Search Results (361)

Temperature is a fundamental property of water that determines its quality and the course of both biotic and physical processes. Therefore, the distribution and future changes in thermal conditions are crucial for the functioning of the hydrosphere. In this study, a hybrid air2water model was used to determine the course of the sea surface temperature, which allows for its prediction using a minimal set of input data based on the air temperature. The widespread availability of air temperature measurements worldwide offers broad potential for the model’s application, which is especially important in coastal zones—the most dynamic and diverse areas of marine ecosystems, and simultaneously the most exposed to anthropogenic pressure. The study analyzes four hydrological stations in the southern part of the Baltic Sea, where the results confirm the high predictive capabilities of the air2water model for sea surface temperature. Depending on the adopted climate change scenarios, the average rate of sea surface temperature increase by the end of the 21st century is projected to be 0.15 °C per decade (SSP2-4.5) and 0.33 °C per decade (in the case of the SSP5-8.5 scenario). If these projections come true, they should be considered unfavorable, and such a situation will require taking into account changes in the thermal regime in the functioning of the Baltic Sea. More broadly, this simple yet effective method for predicting thermal conditions may be applied in interdisciplinary research as well as in the management of coastal marine zones. Full article

Protecting groundwater against pollution from agricultural sources is a key aspect of sustainable management of soil and water resources. Implementation of sustainable strategies for agricultural production can be supported by modeling tools, which allow us to quantify the effects of different agricultural practices in the context of groundwater vulnerability to contamination. In this study we present a method to assess groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution based on a combination of the SWAT agro-hydrological model and the DRASTIC index method. SWAT modeling was applied to assess different scenarios of agricultural practices and identify solutions for sustainable management of soil and groundwater and reduction of nitrate pollution. The developed method was implemented for groundwater resources in a study area (Puck Bay region, southern Baltic coast), which represented a complex multi-aquifer system formed in Quaternary fluvioglacial deposits (sand and gravel) separated by moraine tills. In order to investigate the effects of different agricultural practices, 12 scenarios have been defined, which were grouped into four classes: crop type, fertilizer management, tillage, and grazing. An overlay index structure was applied, and ratings and weights to several factors were assigned. All analyses were processed using GIS tools, and the results are presented in the form of maps, which categorize groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution into five classes, ranging from very low to very high. The results reveal significant variability in groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution in the study area. Agricultural practices have a very strong influence on groundwater vulnerability by controlling both recharge rates and nitrogen losses from the soil profile. The most pronounced increases in vulnerability were associated with scenarios involving excessive fertilization and intensive grazing. Among crop types, potato cultivation appears to pose the greatest risk to groundwater quality. Full article

Background and Objectives: Nationwide registries that provide comprehensive insights into the atopic dermatitis (AD) population and management in routine practice are lacking in Baltic countries. Real-world studies to explore the clinical and economic burden of AD are highly needed. We present findings from the Baltic cohort of the larger observational study ESSENTIAL AD, conducted in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, retrospective chart review study enrolled adult AD patients routinely managed with systemic and/or non-systemic therapy in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Data was collected during one office visit. AD severity was assessed using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) and SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) and impact on quality of life was assessed using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) (primary endpoints). Results: Fifty patients were enrolled, with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 33.6 (11.67) years, and 60% were women. Mean (SD) time since AD diagnosis was 21.8 (14.8) years. An equal proportion of patients received systemic therapy (including combination therapy) or non-systemic therapy (50% each). Mean (SD) EASI, SCORAD, and DLQI total scores were 9.8 (9.76), 38.0 (16.5), and 10.5 (7.1), respectively. No significant difference was observed between patients receiving systemic and non-systemic therapy in terms of EASI (mean [SD] 11.5 [12.2] versus 8.2 [6.3]; p = 0.7636), SCORAD (35.4 [20.8] versus 40.6 [11.5]; p = 0.2563), and DLQI (9.5 [7.6] versus 11.5 [6.5]; p = 0.1962). Hospitalization rate (95% confidence interval) was significantly higher in patients on systemic versus non-systemic therapy (0.4 [0.2–0.8] versus 0.1 [0.0–0.4]; p = 0.0424). Monthly out-of-pocket expenses (USD) were higher in Latvia (mean [SD]: 103.7 [2.64]) versus Estonia (55.6 [1.82]) and Lithuania (53.8 [1.90]). Conclusions: Adult AD patients from the Baltic region still face a considerable disease and economic burden, regardless of treatment received. Improved disease management and better access to guideline-recommended advanced systemic therapies are necessary. Full article

