Search Results (143)

Long-term success of root canal therapy depends not only on effective disinfection but also on durable sealing of the obturated canal system. However, currently available sealers still face persistent challenges in balancing handling, interfacial stability, bioactivity, and antibacterial performance. Here, we developed an injectable calcium silicate-based root canal sealer reinforced with mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGN) to improve sealing-related performance. The formulation integrated a hydration-active calcium silicate matrix with a mesoporous bioactive component while maintaining practical handling characteristics. MBGN incorporation enhanced dentin-associated mineralization, promoted intratubular crystal deposition, reduced apical microleakage, and decreased internal porosity after obturation. The 5% MBG formulation showed the most favorable sealing profile, reducing the dye penetration depth from 2.68 ± 0.41 mm in the 0% MBG group to 1.87 ± 0.32 mm, together with decreased open and closed pore parameters in the apical region. In parallel, the MBGN-reinforced sealer preserved acceptable cytocompatibility and exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans than the reference formulations. The improved performance may be associated with effective initial adaptation and bioactive interfacial densification. Together, these findings suggest that MBGN incorporation may be a promising route for engineering more bioactive calcium silicate sealers with improved sealing stability and antibacterial function for endodontic applications. Full article

This study aimed to assess the remineralization efficacy of NaF gel enriched with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) and bioactive glass nanoparticles (BAGNPs), with and without adjunctive Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation (ECL; 0.5 W, 5 Hz, 20 mJ/pulse, 60 µs pulse duration, water–air spray), on artificially demineralized enamel by evaluating enamel microhardness (MH), resin tag length (RTL), and shear bond strength (SBS) of pit and fissure sealants (PFSs). A total of 168 extracted human third molars free from cracks, fractures, erosion, enamel hypoplasia, surface irregularities, and any history of prior chemical or fluoride treatment were included in the study. All samples underwent continuous immersion in a demineralizing solution until specific DIAGNOdent values of 10-25 were achieved. Samples were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 28): Group 1 (untreated control), Group 2 (NaF gel), Group 3 (NaF + HANPs), Group 4 (NaF + BAGNPs), Group 5 (NaF + HANPs-ECL), and Group 6 (NaF + BAGNPs-ECL). Enamel MH was assessed using a Vickers MH tester (n = 8). RTL was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 8). SBS was measured using a universal testing machine (n = 12), followed by failure mode analysis. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). Group 5 (NaF + HANPs-ECL) exhibited the highest values for MH (366.20 ± 26.11 HV), RTL (70.34 ± 2.57 µm), and SBS (13.67 ± 0.35 MPa), whereas the untreated control group exhibited the lowest values for all the outcomes. Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated comparable RTL and SBS values (p > 0.05). The remaining groups exhibited significantly different MH, RTL, and SBS values (p < 0.05). The ECL-assisted nanoparticle-integrated NaF gel significantly enhanced enamel MH, RTL, and shear SBS of PFS compared to NaF gel alone. HANPs demonstrated superior remineralization outcomes compared to BAGNPs across all tested parameters. The present findings support the adjunctive use of laser activation with nanoparticle-modified NaF gel as a promising strategy for optimizing sealant performance on demineralized enamel. Full article

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising strategy in restorative dentistry and endodontics due to the physicochemical and biological properties of nanomaterials. This narrative review aimed to critically analyze the current applications of nanomaterials in restorative dentistry and endodontics, highlighting their mechanisms of action, biological properties, and translational potential. A literature search was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE database using combinations of MeSH terms and free keywords related to nanomaterials and dental applications. Studies published in English within the last twenty years and addressing restorative or endodontic applications were considered. After screening and eligibility assessment, 69 studies were included in the descriptive analysis. The findings indicate that nanomaterials have been investigated in preventive strategies, adhesive systems, restorative materials, intracanal medicaments, endodontic sealers, vital pulp therapy, and regenerative formulations. In restorative dentistry, nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles, nano-hydroxyapatite, amorphous calcium phosphate, bioactive glass nanoparticles, and chitosan-based systems showed favorable antimicrobial, remineralizing, and material-enhancing properties. In endodontics, silver and chitosan nanoparticles showed potential for intracanal disinfection and biofilm disruption, while chlorhexidine, zinc, and bioactive glass nanoparticles enhanced the antimicrobial activity and sealing ability of endodontic sealers. In addition, magnetic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles presented promising applications in regenerative endodontics and vital pulp therapy. However, most of the available evidence is still based on in vitro studies, with limited long-term clinical validation. Overall, nanotechnology offers potential experimental advantages for improving preventive, restorative, and endodontic therapies; however, its successful clinical translation remains strictly dependent on overcoming critical biosafety barriers and addressing long-term toxicity concerns. Full article

