Search Results (1,493)

Ataúro Island, located in the inner Banda Arc, provides a natural laboratory to investigate the interplay between magmatic evolution, hydrothermal circulation, and near-surface weathering in an active arc–continent collision setting. This study presents the first systematic island-wide geochemical baseline for Ataúro Island, based on multi-element analyses of stream sediments integrated with updated geological, structural, and hydromorphological information. Compositional Data Analysis (CoDA–CLR–PCA), combined with anomaly mapping and spatial overlays, defines a coherent three-tier geochemical framework comprising: (i) a lithogenic component dominated by Fe–Ti–Mg–Ni–Co–Cr, reflecting the geochemical signature of basaltic to andesitic volcanic rocks; (ii) a hydrothermal component characterized by Ag–As–Sb–S–Au associations spatially linked to structurally controlled zones; and (iii) an oxidative–supergene component marked by Fe–V–Zn redistribution along drainage convergence areas. These domains are defined strictly on geochemical criteria and represent geochemical process domains rather than proven metallogenic provinces. Rare earth element (REE) systematics further constrain the geotectonic setting and indicate that the primary geochemical patterns are largely controlled by lithological and magmatic differentiation processes. Spatial integration of geochemical patterns with fault architecture highlights the importance of NW–SE and NE–SW structural corridors in focusing hydrothermal fluid circulation and associated metal dispersion. The identified Ag–As–Sb–Au associations are interpreted as epithermal-style hydrothermal geochemical enrichment and exploration-relevant geochemical footprints, rather than as evidence of confirmed or economic mineralization. Overall, Ataúro Island emerges as a compact natural analogue of post-arc geochemical system evolution in the eastern Banda Arc, where lithogenic background, hydrothermal fluid–rock interaction, and early supergene processes are superimposed. The integrated geochemical framework presented here provides a robust baseline for future targeted investigations aimed at distinguishing lithogenic from hydrothermal contributions and evaluating the potential significance of the identified geochemical enrichments. Full article

The integration of solar energy into smart grids requires high-efficiency power conversion to support grid stability. However, Partial Shading Conditions (PSCs) remain a primary obstacle by inducing multiple local maxima on P–V characteristic curves. This paper presents a hardware-aware and memory-enhanced Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) approach based on a modified Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) for grid-connected microinverter-based photovoltaic (PV) systems. The proposed method utilizes a quasi-switched Boost-Switched Capacitor (qSB-SC) topology, where the DA is specifically tailored by combining Lévy-flight exploration with a dynamic damping factor to suppress steady-state oscillations within the qSB-SC ripple constraints. Coupling the MPPT stage to a seven-level Packed-U-Cell (PUC) microinverter ensures that each PV module operates at its independent Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP). A ZigBee-based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) facilitates rapid data exchange and supports ‘swarm-memory’ initialization, matching current shading patterns with historical data to seed the population near the most probable GMPP region. This integration reduces the overall response time to 0.026 s. Hardware-in-the-loop experiments validated the approach, attaining a tracking accuracy of 99.32%. Compared to current state-of-the-art benchmarks, the proposed model demonstrated a significant improvement in tracking speed, outperforming the most recent 2025 GWO implementation (0.0603 s) by approximately 56% and conventional metaheuristic variants such as GWO-Beta (0.46 s) by over 94%.These results confirmed that the modified DA-based MPPT substantially enhanced the microinverter efficiency under PSC through cross-layer parameter adaptation. Full article

The present study proposes to identify information from health, educational and sports science studies that used Bronfenbrenner’s theory of human development to verify the complex relationship between factors associated with physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in children and adolescents. The scoping review will be developed across seven databases (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ERIC, and Scielo). The inclusion criteria were formulated based on the PCC (Population, Concept, Context) framework: (a) children and adolescents (5–17 years); (b) studies on PA and/or SB that used Bronfenbrenner’s theory; (c) any context. Only peer-reviewed journal articles published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese will be included; grey literature will not be included. Finally, two reviewers will screen studies using Rayyan. A standardized charting form will be used to extract data on study characteristics and the factors mapped considering Bronfenbrenner’s theory components. This study is expected to show how Bronfenbrenner’s theory has been applied to explain PA and SB in children and adolescents, as well as to map the methodological tools used in this area, identifying gaps and providing a clear framework for future research on the complex and multilevel determinants of PA and SB in children and adolescents. Full article