The impact of nitrogen on harmful algal blooms (HABs) and functions of biota in marine ecosystems under eutrophication is a topical issue of growing importance. The article aimed at describing the diversity of planktonic bloom-forming dinoflagellates in the SW Baltic Sea coastal waters under variable eutrophication. The analysis of 44 year-long database revealed 82 dinoflagellate species and demonstrated diversity patterns of ten common bloom-forming species, including seven mixotrophs from the genera Prorocentrum, Dinophysis, and Ceratium, under variable eutrophication evaluated using total nitrogen (TN) content in water. Based on the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH), we presumed those coastal waters with total nitrogen concentrations that are optimal to dinoflagellates to host greater taxonomic diversity compared to areas with non-optimum TN content. The results showed that the highest dinoflagellate species richness was associated with much lower TN concentrations than the optimum values for these species. Thus, our findings disagreed with the IDH. We suggested and discussed possible reasons of this inconsistency, including algal growth rates and disturbance frequency. We also updated the classification of eutrophication levels in the Baltic Sea based on the distribution of TN content and diversity of HAB-forming dinoflagellates. The results can contribute to predictive assessment of HABs under growing eutrophication. Full article

The transition toward carbon neutrality is accelerating the deployment of renewable energy sources (RES), creating new challenges for power balance, stability, and renewable generation curtailment. In the Baltic States, this RES growth coincides with synchronization with the Central European Synchronous Area, which poses additional technical and operational challenges. This paper evaluates the integration of offshore wind farms (OWFs) into the Lithuanian power system for 2027 and 2035, focusing on their impact on system operation, transmission loading, power balance and power system strength. A methodology based on extrapolated historical hourly data is applied to assess Lithuanian power system security under large-scale RES penetration, identifying critical contingencies and lines most prone to overloading. Results indicate that in 2027, network overloads may occur under N–1 contingencies when OWF capacity reaches 1400 MW; higher capacities require curtailment to maintain the generation–load balance. In 2035, planned grid reinforcements eliminate N–1 overloads. However, in both years, system strength remains the limiting factor. With an admissible short-circuit ratio (SCR) of 3, the maximum allowable OWF capacity is 1141 MW in 2027 and 1582 MW in 2035 under N–1, and 562 MW and 1039 MW under N–2 conditions. Full article

The SE Baltic area, the former Eastern Prussia, is renowned for complex natural history. Over the past millions of years, the area experienced major geological events and geomorphic landscape transformations, resulting in the present relief configuration. Past climates and environments gave rise to the specific life-forms that proliferated in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic–Early Cenozoic shallow sea/lacustrine basins, and the Late Cenozoic riverine and continental settings. During the Paleogene, forested sub-tropical lands and deltaic settings of coastal sea lagoons gave rise to the famed amber formations (Blue Ground) hosting inclusions of resin-sealed insect and other small invertebrates that offer an unprecedented look into the 35–34 million-year habitats. Ferruginous sandstones, formed in shallow waters incorporating remains of thermophilous fauna—bivalves and gastropods, bryozoans, and sea urchins, among others—lie above the amber-bearing deposits. Oligocene–Miocene continental (riverine, lacustrine, and palustrine) conditions relate to the “Brown Coal Formation”, embedding a variety of fossil plants. Finally, the Quaternary Period brought dramatic geo-environmental shifts, with cyclic interstadial sea transgressions and massive glacial erosion events delivering fossiliferous erratics with an array of primitive Paleozoic and later Mesozoic life-forms. Overall, the extraordinary paleontology of the SE Baltic area adds, within its geological context, to the European geoheritage and the world natural heritage. Full article