Bone repair is a complex and dynamic process that demands implanted scaffolds to provide temporal-specific functions: antibacterial activity in the early stage, followed by angiogenic and osteogenic stimulation in later stages. This study introduces a biomimetic scaffold composed of a filled Gel-OSA hydrogel and a 3D-printed PLA framework, enabling sequential multi-drug release for bone regeneration. Zero-dimensional arginine-derived carbon dots were incorporated into the hydrogel to achieve rapid release after implantation, conferring potent antibacterial activity and ROS regulation. Meanwhile, chondroitin sulfate (CS)-loaded mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles were immobilized onto the 3D-printed PLA surface via a polydopamine coating, allowing sustained release of CS and Ca/P ions to enhance the scaffold’s long-term osteoinductive capability. The composite scaffold further demonstrated combined effects in promoting cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Collectively, these findings suggest that this biomimetic scaffold, designed for temporally controlled multi-drug release, represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the reconstruction of bone tissue. Full article

Diabetes is a chronic disease that severely impairs wound healing, slowing wound closure; thus, the risk of infection and increases the occurrence of other complications. The development of a suitable material that can accelerate the process of chronic wound regeneration, particularly in diabetic wounds, remains a significant challenge. In the present study, Sepigel 305^® paraffin-based oil-in-water cream containing spherical gold nanoparticles–bioactive glass was used in rats with induced diabetes mellitus. After wound closure, the stage of regeneration was evaluated histopathologically. It was shown that the wounds treated with the experimental product were closed macroscopically after 14 days, but the histological images still indicated an inflammatory process, suggesting incomplete deep dermal healing. Macroscopic closure of wounds treated with the studied cream after 14 days, which is a normal time for skin healing, represents a successful outcome in diabetic patients because the risk of bacterial infection is reduced, and thus the chance of complete healing increases. Full article

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) represent promising bioactive agents due to their reduced toxicity and multifunctional biological properties. In this study, SeNPs were synthesized via an eco-friendly phytosynthesis approach using Curcuma longa extract, yielding curcumin-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (cur–SeNPs). The composites (cur–SeNPs), either in native extract form or isolated, were incorporated into siloxane hybrid matrices prepared by the sol–gel method from tetraethyl orthosilicate: dimethyldimethoxysilane precursors, with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a structural modifier. The host matrices were differentiated by the ratios between the precursors of the siloxane network, 3:1 for CS0–CS4, respectively, 1:1 for CS5, modified with PVP in the case of CS2 and CS3. These were loaded with cur–SeNPs–T in the cases of CS1, CS2, CS5 or with cur–SeNPs for CS3 and CS4. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX analyses confirmed the formation of amorphous siloxane networks with well-dispersed SeNPs (up to ~12 wt%). PVP incorporation generated ordered mesoporous structures, increasing total pore volume sixfold and enlarging the average pore diameter to 9.26 nm. Studies about selenium ion release demonstrate that mesoporosity significantly enhances diffusion-controlled release. Antimicrobial assays against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans reveal a synergistic effect between curcuminoids and SeNPs, particularly in matrices with higher nanoparticle loading. The sol–gel technique for obtaining hybrid materials is very versatile regarding the supports on which the resulting materials or the compounds hosted in these host networks can be deposited. The dynamics of the development of hybrid materials is also reflected in the multitude of applications in various fields such as bio-medical, electronics, agriculture or food. Results obtained in this work highlight the potential of the developed systems for antimicrobial coatings on glass substrates and targeted delivery applications. Full article

Mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNs) are promising for bone tissue engineering; however, surgical site infection and oxidative stress often compromise regeneration. To address this, MBGNs co-doped with cerium (Ce), zinc (Zn), and strontium (Sr) were synthesized using a microemulsion-assisted sol-gel route (xCe-yZn-Sr-MBGNs; x = 0, 1, 2; y = 0, 0.5, 1). The resulting spherical nanoparticles (150–200 nm) exhibited a mesoporous structure with a specific surface area of (~340–425 m²/g), sustained ion release, and apatite formation in simulated body fluid. In vitro evaluations with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts demonstrated dose-dependent cytocompatibility, specifically in the co-doped formulations; however, higher Ce concentrations (2Ce-yZn-Sr-MBGNs) reduced viability following prolonged exposure. Crucially, the 1Ce-1Zn-Sr-MBGNs significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation, as evidenced by a two-fold increase in osteogenic marker gene expression and a ~45% increase in calcium mineral deposition compared to undoped MBGNs within 14 days. Moreover, these particles accelerated cell migration, achieving ~70% scratch-wound closure within 24 h. Furthermore, 1Ce-1Zn-Sr-MBGNs displayed strong radical scavenging capacity and potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. These findings indicated that 1Ce-1Zn-Sr-MBGNs exhibited multiple therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, radical-scavenging, and osteogenic effects. By optimizing dopant ratios, these multifunctional nanomaterials emerge as promising candidates for next-generation bone grafts or implant coatings. Within the scope of this study, they demonstrated the capacity to simultaneously address three critical challenges in bone healing: controlling infection, mitigating oxidative stress, and promoting mineralized tissue formation. While these in vitro results provide a robust foundation, further in vivo validation is warranted to confirm their efficacy within complex physiological environments. Full article

Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease characterized by dysbiotic microbial communities and progressive destruction of the supporting periodontal tissues, ultimately leading to alveolar bone loss. Achieving predictable periodontal regeneration remains a major clinical challenge because of the complex interplay between inflammation, microbial burden, and tissue remodeling. In this context, hyaluronic acid (HA), a naturally occurring component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), has gained increasing attention as a bioactive adjunct in periodontal therapy. This narrative review aims to describe current evidence regarding the biological properties, molecular mechanisms, and clinical applications of HA in periodontal therapy, with a particular focus on its immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and regenerative potential. Available data indicate that HA exerts molecular weight–dependent effects, ranging from anti-inflammatory and extracellular matrix–stabilizing actions to osteogenic and immunostimulatory responses. Clinically, HA has been investigated as an adjunct in both nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapies, as well as in minimally invasive regenerative approaches, as it has favorable effects on inflammation control, soft tissue healing, and clinical attachment gain. Recent advances in materials science have further expanded the role of HA through the development of engineered hydrogels and hybrid delivery systems incorporating nanoparticles, bioactive glass, growth factors, or antimicrobial agents, which have demonstrated promising osteogenic and antibacterial outcomes in preclinical models. However, the interpretation of existing evidence is limited by heterogeneity in HA formulations, short follow-up periods, and inconsistent reporting of periodontal defect morphology. Future research should focus on standardized, well-designed preclinical and clinical studies integrating histological, radiographic, immunological, and microbiological assessments to distinguish true periodontal regeneration from repair and to optimize HA-based strategies tailored to specific defect configurations. Full article

Context: The increasing incidence of secondary caries and the failure of restorations have intensified research into dental restorative materials capable of actively interacting with the oral environment. In this context, antibacterial and bioregenerative nanomaterials have attracted growing scientific interest due to their potential to inhibit biofilm formation while simultaneously supporting mineral repair processes. Objective: This narrative review analyzes recent developments in nanostructured materials for restorative dentistry and oral health applications, with particular emphasis on antibacterial agents, bioactive systems, and emerging dual-function approaches that integrate multiple biological functions into restorative materials. Scope of the Review: The analyzed literature indicates that metallic nanoparticles, cationic monomers, and natural nanopolymers can reduce bacterial adhesion and metabolic activity under experimental conditions. In parallel, bioactive nanomaterials such as nanohydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and calcium phosphate-based systems have demonstrated the ability to release remineralizing ions and to promote mineral deposition at the tooth–material interface. Dual-function hybrid materials aim to combine these antibacterial and bioregenerative effects within a single restorative system. Interpretative Perspective: Despite these advances, most available evidence derives from in vitro and preclinical studies, with significant heterogeneity across experimental models, evaluation methods, and outcome variables. This variability limits direct comparisons between studies and necessitates a cautious interpretation of claims regarding long-term antibacterial efficacy, functional tissue regeneration, and routine clinical applicability. Conclusions: Antibacterial and bioregenerative nanomaterials represent a relevant and continuously evolving research direction in restorative dentistry. Their successful clinical translation will depend on establishing standardized testing protocols, conducting comprehensive safety assessments, and generating clinically relevant evidence supporting long-term efficacy and biological compatibility. Their successful clinical translation will depend on establishing standardized testing protocols, conducting comprehensive safety assessments, and generating clinically relevant evidence supporting long-term efficacy and biological compatibility. Full article