Previous studies have shown that plasma amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs), the toxic form of amyloid-beta (Aβ), are a critical issue in the development or worsening of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and can be regarded as a blood marker for screening in dementia. We examined plasma AβOs with their related biomarkers in a case–control study to clarify these issues. A total of 16 patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and 16 cognitively normal controls (NCs) were recruited to compare their plasma biomarkers, AβO, Aβ_1-40, and Aβ_1-42, also referring to other parameters like APOE ε4 status, Clinical Dementia Rating^®-Sum of Boxes (CDR^®-SB), and Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores. In plasma concentrations of Aβ_1-40, Aβ_1-42, and AβO, the mean concentrations were significantly different between the two groups. There is a significant increase in the concentrations of Aβ_1-40 and AβO, while Aβ_1-42 is decreased in individuals with AD compared to NC. AβO was statistically associated with the Aβ_1-40 and Aβ_1-42/Aβ_1-40 ratio. Higher plasma concentrations of AβO were significantly associated with AD compared to non-dementia controls. This suggests that AβOs can be potential plasma biomarkers to screen in AD. However, a study recruiting more individuals is necessary to examine the association, if any. Full article

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of air-abrasion as a dentin pre-treatment on the bond strength of contemporary adhesive systems. The bonding approaches included etch-and-rinse (ER), self-etch (SE) and universal (UN) adhesive systems, with the latter applied in both ER and SE modes. Twenty-eight third molars were used, each sectioned in four parts. All specimens were embedded in acrylic resin, ground with silicon carbide papers, and divided into eight experimental groups (n = 14) based on the combination of surface pre-treatment (air-abrasion or none) and adhesive approach. Subsequently, a resin cylinder was bonded to each surface following the respective treatment. Shear bond strength (SBS) was evaluated at a cross-head speed of 0.7 mm/min using a shear-testing machine (OM100 Odeme, Luzerna, Brazil). The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test. No statistically significant increase in SBS after air-abrasion of dentin was found for any of the experimental groups (p > 0.05). Among the adhesive strategies, the ER system presented higher SBS values (32.81 ± 9.04 MPa) than the UN adhesive applied in SE mode (21.68 ± 5.85 MPa) (p < 0.05). Mixed failures were the most common failure type across all groups. In particular, 20.5% of the specimens exhibited adhesive failure, 14.3% cohesive failure within resin composite, 12.5% cohesive failure within dentin and 52.7% specimens demonstrated mixed failure types. Dentin pre-treatment with air-abrasion using 29 μm Al₂O₃ did not significantly increase the SBS of the three tested contemporary adhesive systems; however, the choice of adhesive strategies influenced the SBS outcomes. Full article

Around eight million people—mainly in cities—die prematurely from pollution-related diseases; thus, studies of urban dust have become increasingly relevant over the last two decades. In this study, an assessment of heavy metal and metalloid contamination in urban dust was conducted in downtown Murcia, Spain. The objectives were to evaluate the level of contamination and the associated health risks, both with a spatially explicit focus. One hundred and twenty-eight urban dust samples were collected, each from a 1-square-meter area, using plastic tools to prevent contamination. The dust was dried and weighed, then acid-digested before analysis via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Corresponding maps were then generated using a geographic information system. The elements analyzed in the urban dust (with their median concentrations, given in mg/kg) were As (2.14), Bi (14.06), Cd (0.38), Co (1.88), Cr (71.17), Cu (142.60), Fe (13,752), Mn (316.64), Mo (3.90), Ni (21.94), Pb (106.27), Sb (6.54), Se (4.34), Sr (488.08), V (28.05), and Zn (357.33). The sequence of median concentrations for the analyzed elements was Fe > Sr > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > Cr > V > Ni > Bi > Sb > Se > Mo > As > Co > Cd. The pollution assessment reveals that the city is moderately polluted. Using local background levels, the elements with median values exceeding the threshold for considerable contamination were As, Cu, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn. Using the global background level, the elements with median values exceeding the threshold for considerable contamination were Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn. The median value of the sum of the hazard index (1.82) indicates a risk to children’s health. The hazard index revealed that 43% of the sites pose a relative risk to children. In contrast to previous global studies, the present research provides a multi-scale assessment of urban pollution and health risks. Pollution is evaluated by metal, city, zone, and site, while health risks are assessed by metal, city, and site. We recommend a strategy for both local authorities and residents. Full article

