Search Results (352)

In deformation monitoring, the severe GNSS multipath caused by reflective surfaces can significantly degrade positioning accuracy. However, traditional multipath mitigation methods often assume strong day-to-day repeatability of residual errors, which is not always valid in complex monitoring environments. We propose a novel GNSS multipath correction approach that leverages multi-day post-fit residual data and principal component analysis to extract stable multipath signals, integrating them into an enhanced spatial repeatability multipath correction model. This method can effectively isolate true multipath errors, even under conditions of weak inter-day repeatability. Experimental results from a dam monitoring network demonstrate that the proposed method reduces the root mean square (RMS) error of single-day kinematic positioning by about 1.8 mm, 2.4 mm, and 6.7 mm in the East, North, and Up components, respectively. For static positioning solutions over 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h sessions, the RMS in East, North, and Up is reduced by approximately 40% on average. After correction, 2 h sessions achieve ~1.1 mm horizontal and ~3.0 mm vertical accuracy, while 4 h sessions reach ~0.9 mm horizontal and ~2.5 mm vertical accuracy. These improvements confirm that the proposed method effectively mitigates multipath effects and meets the high-precision requirements of deformation monitoring. Full article

This paper proposes a pseudo full-channel signal integrity (SI) simulation method tailored for high-bandwidth memory (HBM) interconnects. In this approach, real interconnect models are applied to selected portions of the channel, while the remaining sections are replaced with synchronized current loads that emulate the electrical behavior of actual signal transmission. This technique enables accurate modeling of the HBM interface under full-channel parallel data transfer conditions. In addition to the simulation methodology itself, this study focuses on three specific implementation schemes for the synchronized current loads and explores their practical applications. Comparative analysis demonstrates the necessity and effectiveness of using synchronized current loads as substitutes for real transmission loads, offering a viable and efficient solution for SI analysis in HBM interconnect systems. Full article

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) silage has high feeding value and has become an important roughage resource in China. To recognize the optimal fermentation time of the silage product, this study systematically evaluated the temporal dynamics of microbial communities and metabolic profiles in whole winter wheat silage at days 7, 14, 30, 50, and 70. The dry matter (DM) content slightly fluctuated with the extension of fermentation time, with 28.14% at 70 days of ensiling. The organic matter and neutral detergent fiber content gradually decreased with the extension of fermentation time. A significant decrease in pH was observed at days 30, 50, and 70 compared to days 7 and 14 (p < 0.05), with the lowest pH value of 4.4 recorded at day 70. The contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and total volatile fatty acids gradually increased with the extension of fermentation time, reaching a maximum at 70 days of ensiling. The dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes at the phylum level, and the predominant bacteria were Hafnia-Obesumbacterium, Enterobacter, and Lactobacillus at the genus level. The relative abundance of Hafnia-Obesumbacterium and Lactobacillus fluctuated slightly with the duration of fermentation, reaching a minimum for the former and a maximum for Lactobacillus at 50 days of ensiling. By day 70, Sporolactobacillus emerged as a distinct silage biomarker. The dominant fungi was Ascomycota at the phylum level, and the predominant fungi were Fusarium and an unidentified fungus at the genus level. The correlation analysis revealed significant pH–organic acid–microbe interactions, with pH negatively correlating with organic acids but positively with specific bacteria, while organic acids showed complex microbial associations. Collectively, under natural fermentation conditions, the optimal fermentation period for wheat silage exceeds 70 days, and Sporolactobacillus shows potential as a microbial inoculant for whole winter wheat silage. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing whole winter wheat silage utilization and enhancing fermentation quality. Full article

