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Risks of Hydrometeorological Extremes
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Risks of Hydrometeorological Extremes

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water and Climate Change".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2025 | Viewed by 9202

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Oluwafemi Adeyeri

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Low-Carbon and Climate Impact Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
Interests: hydrometeorology; climate extremes; climate dynamics; hydrological modelling; heatwaves; climate impact assessment; machine learning; bias correction and statis-tical downscaling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Kazeem Abiodun Ishola

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
Interests: heatwaves; droughts; land–air interactions; carbon–water cycle ; land surface models
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrometeorological extremes, such as floods, droughts, and intense precipitation events, represent some of the most challenging and destructive natural phenomena to impact societies globally. With the advent of climate change, the frequency, intensity, and unpredictability of these events are escalating, posing significant threats to human life, infrastructure, and ecosystems. This Special Issue, titled "Risks of Hydrometeorological Extremes", aims to consolidate the latest research and advancements in understanding, predicting, and mitigating these extreme events. By integrating perspectives from climatology, hydrology, meteorology, and environmental science, this Special Issue seeks to highlight the complex relationships between atmospheric conditions that trigger hydrometeorological extremes and terrestrial impacts. We are particularly interested in interdisciplinary approaches on all scales (local, regional, and global) that combine advancements in modelling and forecasting techniques, including machine learning, to better predict these events; risk assessment methodologies to assess the dangers that they pose; and innovative strategies for resilience and adaptation to help societies and ecosystems to withstand them.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  1. The characterization and prediction of hydrometeorological events and their impacts on agriculture, ecosystems, and human systems;
  2. Drivers of hydrometeorological extreme events;
  3. Socio-economic dimensions of these hazards, including vulnerability assessments, resilience-building measures, and policy implications;
  4. Effects of climate change on the frequency and intensity of hydrometeorological extremes, as well as studies highlighting successful community and ecosystem responses;
  5. Improving climate and hydrological models to enable better representation of hydrometeorological extremes;
  6. Advanced modelling and simulation techniques to explain these hydrometeorological extreme events and novel frameworks for risk assessment.

Dr. Oluwafemi Adeyeri
Dr. Kazeem Abiodun Ishola
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrometeorological extremes and impacts
  • climate change
  • flood risk assessment
  • drought mitigation
  • extreme weather events
  • hydrological modelling
  • climate models and projections
  • climate resilience
  • forecasting techniques including the use of artificial intelligence
  • risk management
  • adaptive strategies