Quaternary lavas (ankaramite, basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite) from the Kamchatka, Kurile, Ecuador and Cascade volcanic arcs contain Cl-bearing mineral microinclusions in rock-forming minerals and groundmass volcanic glass. They are represented by chlorargyrite (with a variable amount of native Ag), Cu, Ag, Sn, and Zn compounds with Cl and S, Sn- and Pb-Sb oxychlorides compositionally similar to abhurite and nadorite, as well as bismoclite and Cl-F-apatite. The Cl-bearing compounds with chalcophile metals are best approximated by mixtures of chlorargyrite with Cu sulfides, malachite, or azurite. Some Cl-bearing solid microinclusions in magmatic rock-forming minerals could have formed from Cl-rich melts exsolved from arc magmas during differentiation. Alternatively, specific magmatic microinclusions may record the decomposition of primary sulfides in the presence of Cl-bearing magmatic volatiles. Post-magmatic Cl microminerals found in fractures, pores, grain contacts, and groundmass glass are most probably precipitated from hydrothermal fluids accompanying their emplacement at the surface and post-eruption transformations in active fumarole fields. Assemblages of Cl-bearing microminerals with native metal, alloy, sulfide, oxide, and sulfate microinclusions in arc lavas potentially record late-magmatic to post-magmatic stages of formation of the epithermal and possibly porphyry mineralization beneath arc volcanoes. Full article

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia due to a defect in the production of or cell insensitivity to insulin. If left untreated, it might result in severe side effects such retinal, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Extensive research has been made to develop more effective and less expensive alternatives to existing treatment regimes. This review aims to evaluate research done thus far to test the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii or Sb) in treating DM and its complications. Searches were conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar on 26 July 2025. Overall, 227 articles were identified, and 5 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Results extracted were from two models of diabetes (type 1 and 2) and two strains of Sb. In type 1 diabetes models, a significant reduction in glycaemia was observed, while in type 2 diabetes models, a non-significant effect was noted, depending on the strain used. Furthermore, an improvement in cardiac function was observed through reduced heart rate variability, a decrease in blood pressure, an increase in C-peptide and hepatic glycogen stores, enhanced liver healing, a nephroprotective effect, as well as a reduction in oxidative stress, blood triglyceride levels, and the inflammatory response. Administration of Sb induced positive modulation of the intestinal microbiota, with a decrease in pathobionts in the stools. Overall, the few studies evaluated indicate that the use of Sb appears to be a promising approach to improve the management of diabetes and its associated metabolic and related complications. The protocol of this review is registered in PROSPERO under ID CRD420251012919. Full article

