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9 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,320 Views
18 Pages
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Liver-Based Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Exposure to Organophosphate Esters via Dust Ingestion Using a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) Model

  • Jiaqi Ding,
  • Wenxin Liu,
  • Hong Zhang,
  • Lingyan Zhu,
  • Lin Zhu and
  • Jianfeng Feng
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2021, 18(23), 12469;https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312469

26 November 2021

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used and harmful to organisms and human health. Dust ingestion is an important exposure route for OPEs to humans. In this study, by integrating ToxCast high-throughput in vitro assays with in vitro to in vivo...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
1,477 Views
19 Pages
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Analytical Solutions of PBTK Models for Evaluating the Impact of Surface Diffusion Characteristics on the Leaching Profile of Implant Byproducts

  • Matheos Giakoumi,
  • Konstantinos Kapnisis,
  • Andreas Anayiotos and
  • Pavlos S. Stephanou
Math. Comput. Appl.2024, 29(6), 101;https://doi.org/10.3390/mca29060101

4 November 2024

Toxicokinetic or pharmacokinetic models, physiologically based or not, offer a unique avenue to understand the transport of toxins or pharmaceuticals in living organisms. The availability of analytical solutions to such models offers the means to eng...

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  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
7,774 Views
20 Pages
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The Application of a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Model in Health Risk Assessment

  • Mengting Chen,
  • Ruihu Du,
  • Tao Zhang,
  • Chutao Li,
  • Wenqiang Bao,
  • Fan Xin,
  • Shaozhang Hou,
  • Qiaomei Yang,
  • Li Chen and
  • An Zhu
  • + 1 author
Toxics2023, 11(10), 874;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100874

21 October 2023

Toxicokinetics plays a crucial role in the health risk assessments of xenobiotics. Classical compartmental models are limited in their ability to determine chemical concentrations in specific organs or tissues, particularly target organs or tissues,...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
882 Views
19 Pages
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Prediction of the Quantitative Biodistribution of Inhaled Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using the Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Modelling Method

  • Jintao Wang,
  • Zhangyu Liu,
  • Bin Wan and
  • Xinguang Cui
Toxics2025, 13(10), 858;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13100858

11 October 2025

The present study aimed to establish a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model to investigate the absorption, retention, and transport of inhaled nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2-NPs) particles in rats, thereby providing a basis for underst...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,840 Views
17 Pages
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Extending Regulatory Biokinetic Lead Models towards Food Safety: Evaluation of Consumer Baby Food Contribution to Infant Blood Lead Levels and Variability

  • Skyler A. Price,
  • Mark A. Maddaloni,
  • Brent L. Finley,
  • Stephanie A. Thornton and
  • Ken M. Unice
Foods2023, 12(14), 2732;https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12142732

18 July 2023

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration released proposed lead (Pb) action levels for foods intended for babies and young children in January 2023 based on the agency’s interim reference value of 2.2 µg/day for dietary Pb. Since the 1980s,...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,843 Views
18 Pages
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A Daily Accumulation Model for Predicting PFOS Residues in Beef Cattle Muscle After Oral Exposure

  • Ian Edhlund,
  • Lynn Post and
  • Sara Sklenka
Toxics2025, 13(8), 649;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13080649

31 July 2025

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been found worldwide in water, soil, plants, and animals, including humans. A primary route of exposure for humans and animals to PFAS is through the diet and drinking water. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (...

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  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,368 Views
20 Pages
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A Scoping Assessment of Implemented Toxicokinetic Models of Per- and Polyfluoro-Alkyl Substances, with a Focus on One-Compartment Models

  • Alexander East,
  • Daniel E. Dawson,
  • Sydney Brady,
  • Daniel A. Vallero and
  • Rogelio Tornero-Velez
Toxics2023, 11(2), 163;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020163

9 February 2023

Toxicokinetic (TK) models have been used for decades to estimate concentrations of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in serum. However, model complexity has varied across studies depending on the application and the state of the science. This...

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  • Review
  • Open Access
16 Citations
9,448 Views
22 Pages
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Recent Progress on Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model: A Review Based on Bibliometrics

  • He Huang,
  • Wenjing Zhao,
  • Ning Qin and
  • Xiaoli Duan
Toxics2024, 12(6), 433;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060433

14 June 2024

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic (PBPK/PBTK) models are designed to elucidate the mechanism of chemical compound action in organisms based on the physiological, biochemical, anatomical, and thermodynamic properties of organisms. Af...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,237 Views
20 Pages
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A Comparative Study of Phase I and II Hepatic Microsomal Biotransformation of Phenol in Three Species of Salmonidae: Hydroquinone, Catechol, and Phenylglucuronide Formation

  • Richard C. Kolanczyk,
  • Laura E. Solem,
  • Patricia K. Schmieder and
  • James M. McKim
Fishes2024, 9(7), 284;https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070284

17 July 2024

The in vitro biotransformation of phenol at 11 °C was studied using pre-spawn adult rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (RBT), brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) (BKT), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) (LKT) hepatic microsomal preparations. The incubat...

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