Search Results (8,253)

Polychrome sculptures are complex, multilayered artifacts that embody the intersection of artistic craftsmanship, material science, and cultural heritage. Over the past two decades, the study of material identification in polychrome sculptures has shown marked interdisciplinary development, driven by advances in analytical technologies that have transformed how these objects are studied, enabling high-resolution identification of pigments, binders, and structural substrates. This review synthesizes key developments in the identification of polychrome sculpture materials, focusing on the integration of non-destructive and molecular-level techniques such as XRF, FTIR, Raman, LIBS, GC-MS, and proteomics. It highlights regional and historical variations in materials and craft processes, with case studies from Brazil, China, and Central Africa demonstrating how multi-modal methods reveal both technical and ritual knowledge embedded in these artworks. The review also examines evolving research paradigms—from pigment identification to stratigraphic and cross-cultural interpretation—and discusses current challenges such as organic material degradation and the need for standardized protocols. Finally, it outlines future directions including AI-assisted diagnostics, multimodal data fusion, and collaborative conservation frameworks. By bridging scientific analysis with cultural context, this study offers a comprehensive methodological reference for the conservation and interpretation of polychrome sculptures worldwide. Full article

For 12 isolates of Ilyonectria mors-panacis and 4 isolates of Ilyonectria robusta, the number of genes in the secretome showed a negative correlation with growth rates in culture, especially for small secreted non-cysteine-rich and cysteine-rich proteins, and several proteases and lipases, while it was positively correlated with genes for six CAZyme classes/modules and other proteases and lipases. However, this significant correlation with growth rate was influenced by the I. robusta isolates mostly having faster growth rates than the I. mors-panacis isolates on PDA, indicating a species-level difference. The only significant relationship of gene number to virulence was a positive correlation with genes for secreted glycoside hydrolases in families 18 and 78, and this was related to differences between isolates, even if only I. mors-panacis isolates were examined, indicating a difference within species. Glycoside hydrolase family 18 includes chitinase-like proteins, endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases, lectins, and xylanase inhibitors, which could help suppress triggered immunity by the host and regulate fungal xylanase activity. Glycoside hydrolase family 78 contain α-L-rhamnosidases that can cleave flavonoid glycosides, saponins, and ginsenosides, which could degrade antimicrobial compounds produced as a host response during infection. These results indicate that the number of certain classes of secreted enzymes could be a factor in both growth rate in culture and virulence. Full article

The flavivirus NS1 protein is a component of the viral replication complex and plays diverse, yet poorly understood, roles in the viral life cycle. To enable real-time visualization of the developing replication organelle and biochemical analysis of tagged NS1 and its interacting partners, we engineered a replication-competent yellow fever virus (YFV) replicon encoding a C-terminal fusion of NS1 with green fluorescent protein (NS1–GFP). The initial variant was non-viable in the absence of trans-complementation with wild-type NS1; however, viability was partially restored through the introduction of co-adaptive mutations in GFP (Q204R/A206V) and NS4A (M108L). Subsequent cell culture adaptation generated a 17-nucleotide frameshift within the NS1–GFP linker, resulting in a more flexible and less hydrophobic linker sequence. The optimized genome, in the form of a replicon, replicates in packaging cells that produce YFV structural proteins, as well as in naive BHK-21 cells. In the packaging cells, the adapted NS1–GFP replicon produces titers of infectious particles of approximately 10^6 FFU/mL and is genetically stable over five passages. The expressed NS1–GFP fusion protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and co-fractionates with detergent-resistant heavy membranes, a hallmark of flavivirus replication organelles. This NS1–GFP replicon provides a novel platform for studying NS1 functions and can be further adapted for proximity-labeling strategies aimed at identifying the still-unknown protease responsible for NS1–NS2A cleavage. Full article