Background/Objectives: The clinical application of CAD/CAM restorative materials continues to evolve due to increasing demand for aesthetic, durable, and minimally invasive indirect restorations. Hybrid nanoceramics, such as Grandio disc (VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), are increasingly used in indirect restorative dentistry due to their favourable combination of mechanical strength, polishability, wear resistance, and bonding potential. One challenge associated with adhesive protocols for CAD/CAM materials lies in achieving durable bonds with resin cements. Extensive post-polymerization during fabrication reduces the number of unreacted monomers available for chemical interaction, thereby limiting the effectiveness of traditional adhesive strategies and necessitating specific surface conditioning approaches. This study aimed to evaluate, in a preliminary, non-inferential manner, the influence of several combined conditioning protocols on surface micromorphology, elemental composition, and descriptive SBS trends of a CAD/CAM hybrid nanoceramic. This work was designed as a preliminary pilot feasibility study. Due to the limited number of specimens (two discs per protocol, each providing two independent enamel bonding measurements), all bond strength outcomes were interpreted descriptively, without inferential statistical testing. This in vitro study investigated the effects of various surface conditioning protocols on the adhesive performance of CAD/CAM hybrid nanoceramics (Grandio disc, VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) to dental enamel. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching was performed to improve adhesion to indirect resin-based materials using two commercially available gels: 9.5% Porcelain Etchant (Bisco, Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) and 4.5% IPS Ceramic Etching Gel (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), in combination with airborne-particle abrasion (APA), silanization, and universal adhesive application. HF may selectively dissolve the inorganic phase, while APA increases surface texture and micromechanical retention. However, existing literature reports inconsistent results regarding the optimal conditioning method for hybrid composites and nanoceramics, and the relationship between micromorphology, elemental surface changes, and adhesion remains insufficiently clarified. Methods: A total of ten composite specimens were subjected to five conditioning protocols combining airborne-particle abrasion with varying hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentrations and etching times. Bonding was performed using a dual-cure resin cement (BiFix QM) and evaluated by shear bond strength (SBS) testing. Surface morphology was examined through environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and elemental composition was analyzed via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: indicated that dual treatment with HF and sandblasting showed descriptively higher SBS, with values ranging from 5.01 to 6.14 MPa, compared to 1.85 MPa in the sandblasting-only group. ESEM revealed that higher HF concentrations (10%) created more porous and irregular surfaces, while EDS indicated an increased fluorine presence trend and silicon reduction, indicating deeper chemical activation. However, extending HF exposure beyond 20 s did not further improve bonding, suggesting the importance of protocol optimization. Conclusions: The preliminary observations suggest a synergistic effect of mechanical and chemical conditioning on hybrid ceramic adhesion, but values should be interpreted qualitatively due to the pilot nature of the study. Manufacturer-recommended air abrasion alone may provide limited adhesion under high-stress conditions, although this requires confirmation in studies with larger sample sizes and ageing simulations. Future studies should address long-term durability and extend the comparison to other hybrid CAD/CAM materials and to other etching protocols. Full article

Background: Metabolic acidosis is a frequent and serious complication in critically ill neonates, particularly preterm infants, and is associated with an increased risk of mortality, intraventricular hemorrhage, and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment. Despite limited evidence, sodium bicarbonate (SB) is widely administered in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to correct acidosis, largely extrapolated from adult and pediatric practice. However, concerns have been raised about its potential adverse effects, including paradoxical intracellular acidosis, impaired cerebral autoregulation, and increased risk of neurological injury. Given the uncertainty regarding both its efficacy and safety, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the role of SB administration in the neonatal population. Methods: MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched using specific medical subject headings and terms. We included all study published up to July 2025 that involved newborns treated with SB. The primary outcome was positive response to treatment, while secondary outcomes included mortality, morbidity, and long-term impairment. Results: We analyzed 10 studies (9 randomized and 1 unrandomized study, including 660 neonates). Pooled results from the randomized controlled studies showed no efficacy of SB in newborns. Data from one unrandomized study showed an increased risk for mortality (OR 13.1 p = 0.02), clinical seizures (OR 2.8, p = 0.01), and a combined outcome of death or neurological damage (OR 3.1 p < 0.01) for neonates treated with SB. Conclusions: Current evidence is insufficient to support the routine administration of SB in NICUs. Neonatologists have the responsibility to administer only drugs of proven efficacy, personalizing therapy on the basis of a pathology’s etiology, in order to reduce risk and optimize benefits. In the absence of robust, statistically significant data, the indiscriminate use of SB should be discouraged in current clinical practice. PROSPERO registration number: CRD420251132502. Full article

The Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. industry suffers significant losses due to fungal diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sodium benzoate (SB) and potassium sorbate (PS) on the incidence of fungal decay and fruit quality when used as preharvest treatments on Fino lemon trees over two consecutive seasons (2021–2023). Lower concentrations of SB and PS (0.1% and 0.5%) applied in one or two treatments successfully controlled fungal decay. On average, SB achieved a greater reduction in decay, ranging from 45% to 60%, compared to PS’s reduction of 25% to 50%. This approach minimised the negative impact on lemon fruit quality, in contrast to the highest doses (more than 1%) and the greatest number of applications (more than three times), which increased lemon susceptibility to decay. Furthermore, lemons treated with 0.5% SB twice enhanced antioxidant systems, showing a 35% increase in total phenolic content in the flavedo at harvest compared to the control. Consequently, the application of 0.5% SB twice at preharvest emerges as a promising and potential alternative to conventional fungicides for effective fungal decay control and maintenance of acceptable lemon quality traits during cold storage. Full article

Repeated sprint ability (RSA) is a critical component of football, yet high-intensity effort leads to H⁺ accumulation. Sodium bicarbonate (SB) is an effective buffering agent, though evidence supporting its use among female football players remains limited. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (NCT06098794) to examine the acute effects of SB on RSA in recreational female football players. Eleven athletes completed two RSA sessions on a cycle ergometer under SB and placebo (PL) conditions. Each session involved 3 sets of 6 maximal 6 s sprints performed every 30 s, with a 5 min recovery between sets. Participants ingested 0.2 g·kg⁻¹ of the supplement 2 h prior to testing and 0.1 g·kg⁻¹ 1 h before the session. The results showed that SB induced a greater blood lactate accumulation (SB: 14.0 ± 4.32 vs. PL: 10.9 ± 3.55 mmol·L⁻¹, p = 0.010) and a greater elimination of CO₂ through breathing (p = 0.038), while maintaining muscle oxygenation. These physiological responses were accompanied by improved performance, as SB prevented a decline in mean power output from the first to the second set (SB: +1.4% vs. PL: −3.7%) and reduced the post-test drop in jump height (SB: −2.0% vs. PL: −8.2%). These findings suggest that SB supplementation may be useful to reduce muscular acidosis and fatigue in recreational female football players. Full article

The mechanisms of massive gold migration and enrichment are challenging issues in mineral deposit research. The evolution of the elements and structures of gold-bearing minerals is the key to revealing the mechanisms of gold enrichment and migration. The Sawayardun gold deposit has an ore reserve of 127 t located in the southwestern Tianshan, Xinjiang, China. It is an ideal place for studying the mechanisms of massive gold migration and precipitation. However, the occurrence and distribution of gold are unclear, preventing an understanding of the massive gold enrichment and precipitation mechanism in the Sawayardun gold deposit. Therefore, in this study, the microscopic structural characteristics and chemical compositions of sulfides and gold minerals in the deposit were comprehensively analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) techniques. The mineralization evolution is divided into a metamorphosed sedimentary period and a hydrothermal mineralization period, with the latter further subdivided into four mineralization stages: the quartz–pyrite stage, the arsenopyrite–pyrite stage, the polymetallic sulfide stage, and the carbonate stage. EPMA analysis reveals no clear compositional trends among different pyrite generations. Arsenopyrite (Apy) is more enriched in Au and Sb than pyrite. Overall, arsenopyrite is S-rich and As-deficient. Compared to Apy2, Apy1 is enriched in Fe and S but depleted in As. Stibnite is closely associated with native gold and contains elevated Au (up to 3.63%). Invisible gold exists in a form that is visible at the micrometer-to-atomic scale within pyrite and is lattice-bound in arsenopyrite. Visible gold occurs as native grains in quartz fractures or within sulfides. The composition of pyrite indicates that the Sawayardun gold deposit formed in a reducing, medium-depth, meso-epithermal environment. Au extraction by Sb-rich melts, dissolution–reprecipitation, and adsorption by As-bearing pyrite were the primary mechanisms for Au migration and precipitation. This study contributes to understanding the enrichment and precipitation processes of gold in orogenic-gold deposits in southwestern Tianshan. Full article