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

31 pages, 13535 KiB  
Article
Application of the Probability of Extreme Sea Levels at Selected Baltic Sea Tide Gauge Stations
by Tomasz Wolski, Andrzej Giza and Bernard Wiśniewski
Water 2025, 17(3), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17030291 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 824
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the application of the probability of extreme water level predictions along the entire Baltic Sea coast. In the initial part of this work, the critical sea levels off the Baltic States were reviewed. These levels [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to analyze the application of the probability of extreme water level predictions along the entire Baltic Sea coast. In the initial part of this work, the critical sea levels off the Baltic States were reviewed. These levels are related to the height of the breakwaters and were determined on the basis of probabilistic methods. Then, the heights of the theoretical water levels in the entire quantile range were determined. Calculations were performed using Gumbel and Pearson III type distributions. Visualizations of the theoretical maximum and minimum water levels, as well as calculations related to the sea surface and length of the coastline, were made using ArcGIS 10.2.1 software. A comparison of theoretical water levels from two periods showed that over the last 60 years, there has been a stable trend of an increase in both the theoretical and observed maximum water levels of 2.6 mm/year. At the same time, the return period for the Baltic tide gauge stations was reduced by an average of about 50%. It could thus be concluded that hydrological hazards in the Baltic Sea region appeared twice as often as they did in the first half of the 20th century. Later in this work, we determined what size of the sea surface and the coastline length corresponded to particular sea level ranges for different return periods. For the maximum theoretical water with a 200-year return period, as much as 19.1% of the Baltic Sea surface and 23.8% of its coastline length may be influenced by extremely high sea levels (≥200 cm). These are areas in the inner parts of the great Baltic gulfs. For them, critical water levels are lower than 200 cm, which indicates a potential risk of storm floods. Based on probability calculations, it could be concluded that Pärnu Bay, within which lies the Pärnu tide gauge station, is the most hydrologically dangerous basin in the Baltic Sea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risks of Hydrometeorological Extremes)
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25 pages, 73160 KiB  
Article
Multi-Approaches for Flash Flooding Hazard Assessment of Rabigh Area, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia: Insights from Geospatial Analysis
by Bashar Bashir and Abdullah Alsalman
Water 2024, 16(20), 2962; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16202962 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1840
Abstract
Flash flood hazard assessment is a critical component of disaster risk management, particularly in regions vulnerable to extreme rainfall and climatic events. This study focuses on evaluating the flash flood susceptibility of the Rabigh area, located along the Red Sea coast in Makkah [...] Read more.
Flash flood hazard assessment is a critical component of disaster risk management, particularly in regions vulnerable to extreme rainfall and climatic events. This study focuses on evaluating the flash flood susceptibility of the Rabigh area, located along the Red Sea coast in Makkah province, Saudi Arabia. Using advanced GIS tools and a spatial multi-criteria analysis approach, the research integrates a variety of datasets, including remotely sensed satellite data, the SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and topographic indices. The main goal was to produce detailed flood susceptibility maps based on the morphometric characteristics of the region’s drainage basins. These basins were delineated and assessed for their flood vulnerability using three distinct modeling techniques, each highlighting different aspects of flood behavior. The results show that the northern basin (Dulaidila) and the central basins (Rabigh, Algud, and Al Nuaibeaa) exhibit the highest flood risk, with significant susceptibility also observed in the southern basins (Ofoq and Saabar). Other basins in the region display moderate susceptibility levels. A key aspect of this analysis was the overlay of the integrated flood susceptibility map with the Topographic Position Index (TPI), a crucial topographic indicator, which helped refine the understanding of flood-prone areas by linking basin morphometry with in-situ topographic features. This study’s comprehensive approach offers valuable insights that can be applied to other coastal regions where hydrological and climatic data are scarce, contributing to more effective flood risk mitigation and strategic planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risks of Hydrometeorological Extremes)
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23 pages, 6699 KiB  
Article
Urban Flood Risk Assessment and Mapping Using GIS-DEMATEL Method: Case of the Serafa River Watershed, Poland
by Wiktoria Natkaniec and Izabela Godyń
Water 2024, 16(18), 2636; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182636 - 17 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4405
Abstract
This paper develops a method integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Decision-Making Trials and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) for the analysis of factors influencing urban flood risk and the identification of flood-prone areas. The method is based on nine selected factors: land use/land [...] Read more.
This paper develops a method integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Decision-Making Trials and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) for the analysis of factors influencing urban flood risk and the identification of flood-prone areas. The method is based on nine selected factors: land use/land cover (LULC: the ratio of built-up areas, the ratio of greenery areas), elevation, slope, population density, distance from the river, soil, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The DEMATEL method is used to determine the cause–effect relationship between selected factors, allowing for key criteria and their weights to be determined. LULC and population density were identified as the most important risk factors for urban floods. The method was applied to a case study—the Serafa River watershed (Poland), an urbanized catchment covering housing estates of cities of Kraków and Wieliczka frequently affected by flooding. GIS analysis based on publicly available data using QGIS with weights obtained from DEMATEL identified the vulnerable areas. 45% of the total catchment area was classified as areas with a very high or high level of flood risk. The results match the actual data on inundation incidents that occurred in recent years in this area. The study shows the potential and possibility of using the DEMATEL-GIS method to determine the significance of factors and to designate flood-prone areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risks of Hydrometeorological Extremes)
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16 pages, 3426 KiB  
Article
Mapping Flood Impacts on Mortality at European Territories of the Mediterranean Region within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Framework
by Iraklis Stamos and Michalis Diakakis
Water 2024, 16(17), 2470; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172470 - 30 Aug 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1444
Abstract
Despite significant advances in technology and flood risk management, as well as the countless risk prevention initiatives undertaken by governments and institutions in recent decades, flood hazards persist in threatening human life and health, especially under the effects of climate change. To assess [...] Read more.
Despite significant advances in technology and flood risk management, as well as the countless risk prevention initiatives undertaken by governments and institutions in recent decades, flood hazards persist in threatening human life and health, especially under the effects of climate change. To assess the effectiveness of the various programs or measures devised to protect human life and health from floods, it is crucial to measure and understand its impacts on society, establishing the capability to track indicators or metrics that reflect the spatial distribution and temporal progress of floods and their impacts. In this context, this study uses disaster loss data derived from international disaster databases adapted in regional context following the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics level 2 (or NUTS2), to examine the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of deaths, directly attributable to flood disasters. In addition, we explore the potential of currently available datasets in understanding and monitoring flood-related mortality, an important standardized progress indicator of flood disaster impacts. This study is framed within the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), recently adopted by the European Union, and is focused on the Union’s territories in the Mediterranean region, an area particularly sensitive to climate change. Results show interesting spatial patterns, and generally inconclusive temporal trends, although locally we see evidence of both an increase and a decline in flood mortality. In addition, this work discusses the currently available datasets potential, weaknesses and limitations, as well as the importance of tracking flood impacts on human life in a future increasingly influenced by extreme weather events and climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risks of Hydrometeorological Extremes)
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