Strategies to suppress methanogenesis must preserve the functional integrity of the rumen microbial ecosystem. Essential oils (EOs) have emerged as promising modulators of rumen microbial function, though their responses vary widely with chemical structure and inclusion level. This study evaluated the efficacy of selected EOs using detailed in vitro fermentation assays. Nine EOs—cinnamon, lavender, garlic (GAR), lemongrass (LEG), peppermint (PPM), eucalyptus, coriander, oregano, and ginger (GIN)—were evaluated for their effects on rumen fermentation and methane (CH₄) production using a 24 h in vitro batch culture system. Eight EOs were tested at two doses (Low and High) specific to each EO, while GIN was evaluated at a single dose. All treatments were incubated in a rumen fluid–buffer mix (1:1 for fermentation parameters and 1:4 for gas and CH₄ measurements) with a 55:45 forage-to-concentrate substrate (pH 6.9). Overall treatment effects were significant for all measured fermentation parameters (p < 0.01). Most treatments reduced total gas production, CH₄ emissions, and CH₄/total gas ratios compared with the control (p < 0.05), although several responses were dose-dependent or directly divergent. Essential oils showed clear, composition-dependent responses: non-terpenoid EOs produced the strongest but also the most variable antimethanogenic effects, with GAR, particularly at the lower dose, consistently achieving the greatest CH₄ inhibition while maintaining a favorable fermentation pattern. Conversely, terpenoid-based EOs induced moderate, dose-responsive CH₄ reductions with minimal effects on overall fermentation. At the higher dose, PPM suppressed CH₄ without altering major volatile fatty acid (VFA) patterns aside from increases in valerate and branched-chain VFA, whereas LEG reduced CH₄ only when accompanied by marked fermentation depression. Monensin validated its role as an effective positive control. Overall, GAR, characterized by sulfur-based bioactives, emerged as the most effective candidate for CH₄ mitigation under the tested in vitro conditions, highlighting the importance of chemical composition and inclusion level in determining efficacy and reinforcing the need for in vivo validation. Full article

In Spain, Leishmania infantum causes both cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This study aimed to analyse trends in the clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and epidemiology of leishmaniasis at Severo Ochoa University Hospital in Leganés, an endemic area in Southern Madrid affected by Europe’s largest outbreak (2009–2015). A retrospective study was conducted, including all confirmed cases from January 1992 to December 2024, using clinical records. Cases were stratified into pre-outbreak, outbreak, and post-outbreak periods. A total of 151 cases were identified, including 129 VL, 21 CL, and 1 simultaneous VL/CL. VL predominated among adults during the HIV epidemic, later shifting to elderly and non-HIV immunosuppressed patients, while paediatric cases remained stable. Diagnostic methods evolved from bone marrow microscopy, culture, and IFAT to molecular and chemiluminescence assays. VL treatment also evolved, with amphotericin B gradually replacing meglumine antimoniate as first-line VL treatment. Most patients required hospitalisation, with 8.5% mortality, mainly among immunocompromised or elderly individuals. A persistent concentration of cases near recently urbanised areas adjacent to the parks of Polvoranca and Bosquesur was observed. Despite advances in diagnosis and therapy, endemic transmission and underreporting continue, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and preventive measures. Hospital record review proved useful for monitoring compliance with mandatory VL notification, though its applicability to cutaneous cases remains limited. Full article

Archaeological research on Santiago Island (Cape Verde) offers a strategic framework for investigating ceramic material culture shaped by Iberian and African interactions during the early modern period. This study presents first-stage results from a non-destructive archaeometric analysis of pottery fragments recovered from early colonial sites and curated at the Museu de Arqueologia in Praia. Using portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF), low-fired, handmade vessels associated with African technological traditions were analysed to determine their elemental composition and potential provenance. The work also focused on sugar moulds, containers used in the refining of this product, one of the most important in Atlantic colonisation. The resulting geochemical data is compared with established reference groups from the Iberian Peninsula, Atlantic Africa, and Macaronesia. Elemental variability indicates the use of diverse clay sources and production techniques, reflecting hybrid technological practices shaped by cultural interaction and provisioning constraints. These results contribute to ongoing research within the CERIBAM (Iberian Atlantic Expansion in North Africa and Macaronesia) and Palarq-funded projects, which aim to reconstruct early colonial ceramic networks and sociotechnical dynamics. By integrating archaeometric data with archaeological and historical perspectives, this study aims to demonstrate the utility of non-invasive analytical protocols for understanding ceramic technology, intercultural exchange, and Atlantic material connectivity in early Creole formations while preserving the integrity of the collections. Full article