Sheath blight (ShB), caused by the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani), poses severe threats to global rice production. Developing a resistant variety with an ShB-resistance gene is one of most efficient and economical approaches to control the disease. Here, we identified a highly conserved chloroplast-localized stem-loop-binding protein encoding gene (OsCSP41b), which shows great potential in developing an ShB-resistant variety. OsCSP41b-knockout mutants exhibit chlorotic leaves and increased ShB susceptibility, whereas OsCSP41b-overexpressing lines (CSP41b-OE) display significantly enhanced resistance to R. solani, as well as to drought, and salinity stresses. Notably, CSP41b-OE lines present a completely comparable grain yield to the wild type (WT). Transcriptomic analyses reveal that chloroplast transcripts and photosynthesis-associated genes maintain observably elevated stability in CSP41b-OE plants versus WT plants following R. solani infection, which probably accounts for the enhanced ShB resistance of CSP41b-OE. Our findings nominate the OsCSP41b gene as a promising molecular target for developing a rice variety with stronger resistance to both R. solani and multi-abiotic stresses. Full article

Reinforced concrete structures are prone to the development of microcracks during service. In this study, a composite-modified epoxy potting adhesive was formulated using nano-TiO₂, carboxyl-terminated butadiene nitrile liquid rubber (CTBN), and the reactive diluent D-669. The mechanical properties and effectiveness of this composite adhesive in repairing oblique cracks were systematically evaluated and compared with those of single-component-modified epoxy adhesives. Key material parameters influencing the performance of oblique crack repair were identified, and the underlying repair mechanisms were analyzed. Based on these findings, a theoretical formula for calculating the shear-bearing capacity of beams with repaired web reinforcement was proposed. Experimental results demonstrated that compared to single-component-modified epoxy resin, the optimally formulated composite adhesive improved the tensile strength, elongation at break, and bond strength by 4.07–21.16 MPa, 13.28–20.4%, and 1.05–3.79 MPa, respectively, while reducing the viscosity by 48–872 mPa·s. The viscosity of the adhesive was found to play a critical role in determining the repair effectiveness, with toughness enhancing the crack resistance and bond strength contributing to the structural stiffness recovery. The adhesive effectively penetrated the steel–concrete interface, forming a continuous bonding layer that improved energy dissipation and significantly enhanced the load-bearing capacity of the repaired beams. Full article

Wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) resistance and agronomic traits are crucial determinants of wheat yield. Elucidating the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these essential traits can furnish valuable genetic resources for improving both the yield potential and disease resistance in wheat. Lantian 31 is an excellent Chinese winter wheat cultivar; multi-environment phenotyping across three ecological regions (2022–2024) confirmed stable adult-plant resistance (IT 1–2; DS < 30%) against predominant Chinese Pst races (CYR31–CYR34), alongside superior thousand-kernel weight (TKW) and kernel morphology. Here, we dissected the genetic architecture of these traits using a total of 234 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Lantian 31 and the susceptible cultivar Avocet S (AvS). Genotyping with a 15K SNP array, complemented by 660K SNP-derived KASP and SSR markers, identified four stable QTLs for stripe rust resistance (QYrlt.swust-1B, -1D, -2D, -6B) and eight QTLs governing plant height (PH), spike length (SL), and kernel traits. Notably, QYrlt.swust-1B (1BL; 29.9% phenotypic variance) likely represents the pleiotropic Yr29/Lr46 locus, while QYrlt.swust-1D (1DL; 22.9% variance) is the first reported APR locus on chromosome 1DL. A pleiotropic cluster on 1B (670.4–689.9 Mb) concurrently enhanced the TKW and the kernel width and area, demonstrating Lantian 31’s dual utility as a resistance and yield donor. The integrated genotyping pipeline—combining 15K SNP discovery, 660K SNP fine-mapping, and KASP validation—precisely delimited QYrlt.swust-1B to a 1.5 Mb interval, offering a cost-effective model for QTL resolution in common wheat. This work provides breeder-friendly markers and a genetic roadmap for pyramiding durable resistance and yield traits in wheat breeding programs. Full article

