass transition temperature (Tg). Owing to such a high value, the amorphous carbamazepine is stable at Tg, allowing for extensive processing of the amorphous phase (e.g., self-healing of the quench-induced mechanical defects or internal stress). A discussion was conducted regarding the converse relation between the activation energies of relaxation and crystal growth, which is possibly responsible for the absence of sub-Tg crystal growth modes. The high-temperature thermal decomposition of carbamazepine proceeds via multistep kinetics, identically in both an inert and an oxidizing atmosphere. A complex reaction mechanism, consisting of a series of consecutive and competing reactions, was proposed to explain the second decomposition step, which exhibited a temporary mass increase. Whereas a negligible degree of carbamazepine degradation was predicted for the temperature characteristic of the pharmaceutical hot-melt extrusion (~150 °C), the degradation risk during the pharmaceutical 3D printing was calculated to be considerably higher (1–2% mass loss at temperatures 190–200 °C). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics)
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20 pages, 1498 KiB  
Article
Novel Green Synthesis Route of ZnO Nanoparticles for Dielectric Applications
by Zohra Benzarti, Joana Neiva, Pedro Faia, Eduardo Silva, Sandra Carvalho and Susana Devesa
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130991 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 431
Abstract
This study presents a novel, eco-friendly synthesis route for zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using cladode extracts of Hylocereus undatus acting simultaneously as reducing and improving agents, in alignment with green chemistry principles. The synthesis involved the reaction of zinc sulfate heptahydrate with the [...] Read more.
This study presents a novel, eco-friendly synthesis route for zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using cladode extracts of Hylocereus undatus acting simultaneously as reducing and improving agents, in alignment with green chemistry principles. The synthesis involved the reaction of zinc sulfate heptahydrate with the plant extract, with the medium pH adjusted using sodium hydroxide (NaOH), followed by calcination at 300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C, and then by a washing step to enhance purity. Comprehensive characterization was performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electrical impedance spectroscopy to investigate the structural, morphological, and dielectric properties of the nanoparticles. The sample calcined at 400 °C, followed by washing (HT400W), exhibits highly crystalline ZnO nanoparticles with a predominant wurtzite structure (93.15 wt% ZnO) and minimal impurities (6.85 wt% Na2SO4). SEM analysis indicated a flake-like morphology with nanoscale features (50–100 nm), while Raman spectroscopy confirmed enhanced crystallinity and purity post-washing. Additionally, the HT400W sample exhibited a dielectric constant (ε′) of 16.96 and a low loss tangent (tan δ) of 0.14 at 1 MHz, suggesting superior energy efficiency for high-frequency applications. This green synthesis approach not only eliminates hazardous reagents but also delivers ZnO nanoparticles with good dielectric performance. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the efficacy of a sustainable biotemplate, offering an environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles with tailored physicochemical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)
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13 pages, 460 KiB  
Systematic Review
Using Respiratory Gas Analyzers to Determine Resting Metabolic Rate in Adults: A Systematic Review of Validity Studies
by César Ulises Olivas-León, Francisco Javier Olivas-Aguirre, Isaac Armando Chávez-Guevara, Horacio Eusebio Almanza-Reyes, Leslie Patrón-Romero, Genaro Rodríguez-Uribe, Francisco José Amaro-Gahete and Marco Antonio Hernández-Lepe
Sports 2025, 13(7), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13070198 - 22 Jun 2025
Viewed by 538
Abstract
Background: Correct assessment of resting metabolic rate (RMR) is fundamental for estimating total energy expenditure in both clinical nutrition and sports sciences research. Various methods have been proposed for RMR determination, including predictive equations, isotopic dilution techniques, and indirect calorimetry. Over the past [...] Read more.
