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25 pages, 13178 KiB  
Article
Fault Diagnosis for CNC Machine Tool Feed Systems Based on Enhanced Multi-Scale Feature Network
by Peng Zhang, Min Huang and Weiwei Sun
Lubricants 2025, 13(8), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13080350 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Despite advances in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for intelligent fault diagnosis in CNC machine tools, bearing fault diagnosis in CNC feed systems remains challenging, particularly in multi‑scale feature extraction and generalization across operating conditions. This study introduces an enhanced multi-scale feature network (MSFN) [...] Read more.
Despite advances in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for intelligent fault diagnosis in CNC machine tools, bearing fault diagnosis in CNC feed systems remains challenging, particularly in multi‑scale feature extraction and generalization across operating conditions. This study introduces an enhanced multi-scale feature network (MSFN) that addresses these limitations through three integrated modules designed to extract critical fault features from vibration signals. First, a Soft-Scale Denoising (S2D) module forms the backbone of the MSFN, capturing multi-scale fault features from input signals. Second, a Multi-Scale Adaptive Feature Enhancement (MS-AFE) module based on long-range weighting mechanisms is developed to enhance the extraction of periodic fault features. Third, a Dynamic Sequence–Channel Attention (DSCA) module is incorporated to improve feature representation across channel and sequence dimensions. Experimental results on two datasets demonstrate that the proposed MSFN achieves high diagnostic accuracy and exhibits robust generalization across diverse operating conditions. Moreover, ablation studies validate the effectiveness and contributions of each module. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tool Wear Monitoring 2025)
14 pages, 297 KiB  
Article
Oscillatory Analysis of Third-Order Hybrid Trinomial Delay Differential Equations via Binomial Transform
by Ganesh Purushothaman, Ekambaram Chandrasekaran, George E. Chatzarakis and Ethiraju Thandapani
Mathematics 2025, 13(15), 2520; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13152520 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
The oscillatory behavior of a class of third-order hybrid-type delay differential equations—used to model various real-world phenomena in fluid dynamics, control systems, biology, and beam deflection—is investigated in this study. A novel method is proposed, whereby these complex trinomial equations are reduced to [...] Read more.
The oscillatory behavior of a class of third-order hybrid-type delay differential equations—used to model various real-world phenomena in fluid dynamics, control systems, biology, and beam deflection—is investigated in this study. A novel method is proposed, whereby these complex trinomial equations are reduced to a simpler binomial form by employing solutions of the corresponding linear differential equations. Through the use of comparison techniques and integral averaging methods, new oscillation criteria are derived to ensure that all solutions exhibit oscillatory behavior. These results are shown to extend and enhance existing theories in the oscillation analysis of functional differential equations. The effectiveness and originality of the proposed approach are illustrated by means of two representative examples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section C1: Difference and Differential Equations)
15 pages, 4160 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Stress-Shielding Effect of a PEEK Knee Prosthesis. A Finite Element Study
by Mario Ceddia, Arcangelo Morizio, Giuseppe Solarino and Bartolomeo Trentadue
Osteology 2025, 5(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology5030024 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: The long-term success of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is often compromised by stress shielding, which can lead to bone resorption and even implant loosening. This study employs finite element analysis (FEA) to compare the stress-shielding effects of a knee prosthesis made from [...] Read more.