Fc receptor-like 1 (FcRL1), a co-receptor specifically expressed on the surface of B-cells, plays a pivotal role in modulating B-cell immune activation and orchestrating humoral immune responses. This comprehensive review systematically synthesizes research advances in FcRL1 mediated transmembrane signal transduction mechanisms, its regulatory capacity in humoral immune responses, expression patterns during B-cell differentiation and development, and expression dynamics in B-cell malignancies, while critically evaluating the therapeutic potential of FcRL1 as a cellular targeting candidate. Full article

Ammonia fuel is regarded as a promising zero-carbon alternative to diesel in next-generation marine engines. However, the high-temperature ammonia-rich environment poses significant corrosion challenges to hot-end components such as valves. This study investigates the corrosion behavior of Ni80A alloy marine valves under the coupled effects of a high temperature and ammonia atmosphere. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the service temperature of the valve and the ammonia concentration distribution inside the engine cylinder were identified. High-temperature corrosion experiments were conducted with a custom-designed setup. Results show that corrosion kinetics accelerated markedly with temperature: the initial corrosion rate at 800 °C was four times that at 500 °C, and the maximum corrosion layer thickness reached 37 μm—double that at lower temperatures. Microstructural analysis revealed a transition from a dense, defect-free corrosion layer at 500 °C to a non-uniform layer with coarse CrN particles and aggregated nitrides at 800 °C. Notably, surface hardness increased at both temperatures, peaking at 590 HV at 500 °C, while matrix hardness at 800 °C declined due to γ′ phase coarsening and grain growth. This work provides detailed insight into the temperature-dependent ammonia corrosion mechanisms of marine Ni-based alloy valves, offering essential data for material design and durability assessment in ammonia-fueled marine engines. Full article

Anxiety disorders, as common neurological diseases in clinical practice, often coexist with depression. Epidemiological surveys indicate that approximately 85% of patients with depression exhibit significant anxiety symptoms. This comorbid state not only exacerbates clinical symptoms but also leads to treatment resistance and prolonged disease duration. This study innovatively developed a compound aromatic plant essential oil (EO) formulation with remarkable anxiolytic and antidepressant effects and systematically elucidated its mechanism of action. The study found that the essential oil formulation, administered via inhalation, could significantly improve behavioral abnormalities in animals subjected to the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model, specifically manifesting as (1) the reversal of stress-induced weight gain retardation; (2) a significant increase in sucrose preference; (3) an increase in the total distance of spontaneous activity; and (4) the prolongation of exploration time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. Neuropathological examinations confirmed that the formulation could effectively protect the structural integrity of hippocampal neurons and alleviate CUMS-induced neural damage. In terms of mechanism of action, the study revealed that the formulation regulates the neurotransmitter system through multiple targets: (1) the upregulation of serotonin (5-HT) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels; (2) the downregulation of glutamate (GLU) concentration; and (3) key targets identified via network pharmacological analysis, such as ESR1, STAT3, and PPARG. These findings provide molecular-level evidence for understanding the neuromodulatory effects of aromatic essential oils. Pharmaceutical formulation studies showed that the oil-in-water (O/W) type compound essential oil microemulsion, prepared using microemulsification technology, has a uniform particle size and excellent stability, maintaining stable physicochemical properties at room temperature for an extended period, thus laying a foundation for its clinical application. This study not only validates the practical value of traditional medicine but also provides new ideas for the development of novel anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, achieving an organic integration of traditional experience and modern technology. Full article

