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  • Entry
  • Open Access
23 Citations
6,001 Views
10 Pages

SEM-PLS Approach to Green Building

  • Nasim Aghili and
  • Mehdi Amirkhani

Green buildings refer to buildings that decrease adverse environmental effects and maintain natural resources. They can diminish energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, the usage of non-renewable materials, water consumption, and waste generati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
829 Views
35 Pages

Empirical Modeling of Industry 4.0 Enablers: Insights from Indian Manufacturing Through PLS-SEM and CB-SEM

  • Rupen Trehan,
  • Kuldip Singh Sangwan,
  • Perminderjit Singh and
  • Sumit Taneja

2 December 2025

The article’s main focus is on identifying the key enablers that are making Industry 4.0 adoption easier, utilizing structural equation modeling via SPSS version 26. A comprehensive examination of previous studies led to the identification of 1...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1 Citations
980 Views
6 Pages

Contrast Enhancement in 2D Nanomaterial SEM Images

  • Angela Longo,
  • Mariano Palomba,
  • Filippo Giubileo and
  • Gianfranco Carotenuto

Owing to their large size and flexibility, 2D nanostructures (e.g., graphene, graphene oxide, single-layer molybdenum disulfide, etc.) are technologically exploited in a supported form. Glass, silicon, and polymers are typical substrates. In the char...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
12,757 Views
12 Pages

3 August 2021

Partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM) uses sampling bootstrapping to calculate the significance of the model parameter estimates (e.g., path coefficients and outer loadings). However, when data are time series, as in marketing...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,300 Views
6 Pages

Formation, Characterization and SEM Microanalysis of Yeelimite

  • Maria D. Kamitsou,
  • Elias Kostakopoulos,
  • Dimitra G. Kanellopoulou,
  • Vincent Hallet,
  • Petrica Petrica,
  • Angeliki Christogerou and
  • George N. Angelopoulos

Yeelimite is one of the main components of SulfoBelite (SB) and Calcium SulfoAluminate cements which are promising low carbon alternatives to Portland ones. In this study, stoichiometric yeelimite, obtained at different temperatures, was characterize...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
8,181 Views
11 Pages

This research aims to ascertain the determinants of effective Lean Manufacturing (LM). In this research, Covariance-based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) analysis will be used in order to analyze the determinants. Through CB-SEM analysis, the s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,159 Views
16 Pages

An Edge Detection Algorithm for SEM Images of Multilayer Thin Films

  • Wei Sun,
  • Fang Duan,
  • Jianpeng Zhu,
  • Minglai Yang and
  • Ying Wang

5 March 2024

In processing multilayer thin film materials, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is commonly employed for observation. In images of SEM, backscattered electron (BSE) images is particularly suitable for distinguishing different components and layers o...

  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,122 Views
23 Pages

The 3D Controllable Fabrication of Nanomaterials with FIB-SEM Synchronization Technology

  • Lirong Zhao,
  • Yimin Cui,
  • Junyi Li,
  • Yuxi Xie,
  • Wenping Li and
  • Junying Zhang

11 June 2023

Nanomaterials with unique structures and functions have been widely used in the fields of microelectronics, biology, medicine, and aerospace, etc. With advantages of high resolution and multi functions (e.g., milling, deposition, and implantation), f...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,284 Views
18 Pages

A Methodology for Dynamic Assessment of Laboratory Safety by SEM-SD

  • Laihao Ma,
  • Xiaoxue Ma,
  • Jingwen Zhang,
  • Qing Yang and
  • Kai Wei

Lab safety problems have become an impeding factor that cannot be ignored in normal teaching and scientific research activities at colleges and universities. As the risk factors of lab accidents can be conceptualized as occurring at multiple levels,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
2,448 Views
12 Pages

The Fractal Characteristics of Soft Soil under Cyclic Loading Based on SEM

  • Bowen Kong,
  • Chen-Xiang Dai,
  • Haibo Hu,
  • Jianzhong Xia and
  • Shao-Heng He

Cyclic loading always results in great damage to the pore structure and fractal characteristics of soft soil. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) can help collect data to describe the microstructure of soft soil. This paper conducted a series of SEM t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,847 Views
12 Pages

12 August 2021

The focus of the present study is on fibre-reinforced geopolymer composites, whose optimization and application necessarily need a detailed chemical characterization at the micro-nanoscale. In this regard, many geopolymer composites presenting micro...

