Search Results (4,802)

Background/Objectives: This study compared overall survival (OS) associated with common real-world treatment sequences in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) in the United States. Methods: Utilizing the nationwide Flatiron Health electronic health record-derived de-identified database, adult CLL/SLL patients who initiated systemic therapy (JAN2016-NOV2023) and received at least two lines of therapy (LoTs) were analyzed. Treatment regimens were categorized based on drug class, and most frequent (n ≥ 50) sequences (first LoT followed by [→] second LoT) were compared. OS from initiation of the first LoT was compared using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, and adjusted hazard ratios with 95% CIs were reported. Results: Among 2354 eligible patients, n = 1711 (73%) received the 16 most frequent treatment sequences. Sequencing chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) → CIT (HR: 2.29 [1.23–4.28]), anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (anti-CD20mab) monotherapy → CIT (1.95 [1.03–3.69]), and covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (cBTKi) monotherapy → anti-CD20mab monotherapy (2.00 [1.07–3.74]) were associated with worse OS compared to patients treated with cBTKi monotherapy → B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors (BCL2i) + anti-CD20mab (reference). Conclusions: OS associated with other sequences were not significantly different from the reference sequence in adjusted analyses, suggesting a lack of evidence for the optimal standard of care for sequencing the first two LoTs in real-world settings. Future research should reassess sequencing outcomes as novel treatments become adopted into clinical practice. Full article

Cigarette smoking is acknowledged as the most preventable risk factor for thrombogenesis-associated cardiovascular disease. Mice prenatally exposed to the thirdhand smoke (THS) form of tobacco exhibited a higher tendency to develop occlusive thrombosis, along with enhancement of several platelet functional responses. Our objective was to investigate whether prenatal (in utero) THS exposure impacts the platelet transcriptome, resulting in enhanced platelet functional responses, thereby underlying THS-associated thrombogenicity. Blood samples obtained from twenty male mice prenatally exposed to THS, along with an equal number of age-matched male mice exposed to clean air (CA) as a control, were divided into pools of five animals and used to prepare leukocyte and red blood cell-depleted platelets. RNA sequencing for mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) was utilized to analyze and compare the platelet expression profiles of the two exposure groups. RNA seq analyses revealed distinct changes in both gene expression and miRNA profiles, with 448 coding genes and 18 miRNAs significantly altered between the two groups. miRNA–mRNA interaction analysis highlighted 14 differentially expressed miRNAs that potentially target 120 of the differentially expressed genes in our data set. Interestingly, altered genes in miRNA–mRNA pairs were functionally enriched into pathways associated with platelet physiology, including platelet activation, signaling and aggregation, and cellular response to chemical stimuli. Our findings establish—for the first time—that prenatal exposure to THS modifies the platelet transcriptome, thereby rendering platelets hypersensitive to stimuli and more prone to thrombogenicity. Additionally, we illuminate the coordinated function of platelet miRNA and mRNA targets in mediating this response. Full article

Nanotechnology offers innovative methodologies for enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer by utilizing specialized nanoparticles. The utilization of nanoparticles offers distinct advantages, specifically that these entities enhance the bioavailability of therapeutic agents and facilitate the targeted delivery of pharmacological agents to neoplastic cells. A diverse array of nanoparticles, including but not limited to liposomes, dendrimers, and gold nanoparticles, function as proficient carriers for drug delivery. Nevertheless, notwithstanding the auspicious potential of these applications, challenges pertaining to toxicity, biocompatibility, and the necessity for comprehensive clinical evaluations pose considerable barriers to the widespread implementation of these technologies. The incorporation of nanotechnology into clinical practice holds the promise of significantly transforming the management of ovarian cancer, offering novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies that enhance patient outcomes and prognoses. In summary, the deployment of nanotechnology in the context of ovarian cancer epitomizes a revolutionary paradigm in medical science, amalgamating sophisticated materials and methodologies to enhance both diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes. Continued research and development endeavors are essential to fully realize the extensive potential of these innovative solutions and address the existing challenges associated with their application in clinical settings. Full article