Background: The long-term success of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is often compromised by stress shielding, which can lead to bone resorption and even implant loosening. This study employs finite element analysis (FEA) to compare the stress-shielding effects of a knee prosthesis made from polyether ether ketone (PEEK) with a traditional titanium Ti6Al4V implant on an osteoporotic tibial bone model. Methods: Stress distribution and the stress-shielding factor (SSF) were evaluated at seven critical points in the proximal tibia under physiological loading conditions. Results: Results indicate that the PEEK prosthesis yields a more uniform stress transmission, with von Mises stress levels within the optimal 2–3 MPa range for bone maintenance and consistently negative or near-zero SSF values, implying minimal stress shielding. Conversely, titanium implants exhibited significant stress shielding with high positive SSF values across all points. Additionally, stress concentrations on the polyethylene liner were lower and more evenly distributed in the PEEK model, suggesting reduced wear potential. Conclusions: These findings highlight the biomechanical advantages of PEEK in reducing stress shielding and preserving bone integrity, supporting its potential use to improve implant longevity in TKA. Further experimental and clinical validation are warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bone and Cartilage Diseases)
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15 pages, 3765 KiB  
Article
PSMA-Targeted Radiolabeled Peptide for Imaging and Therapy in Prostate Cancer: Preclinical Evaluation of Biodistribution and Therapeutic Efficacy
by Ming-Wei Chen, Yuan-Ruei Huang, Wei-Lin Lo, Shih-Ying Lee, Sheng-Nan Lo, Shih-Ming Wang and Kang-Wei Chang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157580 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Albumin-binding agents enhance tumor uptake of radiopharmaceuticals targeting prostate-specific membrane antigens (PSMAs) in radiotherapy. We synthesized PSMA-NARI-56, a molecule with both PSMA targeting activity and albumin-binding moiety, labeled with 177Lu as the therapeutic agent. The aim of this study was to determine [...] Read more.
Albumin-binding agents enhance tumor uptake of radiopharmaceuticals targeting prostate-specific membrane antigens (PSMAs) in radiotherapy. We synthesized PSMA-NARI-56, a molecule with both PSMA targeting activity and albumin-binding moiety, labeled with 177Lu as the therapeutic agent. The aim of this study was to determine the specific binding of 177Lu-PSMA-NARI-56 towards PSMA, assess its biodistribution, and evaluate therapeutic effectiveness by tumor-bearing mice. The effect of 177Lu-PSMA-NARI-56 viability of PSMA-positive cell (LNCaP) was evaluated. Biodistribution and endoradiotherapy studies were utilized to determine the distribution, targeting, and anti-tumor efficacy by tumor-bearing mice identified by 111In-PSMA-NARI-56. 177Lu-PSMA-NARI-56 exhibited a significant impact on the viability of the LNCaP cell. Biodistribution results revealed the maximum tumor uptake of 177Lu-PSMA-NARI-56 occurring within 24 h, reaching 40.56 ± 10.01%ID/g. In radionuclide therapy, at 58 days post-injection (p.i.), 177Lu-PSMA-NARI-56 demonstrated superior tumor inhibition (98%) compared to 177Lu-PSMA-617 (58%), and the mouse survival rate after 90 days of radiotherapy (90%) was also higher than that of 177Lu-PSMA-617 (30%) in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice. In the PSMA-positive animal model, 177Lu-PSMA-NARI-56 shows higher potential radiotheranostic and prolonged accumulation (identify by 111In-PSMA-NARI-56/nanoSPECT/CT image), offering the potential for improved treatment effectiveness and increased survival rates when compared to 177Lu-PSMA-617. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
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19 pages, 618 KiB  
Article
Effect of a Nutritional Education Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Intake, and Body Composition in Female Athletes: A Pilot Study
by Macarena Veloso-Pulgar and Andreu Farran-Codina
Nutrients 2025, 17(15), 2560; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152560 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Studies have reported that female athletes often exhibit low levels of nutritional knowledge and inadequate dietary intake to meet their nutritional needs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a nutritional education intervention on nutrition knowledge, dietary intake, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Studies have reported that female athletes often exhibit low levels of nutritional knowledge and inadequate dietary intake to meet their nutritional needs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a nutritional education intervention on nutrition knowledge, dietary intake, and body composition in female handball players (n = 45; age, 17.6 ± 2.1 years). Methods: A quasi-experimental intervention design was implemented, consisting of a 3-week educational program delivered through six in-person sessions led by a registered dietitian. Nutrition knowledge, dietary intake, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and anthropometric and body composition measurements were assessed. Results: Nutrition knowledge levels were significantly higher both immediately post-intervention and three months later compared to baseline (p < 0.05, ES > 0.8). A total of 36 participants completed a 