The Baltic Sea region presents challenging environmental and operational conditions for search and rescue (SAR) and oil spill recovery activities, including strong winds, high waves, seasonal ice, and low water temperatures. The current Lithuanian search and rescue and oil pollution response capabilities, particularly the existing vessel “Šakiai”, are insufficient to meet modern operational and safety requirements. This study aims to determine the optimal concept and technical characteristics of a new vessel capable of operating effectively in Lithuanian maritime responsibility area. The research combines hydrometeorological data analysis, review of international regulatory frameworks, evaluation of equipment requirements, and bridge simulator modelling of two reference vessel concepts: patrol-type and supply-type. Additional oil spill dispersion modelling was performed using the simulation tool. Findings show that search and rescue tasks prioritize speed, while spill response operations require stability and maneuverability. Simulations indicate that patrol-type vessels reach search and rescue zones faster, while supply-type vessels provide superior station maintenance and equipment deployment in adverse conditions. The optimal vessel concept should be based on a supply-type hull with dynamic positioning, ≥15 kn speed, ≥113 t bollard pull, ≥6-day endurance and oil recovery arms with ≥40 m sweep width. Full article

One of the key problems humanity faces in this age of profound digitalization is globalization-related threats, which no longer affect just one country but pose a threat to a very large area, encompassing several or even a dozen countries, or, in the case of global warming, a threat to all of humanity worldwide. This topic inspired the investigation and verification of this threat in the Baltic Sea, along with other threats operating in the Baltic Sea region. This topic is highly topical, as estimates from maritime institutions indicate that the rate of sea level rise is an irreversible process, which, when combined with other threats, could lead to the degradation of the sea and the population living in the coastal zone. This led to the delegation clarifying the main objective of the article: to demonstrate the impact of potential global threats on the investment process in the Polish coastal belt. Based on this, an analysis of threats in the Baltic Sea region was conducted, preceded by a review of the literature and data from online resources, including data from industry portals in the maritime sector. This article presents a simulation of erosion-accumulation changes in selected areas of Poland’s Southern Baltic coast, focusing on the coastal real estate market and indicating the propensity to invest in these areas. Simulating erosion changes, using a cartographic base with a generated digital terrain model and interpolation tools to visualize the changes, represents an innovative approach to issues related to the outflow of investment land in the real estate market. This emphasizes the directionality of land changes, thus providing a predictive tool for decision-making and spatial planning in the coastal area. Full article

Across the Baltic Sea region, areas situated in climate-sensitive water zones are increasingly exposed to environmental and socio-economic challenges. Gdańsk, Poland, is a prominent example where the rising threat of climate-related hazards, particularly connected with flooding, coincides with growing demand for resilient and adaptive housing solutions. Located in the Vistula Delta, the city’s vulnerability is heightened by its low-lying terrain, polder-based land systems, and extensive waterfronts. These geographic conditions underscore the urgent need for flexible, climate-responsive design strategies that support long-term adaptation while safeguarding the urban fabric and the well-being of local communities. This study provides evidence-based guidance for adaptive housing solutions tailored to Gdańsk’s waterfronts. It draws on successful architectural and urban interventions across the Baltic Sea region, selected for their environmental, social, and cultural relevance, to inform development approaches that strengthen resilience and social cohesion. To achieve this, an exploratory case study methodology was employed, supported by desk research and qualitative content analysis of strategic planning documents, academic literature, and project reports. A structured five-step framework, comprising project identification, document selection, qualitative assessment, data extraction, and analysis, was applied to examine three adaptive housing projects: Hammarby Sjöstad (Stockholm), Kalasataman Huvilat (Helsinki), and Urban Rigger (Copenhagen). Findings indicate measurable differences across nine sustainability indicators (1–5 scale): Hammarby Sjöstad excels in environmental integration (5/5 in carbon reduction and renewable energy), Kalasataman Huvilat demonstrates strong modular and human-scaled adaptability (3–5/5 across social and housing flexibility), and Urban Rigger leads in climate adaptability and material efficiency (4–5/5). Key adaptive measures include flexible spatial design, integrated environmental management, and community engagement. The study concludes with practical recommendations for local planning guidelines. The guidelines developed through the Gdańsk case study show strong potential for broader application in cities facing similar challenges. Although rooted in Gdańsk’s specific conditions, the model’s principles are transferable and adaptable, making the framework relevant to water sensitivity, flexible housing, and inclusive, resilient urban strategies. It offers transversal value to both urban scholars and practitioners in planning, policy, and community development. Full article