  • Review
  • Open Access
12 Citations
8,705 Views
24 Pages

LGCM and PLS-SEM in Panel Survey Data: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis

  • Zulkifli Mohd Ghazali,
  • Wan Fairos Wan Yaacob and
  • Wan Marhaini Wan Omar

30 January 2023

The application of Latent Growth Curve Model (LGCM) and Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) has gained much attention in panel survey studies. This study explores the distributions and trends of LGCM, and PLS-SEM used in panel...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,492 Views
16 Pages

Structural Equation Model (SEM) of Social Capital with Landowner Intention

  • Achmad T. Nugraha,
  • Gunawan Prayitno,
  • Faizah A. Azizi,
  • Nindya Sari,
  • Izatul Ihsansi Hidayana,
  • Aidha Auliah and
  • Enock Siankwilimba

The continuous loss of farmland in Indonesia is a major problem in the food production industry. The Gempol-Pandaan road, which is a section of the Trans Java toll road and connects the major cities of Surabaya and Malang, gives the Pandaan District...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
5,656 Views
15 Pages

Fiber Orientation Reconstruction from SEM Images of Fiber-Reinforced Composites

  • Zhouxiang Zhao,
  • Hongwu Wu,
  • Meng Zhang,
  • Shiqiang Fu and
  • Kang Zhu

14 March 2023

The orientation of fibers in composites reinforced with short fibers can provide insight into the microstructure of the material and considerably affect its macroscopic characteristics. However, the present standard techniques for detecting fiber ori...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
10,760 Views
13 Pages

4 April 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interfacial microgaps generating between different materials and between materials and dentin after polymerization of the composite restorations, using SEM. Methods: The materials investigated were a composit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,453 Views
20 Pages

The concept of measurement traceability is crucial for ensuring the data reliability and the comparability of measurement results provided by different instruments and operators. In the field of nanoparticle metrology, determining the size of nanopar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,841 Views
20 Pages

Two-Stage Alignment of FIB-SEM Images of Rock Samples

  • Iryna Reimers,
  • Ilia Safonov,
  • Anton Kornilov and
  • Ivan Yakimchuk

10 October 2020

Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) tomography provides a stack of images that represent serial slices of the sample. These images are displaced relatively to each other, and an alignment procedure is required. Traditional methods...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
7,742 Views
31 Pages

20 March 2023

The purpose of this study is two-fold. Firstly, it aims to investigate the available papers on the effect of gamification elements to explain behavioural changes through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Secondly, based on the SLR, it proposes a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,300 Views
15 Pages

Characterization of Ultra-Thin Diamond-Like Carbon Films by SEM/EDX

  • Chanida Puttichaem,
  • Guilherme P. Souza,
  • Kurt C. Ruthe and
  • Kittipong Chainok

17 June 2021

A novel, high throughput method to characterize the chemistry of ultra-thin diamond-like carbon films is discussed. The method uses surface sensitive SEM/EDX to provide substrate-specific, semi-quantitative silicon nitride/DLC stack composition of pr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
495 Views
14 Pages

Contrast Enhancement of SEM Image Using Photoelectric Effect Under UV LED Irradiation

  • Lukita Sari Ikhsan,
  • Yu Masuda,
  • Maciej Kretkowski,
  • Wataru Inami and
  • Yoshimasa Kawata

18 December 2025

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is widely used for nanoscale imaging and the study of surface fine structure. However, its image quality is often limited by low secondary electron (SE) yield and surface charging, especially on insulating or micro-...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
6,871 Views
11 Pages

Dentine Surface Morphology after Chlorhexidine Application—SEM Study

  • Barbara Lapinska,
  • Leszek Klimek,
  • Jerzy Sokolowski and
  • Monika Lukomska-Szymanska