In light of the environmental impact of disposable products made from petroleum-based plastics, this study focused on developing biodegradable foam trays made from a starch (PS) derived from potato waste and beer malt flour (BMBF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the concentration of BMBF on the physical and mechanical properties of potato starch-based foam trays prepared by the thermoforming process at temperatures of 150 °C (upper plate) and 145 °C (lower plate) for 5 min and 40 s. The results showed that increasing the BMBF concentration from 0 to 40% reduced the moisture content from 4.68% to 3.42%, increased the thickness from 2.63 cm to 4.77 cm, and decreased the density from 0.28 g.cm⁻³ to 0.15 g.cm⁻³. Meanwhile, the water absorption capacity increased from 38.7% to 69.7%. In terms of mechanical properties, increasing the BMBF concentration in the PS foam tray resulted in a decrease in hardness from 5.61 N to 2.87 N, a decrease in tensile strength from 2.92 MPa to 0.85 MPa, and a decrease in elongation from 1.42% to 0.59%. Meanwhile, fracturability increased from 2.04 mm to 3.68 mm. FTIR analysis revealed interactions between BMBF and PS in the composite foam tray. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed two thermal events: one between 20.96 °C and 172.89 °C, and another between 189.14 °C and 517.69 °C, with weight losses of 5.53% and 74.23%, leaving an ash residue of 20.24%. Differential calorimetry analysis (DSC) showed a glass transition at 152.88 °C and a melting at 185.94 °C, with an enthalpy of fusion of 74.11 J.g⁻¹. Higher concentrations of BMBF (>10%) decreased the water resistance, mechanical strength, and flexibility of the PS foam trays. Therefore, a formulation of 90% PS and 10% BMBF was better for producing a foam tray with improved mechanical properties and water resistance, which could be used as a sustainable alternative to conventional single-use plastic. Full article

Real-time traffic light detection is essential for the safe navigation of autonomous vehicles, where timely and accurate recognition of signal states is critical. YOLOv8, a state-of-the-art object detection model, offers enhanced speed and precision, making it well-suited for real-time applications in complex driving environments. This study presents a modified YOLOv8 architecture optimized for traffic light detection by integrating Depth-Wise Separable Convolutions (DWSCs) throughout the backbone and head. The model was first pretrained on a public traffic light dataset to establish a strong baseline and then fine-tuned on a custom real-time dataset consisting of 480 images collected from video recordings under diverse road conditions. Experimental results demonstrate high detection performance, with precision scores of 0.992 for red, 0.995 for yellow, and 0.853 for green lights. The model achieved an average mAP@0.5 of 0.947, with stable F1 scores and low validation losses over 80 epochs, confirming effective learning and generalization. Compared to existing YOLO variants, the modified architecture showed superior performance, especially for red and yellow lights. Full article

Nanotechnologies bring a rapid paradigm shift in hard and soft bone tissue regeneration (BTR) through unprecedented control over the nanoscale structures and chemistry of biocompatible materials to regenerate the intricate architecture and functional adaptability of bone. This review focuses on the transformative analyses and prospects of current and next-generation nanomaterials in designing bioactive bone scaffolds, emphasizing hierarchical architecture, mechanical resilience, and regenerative precision. Mainly, this review elucidated the innovative findings, new capabilities, unmet challenges, and possible future opportunities associated with biocompatible inorganic ceramics (e.g., phosphates, metallic oxides) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved synthetic polymers, including their nanoscale structures. Furthermore, this review demonstrates the newly available approaches for achieving customized standard porosity, mechanical strengths, and accelerated bioactivity to construct an optimized nanomaterial-oriented scaffold. Numerous strategies including three-dimensional bioprinting, electro-spinning techniques and meticulous nanomaterials (NMs) fabrication are well established to achieve radical scientific precision in BTR engineering. The contemporary research is unceasingly decoding the pathways for spatial and temporal release of osteoinductive agents to enhance targeted therapy and prompt healing processes. Additionally, successful material design and integration of an osteoinductive and osteoconductive agents with the blend of contemporary technologies will bring radical success in this field. Furthermore, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) can further decode the current complexities of material design for BTR, notwithstanding the fact that these methods call for an in-depth understanding of bone composition, relationships and impacts on biochemical processes, distribution of stem cells on the matrix, and functionalization strategies of NMs for better scaffold development. Overall, this review integrated important technological progress with ethical considerations, aiming for a future where nanotechnology-facilitated bone regeneration is boosted by enhanced functionality, safety, inclusivity, and long-term environmental responsibility. Therefore, the assimilation of a specialized research design, while upholding ethical standards, will elucidate the challenge and questions we are presently encountering. Full article