Coastal erosion and increasingly severe storms present a growing challenge to the sustainable management of sandy shorelines. This study examines the geomorphological, sedimentological and geochemical responses of the Palanga coastal area in the Lithuanian Baltic Sea to beach nourishment projects implemented between 2006 and 2012. A multi-parameter approach was used, combining cross-shore profile monitoring with grain-size, magnetic susceptibility, mineralogical and geochemical analyses, in order to assess sediment redistribution and post-nourishment adjustments. The results demonstrate that nourishment projects substantially increased beach width, height and sand volume; however, the shoreline response was uneven in space and time. Subsequent years were characterised by gradual sediment redistribution along and across the coast, resulting in partial morphological stabilisation. Elevated concentrations of heavy minerals and trace elements immediately after nourishment indicated short-term enrichment from mineralogically distinct material, which was later diluted by natural reworking. The findings demonstrate that properly designed and monitored nourishment enhances coastal resilience, representing a human-induced adjustment within the prevailing coastal morphodynamic regime. While the socio-ecological effects were not directly evaluated, the identified geoindicators offer insights into the physical sustainability of coastal systems, emphasising the importance of evidence-based, adaptive management in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 11, 13 and 14). Full article

Liepāja Lake, a Natura 2000 protected area and one of the largest coastal freshwater bodies in Latvia, has been historically influenced by urbanization, diffuse agricultural inputs, and legacy contamination from metallurgy and ship-repair industries. Comprehensive, spatially explicit data on its sediment and water chemistry were previously lacking. The dataset used in this study provides an openly accessible record of major and trace element concentrations in surface sediments and surface waters collected during the 2024 field campaign. Sampling sites were distributed across northern, central, and southern zones to capture gradients in anthropogenic pressure and natural variability. Water samples were filtered and acidified following ISO 15587-2:2002, while sediments were homogenized, sieved, and digested following EPA 3051a. Both matrices were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS, Agilent 8900 ICP-QQQ) with multi-element calibration traceable to NIST standards. The dataset comprises 31 analytes (Li–Bi) with paired standard deviation values, reported in mg kg^–1 (sediments) and µg L^–1 (water). Rigorous validation included certified reference materials, duplicates, blanks, and statistical outlier screening. The resulting data form a reliable geochemical baseline for assessing pollution sources, quantifying spatial heterogeneity, and supporting future monitoring, modeling, and restoration efforts in climate-sensitive Baltic coastal lakes. Full article

Understanding past and present maritime activity patterns is critical for navigation safety, environmental assessment, and commercial operations. An increasing number of services now openly provide positioning data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) via ground-based receivers. We show that coastal vessel activity can be reconstructed from open access data with high accuracy, even with limited data quality and incomplete receiver coverage. For three months of open AIS data in the Baltic Sea from August to October 2024, we present (i) cleansing and reconstruction methods to improve the data quality, and (ii) a journey model that converts AIS message data into vessel counts, traffic estimates, and spatially resolved vessel density at a resolution of ∼400 m. Vessel counts are provided, along with their uncertainties, for both moving and stationary activity. Vessel density maps also enable the identification of port locations, and we infer the most crowded and busiest coastal areas in the Baltic Sea. We find that on average, ≳4000 vessels simultaneously operate in the Baltic Sea, and more than 300 vessels enter or leave the area each day. Our results agree within 20% with previous studies relying on proprietary data. Full article

