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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 15
10.3390/app15158598
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Electrophoretic Deposition of Green-Synthesized Hydroxyapatite on Thermally Oxidized Titanium: Enhanced Bioactivity and Antibacterial Performance

by
Mariana Relva
1,
Daniela Santo
2,
Ricardo Alexandre
3,
Pedro Faia
4,*,
Sandra Carvalho
2,5,
Zohra Benzarti
2,6 and
Susana Devesa
2,*
1
University of Coimbra, Physics Department, Rua Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
2
University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
3
Inovatools Portugal LDA, Rua da Indústria Metalúrgica, 593 Cumeiras Embra, 2430-528 Marinha Grande, Portugal
4
University of Coimbra,Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, FCTUC, Polo 2, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
5
IPN—LED&MAT—Instituto Pedro Nunes, Laboratório de Ensaios, Desgaste e Materiais, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
6
University of Sfax, Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials and Applications (LaMMA), Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Soukra Road km 3.5, B.P. 1171, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8598; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158598 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 20 June 2025 / Revised: 29 July 2025 / Accepted: 30 July 2025 / Published: 2 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Nanomaterials for Biotechnological and Medical Applications: Current Developments)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Titanium alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V are widely used in biomedical implants due to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, but their bioinert nature limits osseointegration and antibacterial performance. This study proposes a multifunctional surface coating system integrating a thermally oxidized TiO2 interlayer with a hydroxyapatite (HAp) top layer synthesized via a green route using Hylocereus undatus extract. The HAp was deposited by electrophoretic deposition (EPD), enabling continuous coverage and strong adhesion to the pre-treated Ti-6Al-4V substrate. Structural, morphological, chemical, and electrical characterizations were performed using XRD, SEM, EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. Bioactivity was assessed through apatite formation in simulated body fluid (SBF), while antibacterial properties were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus. The results demonstrated successful formation of crystalline TiO2 (rutile phase) and calcium-rich HAp with good surface coverage. The HAp-coated surfaces exhibited significantly enhanced bioactivity and strong antibacterial performance, likely due to the combined effects of surface roughness and the bioactive compounds present in the plant extract. This study highlights the potential of eco-friendly, bio-inspired surface engineering to improve the biological performance of titanium-based implants.
Keywords: hydroxyapatite; electrophoretic deposition; Ti-6Al-4V; TiO2 interlayer; bioactivity; antibacterial activity; biomedical implants hydroxyapatite; electrophoretic deposition; Ti-6Al-4V; TiO2 interlayer; bioactivity; antibacterial activity; biomedical implants

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MDPI and ACS Style

Relva, M.; Santo, D.; Alexandre, R.; Faia, P.; Carvalho, S.; Benzarti, Z.; Devesa, S. Electrophoretic Deposition of Green-Synthesized Hydroxyapatite on Thermally Oxidized Titanium: Enhanced Bioactivity and Antibacterial Performance. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 8598. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158598

AMA Style

Relva M, Santo D, Alexandre R, Faia P, Carvalho S, Benzarti Z, Devesa S. Electrophoretic Deposition of Green-Synthesized Hydroxyapatite on Thermally Oxidized Titanium: Enhanced Bioactivity and Antibacterial Performance. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(15):8598. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158598

Chicago/Turabian Style

Relva, Mariana, Daniela Santo, Ricardo Alexandre, Pedro Faia, Sandra Carvalho, Zohra Benzarti, and Susana Devesa. 2025. "Electrophoretic Deposition of Green-Synthesized Hydroxyapatite on Thermally Oxidized Titanium: Enhanced Bioactivity and Antibacterial Performance" Applied Sciences 15, no. 15: 8598. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158598

APA Style

Relva, M., Santo, D., Alexandre, R., Faia, P., Carvalho, S., Benzarti, Z., & Devesa, S. (2025). Electrophoretic Deposition of Green-Synthesized Hydroxyapatite on Thermally Oxidized Titanium: Enhanced Bioactivity and Antibacterial Performance. Applied Sciences, 15(15), 8598. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158598

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