3-day dietary record at baseline and at follow-up. Initial assessments revealed insufficient energy (31 kcal/kg/day) and carbohydrate intake (3.0 g/kg/day) and a high intake of total fats (1.4 g/kg/day). During follow-up, a significant decrease in the consumption of foods rich in sugar was observed (p = 0.0272). A total of 82.2% of the players needed to improve their adherence to the Mediterranean diet. No significant changes were found in Mediterranean diet adherence or body composition following the intervention. Conclusions: The nutritional education intervention significantly improved athletes’ nutritional knowledge and significantly decreased their consumption of sugary foods; however, further studies are needed to evaluate its impact on dietary intake and body composition, considering the study’s limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Habits, Nutritional Knowledge, and Nutrition Education)
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18 pages, 2977 KiB  
Article
Unraveling the Excellent High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of FeNiCuAl-Based Alloy
by Guangxin Wu, Gaosheng Li, Lijun Wei, Hao Chen, Yujie Wang, Yunze Qiao, Yu Hua, Chenyang Shi, Yingde Huang and Wenjie Yang
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3679; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153679 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study synthesized FeNiCuAlX high-entropy alloys (HEAs) (where X = Cr, Co, Mn) using arc melting and investigated their high-temperature oxidation behavior in air at 900 °C. The oxidation kinetics of all alloys followed a parabolic rate, with the oxidation rate constants (kp) [...] Read more.
This study synthesized FeNiCuAlX high-entropy alloys (HEAs) (where X = Cr, Co, Mn) using arc melting and investigated their high-temperature oxidation behavior in air at 900 °C. The oxidation kinetics of all alloys followed a parabolic rate, with the oxidation rate constants (kp) of FeNiCuAlCr, FeNiCuAlCo, and FeNiCuAlMn being approximately two to three orders of magnitude lower than that of the FeNiCu alloy. Specifically, FeNiCuAlCr exhibited the lowest kp value of 1.72 × 10−6 mg2·cm4/s, which is significantly lower than those of FeNiCuAlCo (3.29 × 10−6 mg2·cm4/s) and FeNiCuAlMn (1.71 × 10−5 mg2·cm4/s). This suggests that the addition of chromium promotes the formation of a dense Al2O3/Cr2O3 oxide layer, significantly enhancing the oxidation resistance. Furthermore, corrosion resistance was assessed through potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a 3.5% NaCl solution. FeNiCuAlCr demonstrated exceptional resistance to localized corrosion, as indicated by its low corrosion current density (45.7 μA/cm2) and high pitting potential (−0.21 V), highlighting its superior corrosion performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Properties, and Applications of New Metallic Alloys)
21 pages, 787 KiB  
Article
Rethinking Modbus-UDP for Real-Time IIoT Systems
by Ivan Cibrario Bertolotti
Future Internet 2025, 17(8), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17080356 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
The original Modbus specification for RS-485 and RS-232 buses supported broadcast transmission. As the protocol evolved into Modbus-TCP, to use the TCP transport, this useful feature was lost, likely due to the point-to-point nature of TCP connections. Later proposals did not restore the [...] Read more.
The original Modbus specification for RS-485 and RS-232 buses supported broadcast transmission. As the protocol evolved into Modbus-TCP, to use the TCP transport, this useful feature was lost, likely due to the point-to-point nature of TCP connections. Later proposals did not restore the broadcast transmission capability, although they used UDP as transport and UDP, by itself, would have supported it. Moreover, they did not address the inherent lack of reliable delivery of UDP, leaving datagram loss detection and recovery to the application layer. This paper describes a novel redesign of Modbus-UDP that addresses the aforementioned shortcomings. It achieves a mean round-trip time of only 38% with respect to Modbus-TCP and seamlessly supports a previously published protocol based on Modbus broadcast. In addition, the built-in retransmission of Modbus-UDP reacts more efficiently than the equivalent Modbus-TCP mechanism, exhibiting 50% of its round-trip standard deviation when subject to a 1% two-way IP datagram loss probability. Combined with the lower overhead of UDP versus TCP, this makes the redesigned Modbus-UDP protocol better suited for a variety of Industrial Internet of Things systems with limited computing and communication resources. Full article
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22 pages, 14608 KiB  
Article
Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Gross Primary Productivity of Vegetation and Its Driving Factors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on Geographical Detectors
by Liang Zhang, Cunlin Xin and Meiping Sun
Atmosphere 2025, 16(8), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080940 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
To investigate the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and primary driving factors of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we employed an enhanced MODIS-PSN model. Utilizing the fifth-generation global climate reanalysis dataset (ECMWF ERA5), we generated GPP remote sensing products by integrating six [...] Read more.