Background: Correct assessment of resting metabolic rate (RMR) is fundamental for estimating total energy expenditure in both clinical nutrition and sports sciences research. Various methods have been proposed for RMR determination, including predictive equations, isotopic dilution techniques, and indirect calorimetry. Over the past two decades, portable gas analyzers have emerged as promising alternatives, offering more accessible and cost-effective solutions for metabolic assessment. However, evidence regarding their validity remains inconsistent, particularly across diverse populations and varying metabolic assessment protocols. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in May 2025 using the PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases, following the PRISMA-DTA guidelines, and included observational studies with the objective of examining the available evidence regarding the validity of portable gas analyzers to determine RMR in humans. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Results: From an initial pool of 230 studies, 16 met the eligibility criteria. The findings revealed notable variability in measurement validity among devices, mainly influenced by device model, population characteristics, and methodological factors. While portable analyzers such as FitMate and Q-NRG exhibited high validity, MedGem exhibited systematic biases, particularly in individuals with higher adiposity, leading to RMR overestimations. Conclusions: The main results demonstrated the critical need for rigorous validation of portable gas analyzers before their implementation in clinical and research settings to ensure their applicability across diverse populations and metabolic assessments. Full article
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17 pages, 2280 KiB  
Article
Effect of PBF-LB/M Processing on the Microstructural Evolution and Local Mechanical Properties of Novel Al-Fe-Si-Cr-Ni Alloy
by Alessandra Martucci, Paolo Fino and Mariangela Lombardi
Metals 2025, 15(6), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15060661 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 322
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the microstructural evolution and local mechanical properties of an AlFe18Si8Cr5Ni2 alloy processed via Powder Bed Fusion–Laser-Based Manufacturing (PBF-LB/M). Designed with a focus on sustainability, this alloy was produced by deriving the necessary elements from AlSi10Mg and 304L [...] Read more.
The present study aims to investigate the microstructural evolution and local mechanical properties of an AlFe18Si8Cr5Ni2 alloy processed via Powder Bed Fusion–Laser-Based Manufacturing (PBF-LB/M). Designed with a focus on sustainability, this alloy was produced by deriving the necessary elements from AlSi10Mg and 304L steel, two of the most widely used alloys and, consequently, among the easiest materials to source from machining scrap. By leveraging iron, chromium, and nickel from these widespread standard compositions, the alloy mitigates the detrimental effects of Fe contamination in Al-based alloys while simultaneously enhancing mechanical performance. A comprehensive investigation of the impact of rapid solidification and thermal cycling offered novel insights into phase stability, elemental distribution, and local mechanical behavior. In particular, microstructural analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry revealed significant phase modifications post PBF-LB/M processing, including Fe-rich acicular phase segregation at melt pool boundaries and enhanced strengthening phase formation. In addition, nanoindentation mapping was used to demonstrate the correlation between microstructural heterogeneity and local mechanical properties. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of Al-Fe-Si-Cr-Ni alloy changes after the interaction with the laser, supporting the development of high-performance, sustainable Al-based materials for PBF-LB/M applications. Full article
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12 pages, 3100 KiB  
Article
Effect of B4C Content on the Oxidation Resistance of a B4C-SiO2–Albite/Al2O3 Coating at 900 °C
by Pengbin Chen, Quanhao Luo, Haoze Wang, Huan He, Tao Liu, Yingheng Huang and Tianquan Liang
Coatings 2025, 15(6), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060688 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 755
Abstract
B4C is beneficial for forming a glassy film that is effective at impeding oxygen diffusion and improving the oxidation resistance of coatings at high temperature. The effect of B4C content on the oxidation resistance of a B4C-SiO [...] Read more.
B4C is beneficial for forming a glassy film that is effective at impeding oxygen diffusion and improving the oxidation resistance of coatings at high temperature. The effect of B4C content on the oxidation resistance of a B4C-SiO2–Albite/Al2O3 (BSA/AO) double-layer coating by the slurry brushing method at 900 °C was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in this work. It is indicated that the composite coating with 20 wt% B4C exhibits excellent oxidation resistance at high temperature, which shows a mass loss of only 0.11% for the coated carbon block after being exposed to 900 °C for 196 h. This is attributed to the in situ formation of a thin, dense glass layer with good self-healing ability at the interface of the B4C-SiO2–Albite/Al2O3 composite coating within 1 h and the persistence and stability of the dense glass layer during exposure. The mechanism is discussed in detail. Full article
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29 pages, 4180 KiB  
Article
Development of Ultra High-Performance Concrete with Artificial Aggregates from Sesame Ash and Waste Glass: A Study on Mechanical Strength and Durability
by Aïssa Rezzoug, Ali H. AlAteah, Muwaffaq Alqurashi and Sahar A. Mostafa
Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111942 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 538
Abstract
This study demonstrates the conversion of agricultural and industrial waste into construction materials by developing ultra-high-performance concrete using cold-bonded sesame ash and waste glass aggregates. The primary focus of this study was sustainability and waste valorization in self-curing concrete systems. This study focuses [...] Read more.