To elucidate the genetic basis of thousand-kernel weight (TKW) related to fundamental traits such as kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), and kernel diameter ratio (KDR) at the individual quantitative trait loci (QTL) level, both unconditional QTL analysis and conditional QTL analysis for TKW were analyzed using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, along with a simplified physical map. A total of 37 unconditional QTLs and 34 conditional QTLs were identified. Six QTLs exhibited independent effects from individual traits (KL, KW, or KDR), while 18 QTLs showed common influences from two or three of these traits simultaneously. Additionally, 26 pairs of epistatically interacting QTLs involving 16 loci were detected. Subsequently, fine mapping of the stable and major-effect QTL QTkw1B was carried out using the derived near-isogenic lines (NILs), ultimately locating it within the interval of 698.15–700.19 Mb on chromosome 1B of the KN9204 genome. The conditional QTL analysis and genetic effect analysis based on NILs both indicated that the increase in TKW was primarily contributed by kernel length. The QTL identified in the present study through the combination of conditional and unconditional QTL mapping could increase the understanding of the genetic interrelationships between TKW and kernel size traits at the individual QTL level and provide a theoretical basis for subsequent candidate gene mining. Full article

To address the challenge of imprecise micro-droplet formation control in piezoelectric jetting devices used in sand mold 3D printing and apply on-demand inkjet printing technology to sand mold manufacturing, this study first explains the working principle of a piezoelectric shear-mode printhead. A mathematical model of the droplet ejection process is then established based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Building upon this model, numerical simulations of droplet generation, breakup, and flight are conducted by using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model within the Fluent module of the Workbench 2020 R2 platform. Finally, under consistent driving conditions, the effects of key parameters—viscosity, surface tension, and inlet velocity—on the ejection process are investigated through simulation. Based on the results, appropriate ranges and recommended values for ink properties are determined. This study provides significant engineering value for improving the stability and precision of droplet formation in industrial sand mold 3D printing. Full article

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) saponins (AS), primarily pentacyclic triterpenoids, may reduce methane emissions from goats (Capra hircus L.). This study evaluated the methane-suppressing potential of Aspergillus niger β-glucosidase-modified AS using in vitro rumen fermentation (0.10 mg/mL inoculum, 24 h incubation, gas chromatography detection). Among the 21 alfalfa cultivars, Pegasis (fall dormancy 9) exhibited the highest antioxidant efficacy (half maximum effective concentration 2.13 mg/mL) and the lowest ferric-reducing activity (0.32 μM Fe²⁺/g) (p < 0.05). Fresh/silage AS reduced methane proportions to 4.50–5.21% of total gas, while enzymatic biotransformation further decreased it to 3.34–3.48% (p < 0.05). Methanogen abundance declined by 20.10–44.93%, and general anaerobic fungi declined by 34.22–44.66% compared to untreated AS (p < 0.05). Metabolomics linked methane suppression to six pathways, including zeatin biosynthesis (via nucleotide metabolites accumulation) and prolactin signaling pathway (via bioactive molecules downregulation), suggesting impaired methanogen energy metabolism and hydrogen flux redirection as mechanisms. Enzymatic AS also enhanced volatile fatty acid production, indicating improved fiber digestion. These in vitro findings demonstrate that enzyme-treated AS modulates rumen fermentation through dual methane mitigation and nutrient utilization enhancement, offering a sustainable feed additive strategy for livestock. Full article

To study the effects of different microbial agents on the microbial community structure of continuously cropped strawberry soil after soil fumigation, seven treatments were applied: T1 (Trichoderma harzianum + Bacillus subtilis + actinomycetes), T2 (Trichoderma harzianum + Bacillus subtilis), T3 (Trichoderma harzianum + actinomycetes), T4 (CK) (water control), T5 (Bacillus subtilis), T6 (actinomycetes) and T7 (Trichoderma harzianum). A high-throughput sequencing platform (Illumina HiSeq 2500) was used to analyze the soil bacterial and fungal communities and their compositions. Compared with the T4 (CK) treatment, the application of microbial agents increased the richness and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi, and the effects of single microbial agents and compound microbial agents differed. The richness, diversity indices and population sizes of bacteria and fungi in the T6 treatment were the highest. The Chao1, observed species and Shannon indices of bacteria were 22.51%, 23.56% and 5.61% greater, respectively, than those of T4 (CK). The Chao1, observed species, Shannon and Simpson indices of fungi were 41.28%, 41.83%, 128.02% and 88.65% higher, respectively, than those of T4 (CK). At the genus level, the bacterial community compositions of T2 and T6 were the most similar, and the fungal community compositions of T1 and T5 were the most similar. Analysis of the genera in the dominant communities revealed that the application of microbial agents after dazomet fumigation increased the numbers and recovery rates of soil bacteria and fungi, especially the beneficial fungal genera, Lecanicillium, Cladosporium, Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. An investigation of strawberry growth and yield-related indicators revealed that the T6 treatment resulted in the lowest seedling mortality and the highest yield. In summary, adding microbial agents to soil with continuous cropping of strawberry after fumigation with dazomet is a scientifically sound and effective method for reconstructing the balance of the soil microbial flora and overcoming the obstacles associated with continuous cropping. In this study, the T6 (actinomycetes) treatment presented the best performance. Full article