To investigate the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and primary driving factors of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we employed an enhanced MODIS-PSN model. Utilizing the fifth-generation global climate reanalysis dataset (ECMWF ERA5), we generated GPP remote sensing products by integrating six natural factors. Through correlation analysis and geographical detector modeling, we quantitatively analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics and key drivers of vegetation GPP across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 2001 to 2022. The results demonstrate that GPP changes across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau display pronounced spatial heterogeneity. The humid northeastern and southeastern regions exhibit significantly positive change rates, primarily distributed across wetland and forest ecosystems, with a maximum mean annual change rate of 12.40 gC/m2/year. In contrast, the central and southern regions display a decreasing trend, with the minimum change rate reaching −1.61 gC/m2/year, predominantly concentrated in alpine grasslands and desert areas. Vegetation GPP on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau shows significant correlations with temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), evapotranspiration (ET), leaf area index (LAI), precipitation, and radiation. Among the factors analyzed, LAI demonstrates the strongest explanatory power for spatial variations in vegetation GPP across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The dominant factors influencing vegetation GPP on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are LAI, ET, and precipitation. The pairwise interactions between these factors exhibit linear enhancement effects, demonstrating synergistic multifactor interactions. This study systematically analyzed the response mechanisms and variations of vegetation GPP to multiple driving factors across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from a spatial heterogeneity perspective. The findings provide both a critical theoretical framework and practical insights for better understanding ecosystem response dynamics and drought conditions on the plateau. Full article
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16 pages, 1214 KiB  
Article
Screening of Medicinal Herbs Identifies Cimicifuga foetida and Its Bioactive Component Caffeic Acid as SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitors
by Ching-Hsuan Liu, Yu-Ting Kuo, Chien-Ju Lin, Feng-Lin Yen, Shu-Jing Wu and Liang-Tzung Lin
Viruses 2025, 17(8), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17081086 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants highlights the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies, particularly entry inhibitors that could efficiently prevent viral infection. Medicinal herbs and herbal combination formulas have long been recognized for their effects in treating infectious diseases and their antiviral properties, [...] Read more.
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants highlights the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies, particularly entry inhibitors that could efficiently prevent viral infection. Medicinal herbs and herbal combination formulas have long been recognized for their effects in treating infectious diseases and their antiviral properties, thus providing abundant resources for the discovery of antiviral candidates. While many candidates have been suggested to have antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection, few have been validated for their mechanisms, including possible effects on viral entry. This study aimed to identify SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors from medicinal herbs and herbal formulas that are known for heat-clearing and detoxifying properties and/or antiviral activities. A SARS-CoV-2 pseudoparticle (SARS-CoV-2pp) system was used to assess mechanism-specific entry inhibition. Our results showed that the methanol extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides rhizome, as well as the water extracts of Cimicifuga foetida rhizome, Xiao Chai Hu Tang (XCHT), and Sheng Ma Ge Gen Tang (SMGGT), have substantial inhibitory effects on the entry of SARS-CoV-2pps into host cells. Given the observation that Cimicifuga foetida exhibited the most potent inhibition and is a constituent of SMGGT, we further investigated the major compounds of the herb and identified caffeic acid as a bioactive component for blocking SARS-CoV-2pp entry. Entry inhibition of Cimicifuga foetida and caffeic acid was validated on both wild-type and the currently dominant JN.1 strain SARS-CoV-2pp systems. Moreover, caffeic acid was able to both inactivate the pseudoparticles and prevent their entry into pretreated host cells. The results support the traditional use of these herbal medicines and underscore their potential as valuable resources for identifying active compounds and developing therapeutic entry inhibitors for the management of COVID-19. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coronaviruses)
20 pages, 4870 KiB  
Article
Histological and Immunohistochemical Evidence in Hypothermia-Related Death: An Experimental Study
by Emina Dervišević, Nina Čamdžić, Edina Lazović, Adis Salihbegović, Francesco Sessa, Hajrudin Spahović and Stefano D’Errico
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7578; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157578 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Hypothermia-related deaths present significant diagnostic challenges due to non-specific and often inconsistent autopsy findings. This study investigated the histological and immunohistochemical alterations associated with primary and secondary hypothermia in an experimental Rattus norvegicus model, focusing on the effects of benzodiazepine and alcohol ingestion. [...] Read more.