Recent breakthroughs in materials science have driven transformative advancements in restorative dentistry. Advanced dental materials, such as bioactive materials, nanocomposites, and fibre-reinforced composites, are attracting attention. Bioactive materials, such as calcium silicate-based cements and bioactive glass, represent a paradigm shift by interacting with biological tissues to stimulate regeneration. They promote hydroxyapatite formation, accelerating mineralisation in hard and soft tissues, and are pivotal tools in minimally invasive procedures due to their functions of structural support and biological interaction. Nanomaterials, especially nanocomposites with embedded nanoparticles, effectively address polymerisation shrinkage and wear in traditional composites. With just 1.5% shrinkage, a flexural strength over 150 MPa, and 44–60% higher wear resistance than conventional composites, they offer significant improvements. Nanocomposites also provide enamel-like translucency and a bond strength of 27–38 MPa to dentin, ensuring excellent aesthetics and durability—making them ideal for direct restorations. Fibre-reinforced composites with glass or polymer fibres balance aesthetics with strength and are increasingly used in restorations. Their high fracture resistance, which closely approaches that of a natural tooth, enables clinicians to preserve more healthy teeth during restoration, in line with the principles of modern conservative dentistry. Overall, bioactive materials enhance tissue repair, nanocomposites optimise form and function, and fibre-reinforced composites deliver strength without compromising aesthetics. As these materials transition from research to clinical practice, they promise longer-lasting treatments, fewer complications, and higher patient satisfaction. This narrative review aims to explore three types of advanced dental materials and their role in improving clinical outcomes. Full article

This review provides a comprehensive overview of dental materials that promote tissue healing while exhibiting antimicrobial properties. The focus is on materials that are biocompatible, bioactive, and non-toxic to host cells, with demonstrated bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. Current advances in natural bactericides, antimicrobial polymers, and bioactive glass/polymer composites are summarized, along with techniques employed for surface modification and the coating of dental implants. Three major categories of antimicrobial coatings were identified: antibacterial phytochemicals, synthetic antimicrobial agents (including polymers and antibiotics), and metallic nanoparticles. Bioactive coatings were further examined to identify potential antimicrobial strategies within these materials, and existing research gaps were highlighted. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published between January 2010 and June 2025. Overall, this review underscores the growing potential of multifunctional dental materials that integrate bioactivity with antimicrobial performance, offering promising directions for the development of next-generation restorative and implant materials. Full article

Objectives: Burn being a major traumatic issue worldwide impacts millions of lives annually. Herein, a novel xanthan dialdehyde/sodium alginate/copper-doped mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticle (XDA/Na-ALG/Cu-MBGN) hydrogel is presented in this study. Methods: The hydrogel was fabricated by a casting method, followed by its characterization in terms of its morphology, surface topography, and in vitro biochemical and physical interactions. Results: Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the rough surface of the hydrogel, ideal for cell attachment and proliferation. The nanoporous structure revealed by BET enabled it to hold moisture for an extended span. The nanopores were developed because of the ether linkage developed between XDA and Na-ALG, as evident from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The loading of Cu-MBGNs was also confirmed by FTIR. The release of copper ions was sustained throughout the 7 days, and it is accounting for about 22 µg/mL in 330 h, which follows the degradation kinetics of XDA/Na-ALG/Cu-MBGN hydrogels. The released copper ions promoted angiogenesis, as confirmed by the enhanced release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for the XDA/Na-ALG/Cu-MBGN hydrogel (275 ng/mL) in comparison to 200 ng/mL of the bare TCP. The hydrogel, despite being bactericidal against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) did not show toxicity towards human dermal fibroblasts confirmed via a Water-Soluble Tetrazolium 8 assay. Conclusions: Hence, the developed XDA/Na-ALG/Cu-MBGN hydrogel possesses potential to be investigated further in terms of in vivo interactions. Full article