11 August 2018

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a widely known and a very popular antibacterial agent that decreases the level of cariogenic bacteria. CHX applied on the cavity surface of dentine may influence adhesive bond strength. The aim of the study was to evaluate the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
8,185 Views
14 Pages

Combining XRF, Multispectral Imaging and SEM/EDS to Characterize a Contemporary Painting

  • Jessica Brocchieri,
  • Elvira Scialla,
  • Antonio D’Onofrio and
  • Carlo Sabbarese

Diagnostic analyses on a contemporary painting on canvas were performed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), multispectral imaging and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The results of each method provided complementary...

  • Protocol
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,516 Views
7 Pages

21 November 2019

The grain transfer protocol presents a step-by-step guide on how to successfully transfer positioned grains from a single-grain luminescence disc to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) specimen stub and how to transport them between laboratories. Si...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
4,991 Views
13 Pages

24 May 2019

With the development of Internet technology, online car-hailing is booming in China, which has profoundly affected people’s travel structures. In order to seek the sustainable development of taxi and online car-hailing services from the perspec...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,466 Views
16 Pages

SEM Studies Assessing the Efficacy of Laser Treatment for Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review

  • Natalia Struzik,
  • Kamila Wiśniewska,
  • Paweł J. Piszko,
  • Aleksandra Piszko,
  • Jan Kiryk,
  • Jacek Matys and
  • Maciej Dobrzyński

29 January 2024

Treating and limiting caries among young children are crucial issues for pediatric dentistry. In our systematic review, the authors intend to assess alterations in the surfaces of primary teeth following laser treatment using Scanning Electron Micros...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
11,851 Views
9 Pages

4 September 2023

The particle size of powder coatings is an important factor affecting flow and fluidization performance, which in turn determines the quality of the coating. Powder coating particles, such as boron nitride, titanium dioxide, barium titanate, niobium...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,570 Views
15 Pages

29 July 2022

The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of international faculty members on their life in higher education institutions (HEIs). The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted not only most citizens’ lives but also the international facult...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
8,833 Views
12 Pages

Assessment of the Effects of Enamel Remineralization After Treatment with Hydroxylapatite Active Substance: SEM Study

  • Marcella Reguzzoni,
  • Andrea Carganico,
  • Doriana Lo Presti,
  • Piero Antonio Zecca,
  • Eleonora Ivonne Scurati,
  • Margherita Caccia and
  • Luca Levrini

24 December 2024

This study aimed to investigate the remineralization processes of dental enamel via scanning electron microscopy and observe the changes induced in the microstructure by oral hygiene products. More specifically, the effectiveness of Mentadent Profess...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,446 Views
18 Pages

Adhesive-Ceramic Interface Behavior in Dental Restorations. FEM Study and SEM Investigation

  • Otilia Chirca,
  • Cornelia Biclesanu,
  • Anamaria Florescu,
  • Dan Ioan Stoia,
  • Anna Maria Pangica,
  • Alexandru Burcea,
  • Marius Vasilescu and
  • Iulian Vasile Antoniac

3 September 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify the stress levels that act in inlay and onlay restorations, according to the direction and value of the external force applied. The study was conducted using the Finite Element Method (FEM) of three types of c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,416 Views
12 Pages

Qualitative Research of Composite Graphene Membranes Using the Electric Mode in SEM and AFM

  • Grzegorz Romaniak,
  • Konrad Dybowski,
  • Łukasz Kołodziejczyk and
  • Paulina Kowalczyk

3 January 2025

The development of new graphene-based materials necessitates the application of suitable material imaging techniques, especially for the identification of defects in the graphene structure and its continuity. For this purpose, it is natural to use on...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,875 Views
21 Pages

5 July 2023

Prefabricated construction offers numerous advantages, such as high efficiency and energy efficiency. However, its promotion is impeded by the significant associated costs. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the overall life-...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,294 Views
12 Pages