Hypothermia-related deaths present significant diagnostic challenges due to non-specific and often inconsistent autopsy findings. This study investigated the histological and immunohistochemical alterations associated with primary and secondary hypothermia in an experimental Rattus norvegicus model, focusing on the effects of benzodiazepine and alcohol ingestion. Twenty-one male rats were divided into three groups: control (K), benzodiazepine-treated (B), and alcohol-treated (A). After two weeks of substance administration, hypothermia was induced and multiple organ samples were analyzed. Histologically, renal tissue showed hydropic and vacuolar degeneration, congestion, and acute tubular injury across all groups, with no significant differences in E-cadherin expression. Lung samples revealed congestion, emphysema, and hemorrhage, with more pronounced vascular congestion in the alcohol and benzodiazepine groups. Cardiac tissue exhibited vacuolar degeneration and protein denaturation, particularly in substance-exposed animals. The spleen showed preserved architecture but increased erythrocyte infiltration and significantly elevated myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive granulocytes in the intoxicated groups. Liver samples demonstrated congestion, focal necrosis, and subcapsular hemorrhage, especially in the alcohol group. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed statistically significant differences in MPO expression in both lung and spleen tissues, with the highest levels observed in the benzodiazepine group. Similarly, CK7 and CK20 expression in the gastroesophageal junction was significantly elevated in both alcohol- and benzodiazepine-treated animals compared to the controls. In contrast, E-cadherin expression in the kidney did not differ significantly among the groups. These findings suggest that specific histological and immunohistochemical patterns, particularly involving pulmonary, cardiac, hepatic, and splenic tissues, may help differentiate primary hypothermia from substance-related secondary hypothermia. The study underscores the value of integrating toxicological, histological, and molecular analyses to enhance the forensic assessment of hypothermia-related fatalities. Future research should aim to validate these markers in human autopsy series and explore additional molecular indicators to refine diagnostic accuracy in forensic pathology. Full article
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16 pages, 1466 KiB  
Article
A Discrete Element Model for Characterizing Soil-Cotton Seeding Equipment Interactions Using the JKR and Bonding Contact Models
by Xuyang Ran, Long Wang, Jianfei Xing, Lu Shi, Dewei Wang, Wensong Guo and Xufeng Wang
Agriculture 2025, 15(15), 1693; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15151693 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Due to the increasing demand for agricultural water, the water availability for winter and spring irrigation of cotton fields has decreased. Consequently, dry seeding followed by irrigation (DSSI) has become a widespread cotton cultivation technique in Xinjiang. This study focused on the interaction [...] Read more.