As the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) continues to increase, the need for effective and efficient driveline lubricants and dielectric coolants has become crucial. Commercially used mineral oils or synthetic ester-based coolants, despite performing satisfactorily, are not environmentally friendly. The fatty esters of vegetable oils, after overcoming their shortcomings (like poor oxidative stability, higher viscosity, and pour point) through chemical modification, have recently been used as potential dielectric coolants in transformers. The benefits of natural esters, including a higher flash point, breakdown voltage, dielectric character, thermal conductivity, and most importantly, readily biodegradable nature, have made them a suitable and sustainable substitute for traditional coolants in electric transformers. Based on their excellent performance in transformers, research on their application as dielectric immersion coolants in modern EVs has been emerging in recent years. This review primarily highlights the beneficial aspects of natural esters performing dual functions—cooling as well as lubricating, which is necessary for “wet” e-motors in EVs—through a comparative study with the commercially used mineral and synthetic coolants. The adoption of natural fatty esters of vegetable oils as an immersion cooling fluid is a significant sustainable step for the battery thermal management system (BTMS) of modern EVs considering environmental safety protocols. Continued research and development are necessary to overcome the ongoing challenges and optimize esters for widespread use in the rapidly expanding electric vehicle market. Full article

Waste from zinc−carbon batteries poses a serious environmental protection problem. One of the main problems is also the reliable and rapid determination of some compounds that may be present in food and beverages consumed worldwide. This study addresses these problems and presents a possible solution for the electrochemical detection of xanthine using carbon from spent batteries. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry are electrochemical methods used for the detection of xanthine. The techniques used demonstrate the mechanism of xanthine oxidation in the tested environment. A linear correlation was found between the oxidation current peaks and the xanthine concentration in the range of 5·10⁻⁷ to 1·10⁻⁴ M, as well as the values for the limit of detection and the limit of quantification, 7.86·10⁻⁸ M and 2.62·10⁻⁷ M, respectively. The interference test shows that the electrode obtained from waste Zn-C batteries has good selectivity, which means that the electrode can be used for xanthine determination in the presence of various ions. The data obtained show that carbon sensors from used zinc−carbon batteries can be used to detect xanthine in real samples. Full article

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) could increase pulmonary artery pressure. However, the clinical consequences vary, mainly depending on comorbidities. Patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with lung diseases (World Health Organization (WHO) Group 3 pulmonary hypertension) are particularly vulnerable increases in pulmonary artery pressure. Managing pulmonary hypertension in this specific patient population presents a considerable challenge. While positive airway pressure therapy for OSA has shown promise in improving pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, evidence is lacking for similar improvements in those with other pulmonary diseases and hypoventilation disorders. Furthermore, pulmonary-artery-specific therapies may carry a risk of clinical worsening in this group. Weight management and new pharmacotherapy have together emerged as a crucial intervention, demonstrating benefits for both OSA and pulmonary hemodynamics. We reviewed key studies that provide insights into the influence of OSA on WHO Group 3 pulmonary hypertension and the clinical management of both conditions. Full article

Springs are unique ecosystems found in lowland areas. In urban environments, these springs often have niches that are heavily transformed by human activity. In this study, we identified and compared the taxonomic diversity of diatom communities across various microhabitats—epilithon, epipelon, epipsammon, epibryon, and epixylon—within altered lowland urban springs. Our results revealed differences in diatom communities among the microhabitats, with the highest species richness observed in the epibryon. Notably, the presence of extremely rare species such as Amphora eximia, Caloneis aerophila, and Stauroneis muriella suggest that, even under urban conditions, springs continue to serve a refugial function for diatom diversity. These findings underscore the important role of urban springs in maintaining diatom diversity despite high anthropogenic pressure. We also assessed the ecological status of the springs using the Polish Multimetric Diatom Index (IO), which incorporates indicators of trophy, saprobity, and the abundance of reference species. All studied springs were classified as having very good ecological status. Full article

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging therapy for gastrointestinal and neurological disorders, acting via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Altering gut microbial composition may influence cognitive function, but this has not been tested in cognitively healthy adults. This randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot trial investigates whether FMT is feasible and improves cognition in adults with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Participants receive a single dose of FMT or placebo via rectal retention enema. Cognitive performance is the primary outcome, assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Secondary outcomes include IBS symptom severity and mood. Tertiary outcomes include microbiome composition and plasma biomarkers related to inflammation, short-chain fatty acids, and tryptophan metabolism. Outcomes are assessed at baseline and at one, three, six, and twelve months following treatment. We hypothesise that FMT will lead to greater improvements in cognitive performance than placebo, with benefits extending beyond practice effects, emerging at one month and persisting in the long term. The findings will contribute to evaluating the safety and efficacy of FMT and enhance our understanding of gut–brain interactions. Full article