Coastal blue carbon ecosystems serve as vital carbon sinks in global climate regulation, yet their long-term carbon storage dynamics remain poorly quantified at regional scales. This study quantified the spatiotemporal evolution of mangrove and salt marsh carbon storage in Guangdong Province, China, over three decades (1986–2020), by integrating a new mangrove and salt marsh detection framework based on Landsat image time series and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model. The proposed detection framework provided two coastal vegetation detection methods, exploring the potential of utilizing phenological features to improve the mangrove and salt marsh discrimination accuracy with Landsat data. The overall accuracies of both mangrove and salt marsh detection results exceeded 90%, suggesting good consistency with the validation data. The mangrove extent showed a trend of decreasing from 1986 to 1995, then fluctuated from 1995 to 2005, and presented an upward trend from 2005 to 2020. The overall trend of the salt marsh area was upward, with small fluctuations. The mangrove carbon storage in Guangdong increased from 414.66 × 10⁴ Mg C to 490.49 × 10⁴ Mg C during 1986–2020, with Zhanjiang having the largest mangrove carbon storage increase. The salt marsh carbon storage in Guangdong grew from 8.73 × 10⁴ Mg C in 1986 to 14.39 × 10⁴ Mg C in 2020, with Zhuhai as the salt marsh carbon sequestration hotspot. The temporal dynamics of carbon storage in mangroves and salt marshes could be divided into three stages, namely a decreasing period, a fluctuating period, and a rapid increase period, during which ecological and economic policies played a crucial role. The multi-decadal blue carbon datasets and their temporal-spatial change analysis results here can provide a scientific basis for nature-based climate solutions and decision-support tools for carbon offset potential realization and sustainable coastal zone management. Full article

Fatty acids (FAs), especially the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), play pivotal roles in growth and development. Fish possess a remarkable ability to synthesize PUFAs, rendering them a crucial and significant source of these essential FAs for human consumption. Despite extensive research on the metabolic processes of FAs, the primary processes underlying FA content variation and corresponding regulatory mechanisms remain largely unexplored. We quantified the muscular FA profiles of 304 common carp samples. High variation in muscle FA content among samples was observed, with the coefficients of variation ranging from 0.36 to 0.92. With genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we identified 1410 SNPs significantly associated with the FA content. The genetic variation at genes participating in oxidation, ubiquitination, and transcriptional factors was associated with the content of multiple FAs, while few variants were observed in the FA-synthesis genes. For the total PUFA (TPUFA) content, transcriptome analysis of groups with the highest and lowest TPUFA content identified 715 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including genes involved in oxidation and ubiquitination. Using multiple genomic selection programs with the associated SNPs for FA content, we obtained high and positive correlations ranging from 0.65 to 0.92 between the real FA contents and estimated breeding values. These findings manifested the major-effect processes governing the differences in muscular FA content and their regulatory mechanisms. The optimal genomic selection programs provide novel and feasible perspectives to enhance FA content in common carp. Full article