Due to the increasing demand for agricultural water, the water availability for winter and spring irrigation of cotton fields has decreased. Consequently, dry seeding followed by irrigation (DSSI) has become a widespread cotton cultivation technique in Xinjiang. This study focused on the interaction between soil particles and cotton seeding equipment under DSSI in Xinjiang. The discrete element method (DEM) simulation framework was employed to compare the performance of the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) model and Bonding model in simulating contact between soil particles. The models’ ability to simulate the angle of repose was investigated, and shear tests were conducted. The simulation results showed that both models had comparable repose angles, with relative errors of 0.59% for the JKR model and 0.36% for the contact model. However, the contact model demonstrated superior predictive accuracy in simulating direct shear test results, predicting an internal friction angle of 35.8°, with a relative error of 5.8% compared to experimental measurements. In contrast, the JKR model exhibited a larger error. The Bonding model provides a more accurate description of soil particle contact. Subsoiler penetration tests showed that the maximum penetration force was 467.2 N, closely matching the simulation result of 485.3 N, which validates the reliability of the model parameters. The proposed soil simulation framework and calibrated parameters accurately represented soil mechanical properties, providing a robust basis for discrete element modeling and structural optimization of soil-tool interactions in cotton field tillage machinery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
18 pages, 13224 KiB  
Article
The Structure and Mechanical Properties of FeAlCrNiV Eutectic Complex Concentrated Alloy
by Josef Pešička, Jozef Veselý, Robert Král, Stanislav Daniš, Peter Minárik, Eliška Jača and Jana Šmilauerová
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153675 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
In this work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the FeAlCrNiV complex concentrated alloy (CCA) were studied in the as-cast and annealed states. The material was annealed at 800 °C for 16 days to test microstructure stability and phase evolution. It was found [...] Read more.
In this work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the FeAlCrNiV complex concentrated alloy (CCA) were studied in the as-cast and annealed states. The material was annealed at 800 °C for 16 days to test microstructure stability and phase evolution. It was found that the microstructure does not differ in the two investigated states, and the results of differential scanning calorimetry and dilatometry showed that there is almost no difference in the thermal response between the as-cast and annealed states. Both investigated states exhibit eutectic structure with bcc solid solution and ordered phase with B2 symmetry. In a single grain, several regions with B2 laths in the bcc matrix were observed. Inside the B2 laths and in the bcc matrix, bcc spheres and B2 spheres were observed, respectively. All three features—laths, matrix and spheres—are fully crystallographically coherent. Nevertheless, in the adjacent region in the grain, the crystal structure of the matrix, laths and sphere changed to the other structure, i.e., the characteristics of the microstructure feature with B2 symmetry changed to bcc, and vice versa. Compression deformation tests were performed for various temperatures from room temperature to 800 °C. The results showed that the material exhibits exceptional yield stress values, especially at high temperatures (820 MPa/800 °C), and excellent plasticity (25%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behaviour of Advanced Metal and Composite Materials)
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19 pages, 6687 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Elastic Modulus Calculations in ASTM D7205 and CSA S806 for CFRP Rebar Under Elevated Temperature
by Seung-Beom Kang, Dae-Hee Kang and Wonchang Choi
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2143; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152143 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
In this study, the elastic modulus of CFRP rebars under high-temperature conditions was evaluated in accordance with ASTM D7205 and CSA S806, and the differences between the two standards were compared and analyzed. CFRP rebars with diameters of 10 mm and 13 mm [...] Read more.
In this study, the elastic modulus of CFRP rebars under high-temperature conditions was evaluated in accordance with ASTM D7205 and CSA S806, and the differences between the two standards were compared and analyzed. CFRP rebars with diameters of 10 mm and 13 mm were tested, and tensile specimens were prepared following the procedures specified in both standards. Tensile tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 650 °C using an electric furnace. Fracture morphology before and after testing, as well as microstructural changes, were examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that the ASTM standard determines the elastic modulus based on the initial linear portion of the stress–strain curve before the transition point, whereas the CSA standard includes the post-transition segment. At temperatures below 325 °C, the ASTM-derived modulus exhibited a lower coefficient of variation (COV) compared to the CSA-derived values, indicating a more stable performance. By applying the experimentally obtained modulus values to various prediction models, the model with the lowest average error was identified. These findings confirm that the elastic modulus of CFRP rebars can be reasonably predicted under elevated-temperature conditions using calibrated models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
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14 pages, 3150 KiB  
Article
Research on the Influence Mechanism of Thermal Load on the Au-Sn Sealing Weld State on Three-Dimensional DPC Substrates
by Heran Zhao, Lihua Cao, ShiZhao Wang, He Zhang and Mingxiang Chen
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153678 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Direct copper-plated ceramic (DPC) substrates have emerged as a favored solution for power device packaging due to their unique technical advantages. AuSn, characterized by its high hermeticity and environmental adaptability, represents the optimal sealing technology for DPC substrates. Through the application of vacuum [...] Read more.