Cremastra appendiculata, a rare medicinal orchid, has extremely low natural seed germination due to immature embryos and dense seed coats, impeding its conservation. Commensal germination with fungi is effective, but the action pathways remain unclear. This study combined morphological observation (scanning electron microscopy and section observation), physiological–biochemical detection (lignocellulolytic enzyme activities, nutrient/hormone contents, FTIR analysis) and transcriptomics to explore Coprinellus radians’ role in C. appendiculata seed germination, with commensal and non-commensal cultures on OMA medium set as experimental and control groups. Results showed C. radians significantly promoted C. appendiculata seed germination and protocorm development (superior to non-commensal conditions). Morphologically, C. radians hyphae invaded seed coats at 6 days post-inoculation; embryos broke through coats and formed apical meristems at 12 days, developing into peloton-containing protocorms at 25 days (breaking dormancy). Physiologically, C. radians secreted lignocellulolytic enzymes (laccase, cellulase, xylanase) to degrade coats, enhancing permeability and water uptake, while driving nutrient accumulation (starch, soluble sugars) and hormone balance. Transcriptomically, symbiosis activated carbon/energy metabolism genes, enriching starch-sucrose metabolism and glycolysis pathways. This study clarifies C. radians’ multi-dimensional action pathways in promoting C. appendiculata germination, providing support for rare orchid conservation. Full article

Background and Clinical Significance: Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is a rare autoinflammatory bone disorder that primarily affects children and adolescents, with females more frequently impacted. The condition remains poorly understood, though cytokine dysregulation and inflammasome activation are believed to contribute to its pathogenesis. Clinically, CNO is often difficult to distinguish from infectious osteomyelitis, as presenting symptoms such as bone pain, swelling, and functional limitation are nonspecific, while cultures are frequently negative. As a diagnosis of exclusion, delays in recognition can lead to prolonged or unnecessary antibiotic exposure and uncertainty in management. Case Presentation: A 14-year-old male with a history of left second toe osteomyelitis initially diagnosed in 2021. Despite negative cultures and limited histopathologic findings, he received multiple antibiotic courses with little improvement, and the digit remained chronically swollen. Three years later, a repeat evaluation revealed osseous resorption of the middle and distal phalanges, and a biopsy confirmed acute and mild chronic fibrosing osteomyelitis, consistent with CNO. Given the risk of progression and possible amputation, surgical reconstruction was pursued. The patient underwent autologous calcaneal bone grafting with digital fusion using a K-wire. At three months and one year postoperatively, radiographs demonstrated solid fusion of the digit with maintained activity and resolution of pain. Conclusions: This case emphasizes the diagnostic complexity of CNO and the importance of considering it in children with culture-negative or recurrent osteomyelitis. It further illustrates how timely surgical intervention can preserve function and quality of life while avoiding unnecessary amputation. Full article