This study first analyzes the ecotoxicity of bentazone (BTZ), an herbicide detected in the Albufera Natural Park. BTZ exhibits an EC₅₀ (5 days) towards Lactuca sativa of 900 mg L⁻¹, showing a hormetic effect. The toxic effects of a BTZ, $\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}$, and ${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}}_2\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_4$ mixture are generally lower than the individual toxic effects considered additively. However, possible synergy on ecotoxicity was observed at 600 mg L⁻¹ of BTZ in the presence of 2.8 g L⁻¹ of ${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}}_2\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_4$ and 0.8 g L⁻¹ of $\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}$. A statistical model was obtained to predict the ecotoxicity thresholds towards Lactuca sativa for combinations of the three compounds. In general, when the concentration of one compound increases, a lower concentration of the others is necessary for the mixture to be toxic. However, in the presence of $\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}$, below 382 mg L⁻¹ of BTZ, the concentrations of both compounds need to be increased. This is attributable to the hormetic behavior of BTZ. This BTZ concentration decreases as the ${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}}_2\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_4$ concentration increases. Secondly, the effectiveness of electrooxidation and photoelectrooxidation processes to eliminate BTZ was studied. A ceramic anode made of Sb-${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{O}}_2$ and coated with a ${\mathrm{B}\mathrm{i}}_2{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{O}}_6$ photocatalyst was used. The degradation and mineralization degrees achieved using a mixture of 0.46 g L⁻¹ of $\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}$ and 1.3 g L⁻¹ of ${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}}_2\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_4$ (like the Albufera lake conditions) show intermediate values between those achieved with pure electrolytes. Specifically, applying 0.6 A, they are very close to the maximum values achieved with pure $\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}$. Moreover, the final effluent’s toxicity is significantly lower, especially when light is applied. Therefore, the photoelectrooxidation process applying 0.6 A with the mixed electrolyte is the most effective technique from the combined point of view of final degradation (90.9%), mineralization (62.4%), and toxicity. Full article

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant clinical problem, with the biomechanical mechanisms of striking from different blunt instruments remaining unclear. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate TBI severity under blunt strikes and to assess the effects of strike velocity and blunt instrument size on biomechanical responses to provide a finite element approach for investigating injury mechanisms and informing clinical diagnosis. Methods: A head finite element model incorporating an outer cortical-cancellous-inner cortical bone structure was developed and verified against a previous cadaveric impact study. Strike velocities and blunt instrument parameters, obtained from experiments in which a long bat (LB) and a short bat (SB) were used to strike a dummy head, were applied as the loading conditions in the finite element simulation. Kinetic energy (KE), internal energy (IE), impact force, von Mises stress on skull, intracranial pressure (ICP), and Head_3ms acceleration were analyzed as indicators of injury severity. Results: Simulated force and ICP responses agreed with cadaveric experimental data within a 9.8% error. With increasing strike velocity (10–30 m/s), KE, IE, impact force, ICP, and Head_3ms all rose, while von Mises stress evolved from localized to dispersed distribution. Head_3ms reached an injury threshold of 80 g at a strike velocity of 10 m/s, and ICP peaks for LB and SB exceeded the brain injury threshold (235 kPa, ≈1760 mmHg) at 12 m/s and 14 m/s, respectively. At the same velocity, LB generated higher KE, IE, impact force, ICP and Head_3ms than SB. At 30 m/s, LB generated 390 J KE and 29.0 kN peak force, which were 50.0% and 11.1% higher than those of SB (260 J, 26.1 kN). Conclusion: This study reveals that increasing strike velocity and employing a larger blunt instrument elevate biomechanical responses, resulting in von Mises stress transitioning from localized concentration to multipolar dispersion. Specifically, when striking the head with the LB at velocities exceeding 12 m/s or with the SB exceeding 14 m/s, the impacts indicate a severely life-threatening level. These findings deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of blunt TBI. The constructed and validated finite element model can be repeatedly used for computer simulations of TBI under various blunt striking conditions, providing a scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and surgical planning. Full article