DC Microplasma Jet for Local a:C-H Deposition Operated in SEM Chamber

  • Khanit Matra,
  • Hiroshi Furuta and
  • Akimitsu Hatta

A DC micro plasma jet for local micro deposition of a:C-H film in the ambient vacuum of scanning electron microscope (SEM) chamber is proposed. Acetylene (C2H2) gas was locally fed into the chamber through an orifice shaped gas nozzle (OGN) at 6.6 sc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,791 Views
16 Pages

22 June 2022

In recent years, there has been a trend toward automation and data exchange in manufacturing processes through industrial cognitive computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence. However, the human–machine interface plays...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
4,762 Views
12 Pages

SEM and FT-MIR Analysis of Human Demineralized Dentin Matrix: An In Vitro Study

  • Lucia Memè,
  • Enrico M. Strappa,
  • Riccardo Monterubbianesi,
  • Fabrizio Bambini and
  • Stefano Mummolo

29 January 2022

Recently, the demineralized dentin matrix has been suggested as an alternative material to autologous bone grafts and xenografts for clinical purposes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different times of demineralization on the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
5,116 Views
18 Pages

Emerging Economies’ Institutional Quality and International Competitiveness: A PLS-SEM Approach

  • Ricardo E. Buitrago R.,
  • María Inés Barbosa Camargo and
  • Favio Cala Vitery

22 April 2021

The home country’s institutional framework determines the capacity to compete in the global arena. This paper discusses the linkage between institutional quality (IQ) and international competitiveness (IC). We measured institutions’ quality in emergi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,566 Views
19 Pages

21 November 2022

Sustainable building approaches should be included at every level of the development process for maximum benefit without jeopardising the structure’s intended usage. However, researchers have paid less attention to how they may be applied to de...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,138 Views
32 Pages

Explainability, Safety Cues, and Trust in GenAI Advisors: A SEM–ANN Hybrid Study

  • Stefanos Balaskas,
  • Ioannis Stamatiou and
  • George Androulakis

9 December 2025

“GenAI” assistants are gradually being integrated into daily tasks and learning, but their uptake is no less contingent on perceptions of credibility or safety than on their capabilities per se. The current study hypothesizes and tests it...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,087 Views
20 Pages

3 December 2021

The classification of coralline algae commonly relies on the morphology of cells and reproductive structures, along with thallus organization, observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Nevertheless, species identification based on morpholo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
136 Views
14 Pages

Grazing-Incidence SEM Characterization of MoS2 Nanosheet Coatings Prepared by Liquid-Phase Exfoliation

  • Mariano Palomba,
  • Francesca Nicolais,
  • Filippo Giubileo,
  • Antonio Di Bartolomeo,
  • Gianfranco Carotenuto and
  • Angela Longo

27 February 2026

Ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) coatings exhibit functional properties that are strongly defined by morphological features such as sheet edges, fracture sites, overlaps, folds, and local thickness variations, which are often difficult to resolve using...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,495 Views
18 Pages

Target Design in SEM-Based Nano-CT and Its Influence on X-ray Imaging

  • Jonas Fell,
  • Felix Wetzler,
  • Michael Maisl and
  • Hans-Georg Herrmann

Nano-computed tomography (nano-CT) based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is utilized for multimodal material characterization in one instrument. Since SEM-based CT uses geometrical magnification, X-ray targets can be adapted without any further...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,315 Views
12 Pages

FIB-SEM Study of Archaeological Human Petrous Bones: 3D Structures and Diagenesis

  • Jamal Ibrahim,
  • Eugenia Mintz,
  • Lior Regev,
  • Dalit Regev,
  • Ilan Gronau,
  • Steve Weiner and
  • Elisabetta Boaretto

21 July 2024

The petrous bone generally preserves ancient DNA better than other fossil bones. One reason for this is that the inner layer of the petrous bone of pigs and humans contains about three times as many osteocytes as other bones, and hence more DNA. A FI...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,097 Views
11 Pages

Evaluation of Ammonium Nitrate(V) Morphology and Porosity Obtained by SEM and Tomography Imaging