Vietnam’s wooden forest products industry is an important export sector, contributing to industrial growth and employment. However, it is facing increasing pressures related to challenges such as forest and export sustainability. Despite its potential, Vietnam’s export performance remains uneven across destination markets, related to the presence of significant unrealized trade potential. This study examines the determinants of export efficiency in Vietnam’s wooden forest products sector by moving beyond traditional gravity variables to incorporate institutional and cultural dimensions. Using a panel of 70 trading partners between 2004 and 2023, covering more than 93% of Vietnam’s total wood exports, this study employs an instrumental-variable single-stage stochastic frontier gravity model (IV-SFGM) to estimate trade potential. The results show that economic size, favorable exchange rates, and shared borders significantly enhance export performance. Furthermore, geographical distance and land enclosure remain persistent structural barriers, particularly relevant for bulky and logistics-intensive wood products. Institutional and cultural distance constitute substantial non-tariff barriers, significantly reducing export efficiency across markets. Conversely, regional trade agreements, trade freedom, and foreign direct investment play a critical role in mitigating inefficiencies and facilitating market penetration. Export efficiency in Vietnam’s wooden forest products sector indicates considerable improvement, rising from approximately 25% in the mid-2000s to over 55% in recent years, indicating notable progress in the market and highlighting considerable untapped potential. So, integrating institutional and cultural factors into a frontier-based gravity framework, this study offers novel empirical evidence from an emerging, biodiversity-rich economy with evolving governance institutions. The findings provide important policy implications for aligning export growth with institutional reform and trade liberalization, thereby contributing to the achievement of SDGs such as Decent Work and Economic Growth. Full article

The 17th-century stucco altar dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel is an interesting, but very damaged, artwork located in the complex of St. Angel in the little town of Barbarano Romano in Central Italy. During the recent and quite necessary restoration carried out by University of Tuscia students on the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage Master’s program, some problems with the surface coating were encountered in the cleaning phase. Diagnostic and scientific analyses were crucial to better understanding the composition of these materials to perform the safest and most efficient cleaning procedures. The first of many steps required by this approach was an in situ analysis, starting from on-site analysis and diagnostic documentation through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet fluorescence photography, followed by laboratory investigations. The latter included µ-Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive detector. Each technique provided useful data to determine the chemical composition of the white surface coating, which was found to be a non-original overpaint containing lead and organic binder. This overpaint had been applied to retouch the white stucco during a previous restoration project. All this new information contributed to achieving the final decision to remove this layer. Full article

Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients frequently experience alterations in the oral environment following radiotherapy, including xerostomia and impaired mucosal integrity, which may favour fungal overgrowth. This study aimed to characterise oral Candida colonisation in radiotherapy-treated HNC patients and compare it with that of healthy individuals. Unstimulated saliva samples from 61 HNC patients and 100 controls were cultured on chromogenic agar, and isolates were identified using API 20C AUX or MALDI-TOF. Salivary flow was measured to quantify xerostomia. A representative subset of isolates (10 per group) underwent antifungal susceptibility testing by disk diffusion according to CLSI/EUCAST criteria. Candida colonisation was significantly higher in HNC patients than in controls (64.6% vs. 20%, p < 0.001), with greater species diversity and increased detection of non-albicans yeasts, including C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei. All HNC patients exhibited reduced salivary flow. Azole resistance was more frequent among HNC isolates (26%) than among controls (10%), whereas all isolates remained susceptible to amphotericin B and nystatin. These findings indicate that radiotherapy-associated xerostomia substantially alters the oral mycobiota and underscore the importance of routine species-level identification and antifungal susceptibility testing in HNC patients to guide clinical decision-making. Full article

This article explores urban ‘societal resilience’ during the global pandemic of 2020–2021. This health crisis involved a complex interweaving of social, cultural, political, and economic processes which involved both top-down measures undertaken by nation-state governments and bottom-up actions by local residents. In a research study undertaken in two European cities—Stuttgart and London—we focussed on two migrant minorities and the involvement by ‘experts’ and ‘non-experts’ in the meso-level where these top-down measures and bottom-up actions met. Our study provided a grounded understanding of ‘layered resilience’ where resiliency develops through the disjunctive order of communication patterns, public service delivery, institutionalized dialogue, narratives, and values. Through distinguishing between resiliency and resilience, we seek to illustrate the ‘elastic’ character of urban modes of integration. Our study suggests the need for more empirically grounded investigations into the continuity and difference between adaptation and adjustment, normality and normalcy, and resilience and resiliency. It also highlights the importance of context-specific and path-dependent notions of resilience and resiliency. Full article

