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Chemosensors
Volume 13
Issue 8
10.3390/chemosensors13080282
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Article

Application of Graphite Electrodes Prepared from Waste Zinc−Carbon Batteries for Electrochemical Detection of Xanthine

by
Milan B. Radovanović
*,
Ana T. Simonović
,
Marija B. Petrović Mihajlović
,
Žaklina Z. Tasić
and
Milan M. Antonijević
Technical Faculty in Bor, University of Belgrade, Vojske Jugos and vije 12, P.O. Box 50, 19210 Bor, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Chemosensors 2025, 13(8), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13080282 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 June 2025 / Revised: 23 July 2025 / Accepted: 30 July 2025 / Published: 2 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensor for Food Analysis)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Waste from zinc−carbon batteries poses a serious environmental protection problem. One of the main problems is also the reliable and rapid determination of some compounds that may be present in food and beverages consumed worldwide. This study addresses these problems and presents a possible solution for the electrochemical detection of xanthine using carbon from spent batteries. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry are electrochemical methods used for the detection of xanthine. The techniques used demonstrate the mechanism of xanthine oxidation in the tested environment. A linear correlation was found between the oxidation current peaks and the xanthine concentration in the range of 5·10−7 to 1·10−4 M, as well as the values for the limit of detection and the limit of quantification, 7.86·10−8 M and 2.62·10−7 M, respectively. The interference test shows that the electrode obtained from waste Zn-C batteries has good selectivity, which means that the electrode can be used for xanthine determination in the presence of various ions. The data obtained show that carbon sensors from used zinc−carbon batteries can be used to detect xanthine in real samples.
Keywords: recycled carbon material; electroanalysis; chemosensors; food analysis; xanthine; real samples; green tea; beer recycled carbon material; electroanalysis; chemosensors; food analysis; xanthine; real samples; green tea; beer

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MDPI and ACS Style

Radovanović, M.B.; Simonović, A.T.; Petrović Mihajlović, M.B.; Tasić, Ž.Z.; Antonijević, M.M. Application of Graphite Electrodes Prepared from Waste Zinc−Carbon Batteries for Electrochemical Detection of Xanthine. Chemosensors 2025, 13, 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13080282

AMA Style

Radovanović MB, Simonović AT, Petrović Mihajlović MB, Tasić ŽZ, Antonijević MM. Application of Graphite Electrodes Prepared from Waste Zinc−Carbon Batteries for Electrochemical Detection of Xanthine. Chemosensors. 2025; 13(8):282. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13080282

Chicago/Turabian Style

Radovanović, Milan B., Ana T. Simonović, Marija B. Petrović Mihajlović, Žaklina Z. Tasić, and Milan M. Antonijević. 2025. "Application of Graphite Electrodes Prepared from Waste Zinc−Carbon Batteries for Electrochemical Detection of Xanthine" Chemosensors 13, no. 8: 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13080282

APA Style

Radovanović, M. B., Simonović, A. T., Petrović Mihajlović, M. B., Tasić, Ž. Z., & Antonijević, M. M. (2025). Application of Graphite Electrodes Prepared from Waste Zinc−Carbon Batteries for Electrochemical Detection of Xanthine. Chemosensors, 13(8), 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13080282

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