  • Andrzej Biessikirski,
  • Grzegorz Piotr Kaczmarczyk,
  • Łukasz Kuterasiński,
  • Malwina Kolano and
  • Mateusz Pytlik

27 June 2024

This paper presents an evaluation of the morphology of fertilizer-grade and prill-grade ammonium nitrate(V). All samples were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tomography techniques. The XRD results...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,593 Views
13 Pages

Antecedents of Residential Satisfaction in Resettlement Housing in Ellembelle: A PLS-SEM Approach

  • Emmanuel Bosompem Boadi,
  • Shaojun Chen,
  • Ebenezer Impriam Amponsah and
  • Ruth Appiah

8 September 2022

Compensation for land expropriation due to development projects such as mining is shifting from cash to physical assets like housing. Therefore, empirical studies are required to assess the residential satisfaction of project-affected families (PAFs)...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,172 Views
12 Pages

Using Ground- and Drone-Based Surface Emission Monitoring (SEM) Data to Locate and Infer Landfill Methane Emissions

  • Tarek Abichou,
  • Nizar Bel Hadj Ali,
  • Sakina Amankwah,
  • Roger Green and
  • Eric S. Howarth

11 December 2023

Ground- and drone-based surface emission monitoring (SEM) campaigns were performed at two municipal solid waste landfills, during the same week as mobile tracer correlation method (TCM) testing was used to measure the total methane emissions from the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
5,919 Views
24 Pages

Applying SEM, Exploratory SEM, and Bayesian SEM to Personality Assessments

  • Hyeri Hong,
  • Walter P. Vispoel and
  • Alfonso J. Martinez

25 January 2024

Despite the importance of demonstrating and evaluating how structural equation modeling (SEM), exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), and Bayesian structural equation modeling (BSEM) work simultaneously, research comparing these analytic te...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,022 Views
23 Pages

Ceramic Scaffolds for Bone Augmentation: Design and Characterization with SEM and Confocal Microscopy

  • Alin Gabriel Gabor,
  • Virgil-Florin Duma,
  • Mihai M. C. Fabricky,
  • Liviu Marsavina,
  • Anca Tudor,
  • Cosmin Vancea,
  • Petru Negrea and
  • Cosmin Sinescu

14 July 2022

Bone scaffolds must fulfil numerous and sometimes contradictory characteristics: biocompatibility, bioactivity, high porosity, and appropriate mechanical strength. To tackle some of these issues, this study has several aims for the development of suc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
285 Views
25 Pages

13 February 2026

Urban community children’s play spaces play a crucial role in promoting both physical and mental health, significantly influencing children’s development and fostering a sense of belonging to the community. However, existing design practi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,926 Views
14 Pages

15 October 2024

The introduced work deals with the microscopic analysis of metallographically prepared selected metal materials structures, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Prepared samples of seamless steel pipes were subjected to a thorough microscopic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,041 Views
10 Pages

Comparative Evaluation of Marginal Adaptation and Dimensional Stability of Three Bioceramic Root Repair Materials: A VP-SEM Analysis

  • Orlando Donfrancesco,
  • Alessio Zanza,
  • Rodolfo Reda,
  • Luca Testarelli,
  • Michela Relucenti and
  • Marco Seracchiani

This study investigated the marginal adaptation of three recently introduced bioceramic root repair materials, EdgeBioCeramic RetroFill, Endocem MTA, and One-Fil PT, using VP-SEM analysis. Extracted single-rooted lower incisors were used to simulate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,688 Views
15 Pages

Improved Cholesteatoma Removal with CADISS: A Quantitative Ultrastructural Comparison Using VP-SEM

  • Michela Relucenti,
  • Ubaldo Romeo Plastina,
  • Pasquale Fino,
  • Chiara Filippi,
  • Maurizio Barbara and
  • Edoardo Covelli

12 June 2025

Background: Cholesteatoma is a destructive middle ear pathology requiring precise surgical removal to prevent recurrence and preserve auditory function. The chemically assisted dissection (CADISS) system (AuXin Surgery, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Be...

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