There is a growing demand for plant-derived antioxidants to replace synthetic ones in skincare applications. Phytochemicals are characterized by certain limitations, including poor bioavailability and chemical instability, which affect their industrial exploitation. Tomato peel extract has been used as a source of lycopene, which is renowned for its antioxidant properties. To improve the bioavailability of extracted lycopene, polymeric (poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nano-carriers were synthesized by comparing two non-ionic surfactants, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Tween 20. The impact of surfactants has been studied by evaluating: (i) colloidal stability determined by dynamic light scattering; (ii) lycopene retention and bioactivity over time, as measured by spectrophotometric assays; (iii) biological interactions on 2D and 3D keratinocyte and melanocyte cell cultures. It was found that both surfactants enable the formation of stable lycopene-loaded nanoparticles suspensions; however, greater colloidal stability was exhibited by nanoparticles prepared with Tween 20. PVA, on the other hand, provided greater nanoparticle stability in terms of loaded lycopene retention and antioxidant activity. Tween 20 surfactant improves the internalization of lycopene-loaded nanoparticles in human skin spheroids. It was demonstrated that both surfactants provided excellent intracellular antioxidant activity of lycopene. This was observed in keratinocytes, melanocytes, adherent cells, and spheroids, suggesting potential skincare applications. Full article

In this paper I aim to draw attention to the continued emphasis on ‘moral tales in stories of family construction. In research projects on both conventional family practices such as marriage and non-conventional ones such as living apart together (LAT) and mixed-sex civil partnerships, morality continues to emerge as a core guiding principle for how relationships are organised and maintained. Yet beyond the importance of children in these moral tales, little consideration is given to the other dimensions and shapes that this ‘morality’ may take. Here I bring together three qualitative research projects to illustrate the strong drive of moral obligations in the face of family fluidity, relationship plurality, and individualised therapeutic discourse. With this data I argue that obligations continue to organise relationship decision-making, and we can imagine these obligations as formed of three interrelated dimensions: (1) social ‘oughts’, formed of culture, norms, and values (e.g., we ought to get married because that is the normal thing to do in our society), (2) relational ‘oughts’, including children, family, friends, life/family course, death, health (e.g., we ought to live apart to protect the children), and (3) individual ‘oughts’, which involve strongly held personal beliefs, and an ethic of self-care (e.g., we ought to get a civil partnership because it aligns with my feminist values). Understanding the shape of contemporary intimate morality is an important step in developing future theory, policy, and practice in the field. Full article

Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. Due to the increasing popularity of probiotic supplements, concerns have arisen regarding their quality, microbial composition, and safety. This study aimed to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the selected probiotics available on the Polish market, including both dietary supplements and foods for special medical purposes, and to compare the obtained results with the information provided on the product labels. Fifteen commercial probiotic products were analysed. Viable microorganism counts were determined using the traditional culture-based plate count method and by flow cytometry for selected products. Species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS and qPCR, whereas microbiological purity testing was conducted to confirm the absence of pathogenic bacteria. Significant differences were observed between the declared and experimentally determined numbers of viable microorganisms. Only a few products maintained bacterial counts consistent with label claims, while most contained considerably low viable cells. Flow cytometry revealed higher viable cell counts than plate counting, indicating the presence of viable but non-culturable bacteria. The declared species composition of the strains was mostly confirmed, although in several cases, undeclared probiotic microorganisms were identified. All tested products were free from pathogens. The study indicates significant discrepancies in the quality of probiotic supplements available on the Polish market. From a consumer perspective, these findings highlight the importance of verifying probiotic quality and suggest that not all commercial products may guarantee the full range of claimed health benefits. The implementation of standardised analytical procedures and enhanced quality control measures is therefore essential to ensure the product safety, strain authenticity, and reliability of health-related claims. Full article