This research focuses on designing polymer membranes as biocompatible materials using home-built electrospinning equipment, offering alternative solutions for tissue regeneration applications. This technological development supports cell growth on biomaterial substrates, including hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) cells. This work researches the compatibility of polymer membranes (fiber mats) made of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) for possible use in cellular engineering. A standard culture medium was employed to support the proliferation of Hep-G2 cells under controlled conditions (37 °C, 4.8% CO₂, and 100% relative humidity). Subsequently, after the incubation period, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) assays were conducted in a physiological environment to characterize the electrical cellular response, providing insights into the biocompatibility of the material. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to evaluate cell adhesion, morphology, and growth on the PVDF polymer membranes. The results suggest that PVDF polymer membranes can be successfully produced through electrospinning technology, resulting in the formation of a dipole structure, including the possible presence of a polar β-phase, contributing to piezoelectric activity. EIS measurements, based on R_ct and C_dl values, are indicators of ion charge transfer and strong electrical interactions at the membrane interface. These findings suggest a favorable environment for cell proliferation, thereby enhancing cellular interactions at the fiber interface within the electrolyte. SEM observations displayed a consistent distribution of fibers with a distinctive spherical agglomeration on the entire PVDF surface. Finally, integrating piezoelectric properties into cell culture systems provides new opportunities for investigating the influence of electrical interactions on cellular behavior through electrochemical techniques. Based on the experimental results, this electrospun polymer demonstrates great potential as a promising candidate for next-generation biomaterials, with a probable application in tissue regeneration. Full article

A new series of 6-arylaminoflavones was synthesized via the Buchwald–Hartwig cross-coupling reaction, aiming to functionalize the flavone core efficiently. Reaction optimization revealed that Pd₂(dba)₃/XantPhos with Cs₂CO₃ in toluene provided the best yields, with isolated yields ranging from 8% to 95%, depending on the arylamine structure. Steric hindrance and electron-withdrawing groups at the arylamine ring impacted the reaction outcomes. Cytotoxicity assays in different human cancer cell lines indicated that substitution patterns at both the arylamine and B-rings strongly impacted biological activity. In particular, compounds bearing a 3,4-dimethoxy substitution at the B-ring and a trifluoromethyl (13c) or chlorine (13g) group at the aniline moiety exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity. These findings provide insights into the structure–activity relationship of 6-arylaminoflavones while contributing to the development of synthetic methodologies for functionalized flavones. Full article

Yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) is a common wheat disease that significantly reduces yields, particularly in seasons with cooler temperatures and frequent rainfall. Early detection is essential for effective control, especially in key wheat-producing regions such as Southern Dobrudja, Bulgaria. This study presents a UAV-based approach for detecting yellow rust using only RGB imagery and deep learning for pixel-based classification. The methodology involves data acquisition, preprocessing through histogram equalization, model training, and evaluation. Among the tested models, a UnetClassifier with ResNet34 backbone achieved the highest accuracy and reliability, enabling clear differentiation between healthy and infected wheat zones. Field experiments confirmed the approach’s potential for identifying infection patterns suitable for precision fungicide application. The model also showed signs of detecting early-stage infections, although further validation is needed due to limited ground-truth data. The proposed solution offers a low-cost, accessible tool for small and medium-sized farms, reducing pesticide use while improving disease monitoring. Future work will aim to refine detection accuracy in low-infection areas and extend the model’s application to other cereal diseases. Full article

Background: Since the current increase in antimicrobial resistance globally, parasitic infectious diseases have become a greater public health crisis than ever before and an absolute priority. The Egyptian community pharmacist, as a health care provider and advisor, has a potential role to play in deworming. Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of community pharmacist-led deworming-related counseling services. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in Damanhur, Behera, Egypt. The intervention group received community pharmacy counseling, and the control group received the usual care. Both groups were monitored for 12 months for recurrence evaluation. Results: A total of 173 patients were included, of whom 96 (55.5%) received patient counseling. The types of infection included Oxyuris (44.5%), Entamoeba histolytica (28.9%), Ascaris (8.7%), Entamoeba Cyst (8.7%), Giardiasis (4.6%), Schistosomiasis (2.9%), and pinworm (1.7%). A total of 119 participants (68.8%) reported a need for dose repetition. Personal hygiene practices were reported by 71 participants (41%). Recurrence of infection was observed in 101 cases (58.4%). Patient counseling was significantly associated with lower recurrence rates and higher rates of personal hygiene application (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that patient counseling and personal hygiene measures were the only significant predictors of infection recurrence rate. Conclusions: Community pharmacists’ deworming-related counseling had positive behavioral and clinical outcomes. Full article