Direct copper-plated ceramic (DPC) substrates have emerged as a favored solution for power device packaging due to their unique technical advantages. AuSn, characterized by its high hermeticity and environmental adaptability, represents the optimal sealing technology for DPC substrates. Through the application of vacuum sintering techniques and adjustment of peak temperatures (325 °C, 340 °C, and 355 °C), the morphology and composition of interfacial compounds were systematically investigated, along with an analysis of their formation mechanisms. A gradient aging experiment was designed (125 °C/150 °C/175 °C × oxygen/argon dual atmosphere × 600 h) to elucidate the synergistic effects of environmental temperature and atmosphere on the growth of intermetallic compounds (IMCs). The results indicate that the primary reaction in the sealing weld seam involves Ni interacting with Au-Sn to form (Ni, Au)3Sn2 and Au5Sn. However, upon completion of the sealing process, this reaction remains incomplete, leading to a coexistence state of (Ni, Au)3Sn2, Au5Sn, and AuSn. Additionally, Ni diffuses into the weld seam center via dendritic fracture and locally forms secondary phases such as δ(Ni) and ζ’(Ni). These findings suggest that the weld seam interface exhibits a complex, irregular, and asymmetric microstructure comprising multiple coexisting compounds. It was determined that Tpeak = 325 °C to 340 °C represents the ideal welding temperature range, where the weld seam morphology, width, and Ni diffusion degree achieve optimal states, ensuring excellent device hermeticity. Aging studies further demonstrate that IMC growth remains within controllable limits. These findings address critical gaps in the understanding of the microstructural evolution and interface characteristics of asymmetric welded joints formed by multi-material systems. Full article
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20 pages, 3614 KiB  
Article
Gum Acacia–Dexamethasone Combination Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Rats via Targeting SIRT1-HMGB1 Signaling Pathway and Preserving Mitochondrial Integrity
by Fawaz N. Alruwaili, Omnia A. Nour and Tarek M. Ibrahim
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(8), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081164 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objective: Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is a substantial contributor to mortality in critically ill patients. This study aimed to investigate the impact of gum acacia (GA) and dexamethasone (DEX) combination on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SA-AKI in rats. Methods: Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is a substantial contributor to mortality in critically ill patients. This study aimed to investigate the impact of gum acacia (GA) and dexamethasone (DEX) combination on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SA-AKI in rats. Methods: Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were separated into six groups, including the control, GA group, LPS-induced AKI group, DEX + LPS group, GA + LPS group, and GA + DEX + LPS group. AKI was induced in rats using LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.). GA was administered orally (7.5 g/kg) for 14 days before LPS injection, and DEX was injected (1mg/kg, i.p.) 2 h after LPS injection. Results: LPS injection significantly (p < 0.05, vs. control group) impaired renal function, as evidenced through increased levels of kidney function biomarkers, decreased creatinine clearance, and histopathological alterations in the kidneys. LPS also significantly (p < 0.05, vs. control group) elevated levels of oxidative stress markers, while it reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, LPS triggered an inflammatory response, manifested by significant (p < 0.05, vs. control group) upregulation of Toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear factor-κB, along with increased expression of high-mobility group box 1. Administration of GA significantly ameliorated LPS-induced renal impairment by enhancing antioxidant defenses and suppressing inflammatory pathways (p < 0.05, vs. LPS group). Furthermore, GA-DEX-treated rats showed improved kidney function, reduced oxidative stress, and attenuated inflammatory markers (p < 0.05, vs. LPS group). Conclusions: The GA-DEX combination exhibited potent renoprotective effects against LPS-induced SA-AKI, possibly due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These results suggest that the GA-DEX combination could be a promising and effective therapeutic agent for managing SA-AKI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
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