Zeolites are becoming potentially important multifunctional fillers in dentistry, providing a distinctive blend of mechanical reinforcement, remineralization, and antimicrobial properties. Their crystalline aluminosilicate frameworks offer ion-exchange capacity, the controlled release of therapeutic ions (Ag⁺, Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Cu²⁺), and compatibility with various dental composites. Sustainable and cost-effective zeolite production has become possible due to recent developments in synthetic strategies. These include the valorization of industrial and agricultural residues that are abundant in Si and Al. The incorporation of zeolites into dental adhesives, restorative composites, glass ionomer cements, root canal sealers, prosthetic materials, and implant coatings has been shown to improve mechanical stability and remineralization potential, and enhance antibacterial protection. The unique advantage of zeolites in integrating multifunctionality within a single system is emphasized when compared with other fillers, such as hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and bioactive glass. Nevertheless, obstacles persist with respect to clinical validation, regulatory pathways, and long-term biocompatibility. This review critically assesses the structure–function relationships, synthesis strategies, and dental applications of zeolites, while also delineating future perspectives for their translation into clinically approved, sustainable dental biomaterials. Full article

The growing challenge of biofilm-associated infections in dentistry necessitates advanced solutions. This review highlights the potential of smart bioactive and antibacterial materials—bioactive glass ceramics (BGCs), silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-doped polymers, and pH-responsive chitosan coatings—in transforming restorative dentistry. BGCs reduce biofilms by >90% while promoting bone integration. AgNP-polymers effectively combat S. mutans and C. albicans but require controlled dosing (<0.3 wt% in PMMA) to avoid cytotoxicity. Chitosan coatings enable pH-triggered drug release, disrupting acidic biofilms. Emerging innovations like quaternary ammonium compounds, graphene oxide hybrids, and 4D-printed hydrogels offer on-demand antimicrobial and regenerative functions. However, clinical translation depends on addressing cytotoxicity, standardizing antibiofilm testing (≥3-log CFU/mL reduction), and ensuring long-term efficacy. These smart materials pave the way for self-defending restorations, merging infection control with tissue regeneration. Future advancements may integrate AI-driven design for multifunctional, immunomodulatory dental solutions. Full article

Background/Objectives: Gamma irradiation is a promising terminal sterilization method for nanoparticle-based biomedical systems. However, its potential effects on the physicochemical properties and biological performance of multifunctional nanomaterials must be carefully evaluated. This study aimed to assess the structural integrity, sterility, and cytocompatibility of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and bioactive-glass-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPBGs), both based on magnetite (Fe₃O₄), after gamma irradiation. Methods: MNPs and MNPBGs were synthesized and subjected to gamma irradiation at 25 kGy, with additional doses explored in preliminary evaluations. Physicochemical characterizations were performed using XRD, TEM, SAED, and Raman spectroscopy. FTIR analyses were conducted on bioactive glass (BG) controls without magnetite. Sterility was evaluated via microbiological assays. Cytocompatibility and nitric oxide (NO) production were assessed using RAW 264.7 macrophages and Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells. Prussian blue staining was used to evaluate cellular uptake. Results: Gamma irradiation preserved the crystal structure, morphology, and size distribution of the nanoparticles. FTIR revealed only minor changes in the silicate network of BG, such as reduced intensity and slight shifting of Si-O-Si and Si-O-NBO bands, indicating limited radiation-induced structural rearrangement without affecting the material’s stability or cytocompatibility. Microbiological assays confirmed complete inhibition of microbial growth. All irradiated samples exhibited high cytocompatibility, with MNPBGs demonstrating enhanced biological responses. Notably, MNPBGs induced a more pronounced NO production in macrophages. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles by Saos-2 cells remained unaffected after irradiation. Conclusions: Gamma irradiation at 25 kGy is an effective sterilization strategy that maintains the structural and functional integrity of MNPs and MNPBGs. These findings support their safe use in sterile biomedical applications, particularly for bone-related therapies involving immunomodulation and drug delivery, with potential relevance for cancer treatment strategies such as osteosarcoma. Full article