This study demonstrates the conversion of agricultural and industrial waste into construction materials by developing ultra-high-performance concrete using cold-bonded sesame ash and waste glass aggregates. The primary focus of this study was sustainability and waste valorization in self-curing concrete systems. This study focuses on many aspects of producing cementless concrete with superior short- and long-term properties, incorporating an innovative artificial aggregate premanufactured using sesame ash and waste glass. Prepacking technology of casting was used. A self-curing additive is used to reduce the energy required for curing. In cold-bonded aggregates (CBAs), the aggregate content ranged from 10 to 50% of the total sand volume. Polyethylene glycol was used as an internal curing agent to evaluate the mechanical properties of the concrete, including the compressive strength and tensile strength at different ages. The durability characteristics of the concrete were also analyzed in terms of its resistance to sulfates, chloride ion penetration, and performance at elevated temperatures of 300 and 600 °C. Microscopic analyses were conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results showed a significant improvement in the mechanical and durability performance, especially at 30%, which resulted in the highest compressive strength of 147.2 MPa at 90 days. This is an 11.93% increase compared with that of the reference mix. The tensile strength was also improved by 14.5% at the same replacement ratio. The mix containing 30% manufactured aggregate demonstrated the best thermal resistance, retaining the highest percentage of residual strength at both 300 °C and 600 °C, as well as superior sulfate impact resistance, with a strength reduction factor of 39.5%. When the replacement ratio was increased to 50%, the chloride penetration resistance improved significantly by 41% compared with that of the reference mix. FTIR, TGA, and DSC analyses also demonstrated enhanced silicate polymerization and increased carbonate formation, contributing to the improved chemical stability and density of the concrete matrix. Full article
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14 pages, 5467 KiB  
Article
A tetra-ortho-Chlorinated Azobenzene Molecule for Visible-Light Photon Energy Conversion and Storage
by Shuxin Tang, Yating Zhang, Jun Xia, Jing Qi, Fan Tang, Fei Zhai and Liqi Dong
Molecules 2025, 30(11), 2333; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112333 - 27 May 2025
Viewed by 591
Abstract
The development of photoactive molecules for photothermal energy storage is a focus of research in solar energy utilization technology. Azobenzene photoswitch has emerged as a promising candidate for solar energy conversion and storage due to its unique photoisomerization characteristics. Nonetheless, a majority of [...] Read more.
The development of photoactive molecules for photothermal energy storage is a focus of research in solar energy utilization technology. Azobenzene photoswitch has emerged as a promising candidate for solar energy conversion and storage due to its unique photoisomerization characteristics. Nonetheless, a majority of azobenzene-based molecular photothermal systems have a significant drawback: they depend on ultraviolet light for E-to-Z isomerization to store photon energy rather than visible light, which seriously hinders the development of azobenzene photoswitch in practical solar energy utilization applications. In this study, an azobenzene photothermal molecule that can effectively store visible-light photon energy was design and synthesized, which includes a tetra-ortho-chlorinated azo structure as the “head” part and an alkyl chain at para-position as the “tail” part. The ultraviolet–visible and 1H NMR spectrum indicated that the obtained tetra-ortho-chlorinated azobenzene photothermal molecule could effectively absorb and store photon energy under 550 nm irradiation and release the stored energy upon 430 nm light irradiation. The storage energy density of the charged azobenzene photothermal molecule was determined to be 13.50 kJ/mol through differential scanning calorimetry and 28.21 kJ/mol via density functional theory theoretical calculations. This discrepancy was ascribed to the 64% Z-isomer yield harvesting during the charging process. Furthermore, the obtained tetra-ortho-chlorinated azobenzene exhibited long-term energy storage (approximately 11 days of half-life) and cyclic stability (100 cycles). Notably, the E-isomer of tetra-ortho-chlorinated azobenzene exhibited a high degree of supercooling, which may be advantageous for use in extremely low-temperature environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Photochemistry)
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