Heritage Conservation and Restoration: Surface Treatments, Coatings and Sustainable Approaches

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 July 2026 | Viewed by 1745

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
DEIM Department, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
Interests: spectroscopy; materials for cultural heritage; wood coatings; conservation materials; innovative materials for cultural heritage; multispectral imaging for cultural heritage; coatings for stones
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

Surface and interface analysis are fundamental in cultural heritage (CH) in order to understand the mechanisms that underlie alterations and consequently to find the most suitable treatment to avoid them. The latter issue is particularly relevant in CH because surface treatments are commonly applied to different kinds of artifacts and materials to protect, restore, preserve, and recover aesthetic characteristics. Several commercial formulates are used for these aims, but their interactions with the original materials or artworks, as well as their possible modifications over time, have not often been investigated. This could have undesirable effects on surfaces, such as chemical alterations and color modifications, that clearly need to be avoided. Therefore, it is fundamental in CH to know the surface and interface properties of the materials that constitute artworks both untreated and treated with different kinds of finishes.

The aim of this Special Issue is to present the latest developments in the field through a combination of research papers, communications, and review articles from leading groups around the world that work on the surface and interface properties of CH materials and artworks.

Case studies are also welcome. These should report on the monitoring of surface treatments in cultural heritage that have a prominent role in conservation, constituting valuable knowledge in the case of future interventions.

The Special Issue will serve as a forum for papers on the following topics:

  • Theoretical and experimental research, knowledge, and new ideas in CH surface and interface analysis to help us understand protective and preventive coating mechanisms.
  • Recent developments in multi-functional organic, inorganic, and hybrid coatings.
  • Experiments on coating performance with exposure to high temperatures, high stress, and other extreme environmental conditions.
  • Understanding the degradation mechanisms of coatings through different spectroscopic techniques combined with mechanical tests.
  • The latest advancements in test methods considering the interplay between mechanical and chemical interactions and the ability to predict performance and/or reliability.
  • Innovative non-invasive techniques to investigate surface and interface characteristics.
  • Computer modeling or simulations to predict coating properties, performance, durability, and reliability in service environments.

Dr. Claudia Pelosi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cultural heritage
  • conservation
  • surface treatments
  • protective coatings
  • non-invasive stratigraphic methods
  • spectroscopic techniques
  • computer modeling
  • test methods

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 7507 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Antifungal and Thermal Comfort Properties of Aqueous Paint-Type Coatings Modified with ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Chemistry
by Mateo Watts, Miguel Castro, Adriana Herrera, Dylan Martinez-Bernett and Manuel Saba
Coatings 2026, 16(4), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16040418 - 1 Apr 2026
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Fungal growth and insufficient thermal comfort degrade building durability and indoor quality, especially in humid and high-radiation regions. Zinc oxide (ZnO) stands out for its strong antifungal activity and radiative cooling potential. In this study, a commercial coating was modified with ZnO nanoparticles [...] Read more.
Fungal growth and insufficient thermal comfort degrade building durability and indoor quality, especially in humid and high-radiation regions. Zinc oxide (ZnO) stands out for its strong antifungal activity and radiative cooling potential. In this study, a commercial coating was modified with ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via a green chemistry route using Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) leaf extract as a reducing agent. Structural and morphological characterization by XRD, SEM, and EDS confirmed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite-phase nanoparticles with hemispherical and ellipsoidal morphologies, presenting average sizes of 50.27 ± 19.84 nm and 128.25 ± 33.43 nm, respectively, and an average crystallite size of 20.32 nm. Antifungal activity, evaluated using the poisoned food technique against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp., showed significant growth inhibition, reaching up to 94.63% for A. niger and 72.64% for Penicillium at a concentration of 3 mg/mL after 120 h of incubation. Thermal comfort performance was assessed to direct sunlight, in which coatings modified with 5% w/w ZnO nanoparticles achieved an average internal temperature reduction of 0.6 °C and a maximum reduction of 2.4 °C compared to uncoated surfaces. These results demonstrate that ZnO nanoparticles synthesized through environmentally friendly methods can effectively enhance both antifungal resistance and passive cooling performance. Full article
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21 pages, 8249 KB  
Article
A Reasoned Diagnostic Procedure to Support the Restoration of the 17th Century Stucco Altar Dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel in Barbarano Romano (Viterbo, Italy)
by Claudia Pelosi, Marta Cristofori, Luca Lanteri, Giorgio Capriotti, Antonella Casoli, Marianna Potenza, Marta Sardara and Armida Sodo
Coatings 2026, 16(1), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16010142 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 424
Abstract
The 17th-century stucco altar dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel is an interesting, but very damaged, artwork located in the complex of St. Angel in the little town of Barbarano Romano in Central Italy. During the recent and quite necessary restoration carried out [...] Read more.
The 17th-century stucco altar dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel is an interesting, but very damaged, artwork located in the complex of St. Angel in the little town of Barbarano Romano in Central Italy. During the recent and quite necessary restoration carried out by University of Tuscia students on the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage Master’s program, some problems with the surface coating were encountered in the cleaning phase. Diagnostic and scientific analyses were crucial to better understanding the composition of these materials to perform the safest and most efficient cleaning procedures. The first of many steps required by this approach was an in situ analysis, starting from on-site analysis and diagnostic documentation through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet fluorescence photography, followed by laboratory investigations. The latter included µ-Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive detector. Each technique provided useful data to determine the chemical composition of the white surface coating, which was found to be a non-original overpaint containing lead and organic binder. This overpaint had been applied to retouch the white stucco during a previous restoration project. All this new information contributed to achieving the final decision to remove this layer. Full article
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16 pages, 7231 KB  
Article
Underwater Performance of Eco-Friendly Choline-Based Ionic Liquid Coatings Applied on Stone Surfaces
by Marika Luci, Filomena De Leo, Mirko Mutalipassi, Teresa Romeo, Silvestro Greco, Chiara Giommi, Lorenzo Evola, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Michela Ricca, Donatella de Pascale, Clara Enza Urzì, Sandra Lo Schiavo, Christian Galasso, Nadia Ruocco and Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo
Coatings 2026, 16(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16010136 - 20 Jan 2026
Viewed by 480
Abstract
In the marine environment, numerous factors endanger the preservation of underwater rock surfaces as well as submerged archeological artifacts, including physical, chemical, and biological processes. Limestone and marble are common materials used in artifacts due to their availability and long-term durability. However, such [...] Read more.
In the marine environment, numerous factors endanger the preservation of underwater rock surfaces as well as submerged archeological artifacts, including physical, chemical, and biological processes. Limestone and marble are common materials used in artifacts due to their availability and long-term durability. However, such surfaces provide a suitable substrate for the settlement of micro- and macro-organisms, causing so-called biofouling, which significantly contributes to stone deterioration. Previous studies have demonstrated the applicability of antifouling coatings containing ionic liquids (ILs) on marble surfaces and assessed their durability for up to 15 days under submerged environments. To further corroborate these results, additional physical studies (colorimetric, contact angles, capillarity water absorption measurements, and UV aging) were carried out on treated limestone. Washout tests were also performed on both lithotypes to verify the coatings’ stability under medium-term underwater exposures. The results of these investigations are reported here. Our data confirm that the application of IL-based coatings had no effect on the intrinsic properties of the limestone surfaces, as previously reported for marble, including resistance to daily UV irradiation. In addition, laboratory tests demonstrated good coating durability against seawater erosive action for up to 6 months. Full article
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