The use of Renewable Energy Sources necessitates efficient site selection methods, also for wind farm deployment. This study applies a machine learning (ML) approach to optimize wind turbine siting in Poland, addressing limitations of traditional multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. A multilayer perceptron model was trained on a dataset of 28 spatio-environmental features, including wind speed, power density, land use, and protected areas. The model was validated using 100,000 randomly selected points and applied to identify suitable locations under real-world constraints. Results indicate that, in Poland, the total number of wind turbines, either as part of wind parks or as single turbines, was 4260 in 2023, and as of the beginning of 2025, stood at 5160, representing a 21% increase. The MLP model demonstrates high performance on both validation and testing subsets, with an accuracy of 91% on the test subset. In this research, after applying the multilayer perceptron (MLP) model and filtering points that obtain a prediction score higher than 0.9, a total of 16,807 valid points were obtained. After applying buffer zones, 3040 validation points are obtained, which are suitable for further location of wind turbines. The majority of validation points for potential new wind turbine construction are located on the Baltic coast, totaling 2355 points. Compared to conventional MCDM methods, MLP reveals hidden spatial patterns and enhances predictive accuracy, and is a valuable tool to expand wind energy capacity in Poland and beyond. Full article

This research presents a comprehensive analysis of the spatial extent and temporal change in benthic habitats within the Puck Lagoon in the southern Baltic Sea, utilizing integrated machine learning classification and multi-sourced remote sensing. Object-based image analysis was integrated with Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and K-Nearest Neighbors algorithms for benthic habitat classification based on airborne bathymetric LiDAR (ALB), multibeam echosounder (MBES), satellite bathymetry, and high-resolution aerial photography. Ground-truth data collected by 2023 field surveys were supplemented with long temporal datasets (2010–2023) for seagrass meadow analysis. Boruta feature selection showed that geomorphometric variables (aspect, slope, and terrain ruggedness index) and optical features (ALB intensity and spectral bands) were the most significant discriminators in each classification case. Binary classification models were more effective (93.3% accuracy in the presence/absence of Zostera marina) compared to advanced multi-class models (43.3% for EUNIS Level 4/5), which identified the inherent equilibrium between ecological complexity and map validity. Change detection between contemporary and 1957 habitat data revealed extensive Zostera marina loss, with 84.1–99.0% cover reduction across modeling frameworks. Seagrass coverage declined from 61.15% of the study area to just 9.70% or 0.63%, depending on the model. Seasonal mismatch may inflate loss estimates by 5–15%, but even adjusted values (70–94%) indicate severe ecosystem degradation. Spatial exchange components exhibited patterns of habitat change, whereas net losses in total were many orders of magnitude larger than any redistribution in space. These findings recorded the most severe seagrass habitat destruction ever described within Baltic Sea ecosystems and emphasize the imperative for conservation action at the landscape level. The methodology framework provides a reproducible model for analogous change detection analysis in shallow nearshore habitats, creating critical baselines to inform restoration planning and biodiversity conservation activities. It also demonstrated both the capabilities and limitations of automatic techniques for habitat monitoring. Full article

This paper presents the hydrological and meteorological parameters of the Wolfgang storm surge on the southern Baltic Sea coast and the storm’s impact on coastal areas with highly urbanised and developed zones. The surge emerged during a rare cyclonic system that was located over Western Europe in October 2023. A high difference in air pressure between the western and eastern parts of the Baltic coast led to the high-velocity wind blowing from the eastern direction to the centre of the cyclone located over Denmark. It caused high sea levels in the western part of the Baltic Sea. On the German and Danish coasts, the inflow of water at a high wind velocity perpendicular to the coast caused a very high surge of the sea and strong undulation. In this part of the Baltic Sea, the storm caused an increase in the sea level ranging from 1.5 to 2.2 m above average. It was lower on the eastern part of the Polish coast, exceeding 0.9 m above average sea level. The erosion of the base of cliffs ranged from 2 to 7 m, depending on the sea level. The dune erosion was larger but more varied, which resulted from different heights of the beach, at a maximum of up to 18 m. The water run-up reached 5.2 m above mean sea level (AMSL). The run-up parameter is a more accurate indicator of the potential threat than the sea level height. As a result of water run-up on the coast, lowlands situated even as far as 300 m from the shore were flooded. The storm caused significant damage to the coastal infrastructure and harbours. Research was conducted based on field studies and the analysis of digital documentation from websites, with the records of water run-up and the effects of the storm. Field studies were based on measures of coast retreat. Sea levels and wind were studied based on collected data. Full article