Special Issue "Hydrology in Water Resources Management"

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 September 2021.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andrzej Walega
E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Management, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza St. 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: surface hydrology; modelling of hydrological processes; urban water management; flood; drought; climate change
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Dr. Tamara Tokarczyk
E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Meteorology and Water Management National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB), Podleśna 61, 01-673 Warszawa, Poland
Interests: hydrological extremes; flood; drought; risk; hazard; water management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The management of water resources is a complex decision-making process. Increasing anthropopression, climate variability and change, and environmental issues are affecting the demand and supply of fresh water. The distribution of water resources is subject to high spatial and time variability. For this reason, many regions around the world are experiencing significant problems related to water scarcity, drought, and various types of flooding. There is therefore increasing discussion of the potential to improve water resources through the development of water retention in basins. In general, there is still an urgent need to address issues surrounding water resources and problems with water demands as a result of different human activities. In addition, the impact of water demand on ecosystems and biota must not be neglected. Future responses to the water resource demand must be equitable,  economic, and sustainable. Effective use of hydrology in the framework of integrated water resources management contributes to sustainable development, to assisting in the risk reduction of water-related disasters, and to supporting effective environmental management at basin, regional, and international levels. Moreover, hydrology plays an important role in the credible assessment of the quantity of water resources and the detection of spatio-temporal changes.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to exchange knowledge about the role of hydrology in the sustainable management and planning of water resources. We encourage authors to share their opinions, knowledge, and achievements regarding the impact of the environment and human activity on water resources, especially with regard to the quality of hydrological data, the use of modern in situ and remote data acquisition tools, the accuracy of measurements, the linkage between hydrological processes and ecosystems, assessment of the impact of human activity on water resources, flood and drought risks, water shortage assessment,  modeling of hydrological processes, and the description of methods that can be applied to ecohydrology.

Dr. Andrzej Walega
Dr. Tamara Tokarczyk
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All papers will be peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • measurement of hydrological data
  • satelite observation
  • water scarcity
  • droughts and floods
  • trends in hydroclimatic variable
  • modelling of hydrological processes
  • sociohydrology
  • risk and management

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

Article
Bivariate Frequency of Meteorological Drought in the Upper Minjiang River Based on Copula Function
Water 2021, 13(15), 2056; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152056 - 28 Jul 2021
Viewed by 363
Abstract
Based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and copula function, this study analyzed the meteorological drought in the upper Minjiang River basin. The Tyson polygon method is used to divide the research area into four regions based on four meteorological stations. The monthly [...] Read more.
Based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and copula function, this study analyzed the meteorological drought in the upper Minjiang River basin. The Tyson polygon method is used to divide the research area into four regions based on four meteorological stations. The monthly precipitation data of four meteorological stations from 1966 to 2016 were used for the calculation of SPI. The change trend of SPI1, SPI3 and SPI12 showed the historical dry-wet evolution phenomenon of short-term humidification and long-term aridification in the study area. The major drought events in each region are counted based on SPI3. The results show that the drought lasted the longest in Maoxian region, the occurrence of minor drought events was more frequent than the other regions. Nine distribution functions are used to fit the marginal distribution of drought duration (D), severity (S) and peak (P) estimated based on SPI3, the best marginal distribution is obtained by chi-square test. Five copula functions are used to create a bivariate joint probability distribution, the best copula function is selected through AIC, the univariate and bivariate return periods were calculated. The results of this paper will help the study area to assess the drought risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrology in Water Resources Management)
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Article
Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Annual Rainfall Variability in the Wadi Cheliff Basin (Algeria) over the Period 1970 to 2018
Water 2021, 13(11), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111477 - 25 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 846
Abstract
In the context of climate variability and hydrological extremes, especially in arid and semi-arid zones, the issue of natural risks and more particularly the risks related to rainfall is a topical subject in Algeria and worldwide. In this direction, the spatiotemporal variability of [...] Read more.
In the context of climate variability and hydrological extremes, especially in arid and semi-arid zones, the issue of natural risks and more particularly the risks related to rainfall is a topical subject in Algeria and worldwide. In this direction, the spatiotemporal variability of precipitation in the Wadi Cheliff basin (Algeria) has been evaluated by means of annual time series of precipitation observed on 150 rain gauges in the period 1970–2018. First, in order to identify the natural year-to-year variability of precipitation, for each series, the coefficient of variation (CV) has been evaluated and spatially distributed. Then, the precipitation trend at annual scale has been analyzed using two nonparametric tests. Finally, the presence of possible change points in the data has been investigated. The results showed an inverse spatial pattern between CV and the annual rainfall, with a spatial gradient between the southern and the northern sides of the basin. Results of the trend analysis evidenced a marked negative trend of the annual rainfall (22% of the rain gauges for a significant level equal to 95%) involving mainly the northern and the western-central area of the basin. Finally, possible change points have been identified between 1980 and 1985. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrology in Water Resources Management)
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Article
Integrating a GIS-Based Multi-Influence Factors Model with Hydro-Geophysical Exploration for Groundwater Potential and Hydrogeological Assessment: A Case Study in the Karak Watershed, Northern Pakistan
Water 2021, 13(9), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091255 - 30 Apr 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 983
Abstract
The optimization of groundwater conditioning factors (GCFs), the evaluation of groundwater potential (GWpot), the hydrogeological characterization of aquifer geoelectrical properties and borehole lithological information are of great significance in the complex decision-making processes of groundwater resource management (GRM). In this study, [...] Read more.
The optimization of groundwater conditioning factors (GCFs), the evaluation of groundwater potential (GWpot), the hydrogeological characterization of aquifer geoelectrical properties and borehole lithological information are of great significance in the complex decision-making processes of groundwater resource management (GRM). In this study, the regional GWpot of the Karak watershed in Northern Pakistan was first evaluated by means of the multi-influence factors (MIFs) model of optimized GCFs through geoprocessing tools in geographical information system (GIS). The distribution of petrophysical properties indicated by the measured resistivity fluctuations was then generated to locally verify the GWpot, and to analyze the hydrogeological and geoelectrical characteristics of aquifers. According to the weighted overlay analysis of MIFs, GWpot map was zoned into low, medium, high and very high areas, covering 9.7% (72.3 km2), 52.4% (1307.7 km2), 31.3% (913.4 km2), and 6.6% (44.8 km2) of the study area. The GWpot accuracy sequentially depends on the classification criteria, the mean rating score, and the weights assigned to GCFs. The most influential factors are geology, lineament density, and land use/land cover followed by drainage density, slope, soil type, rainfall, elevation, and groundwater level fluctuations. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the confusion matrix, and Kappa (K) analysis show satisfactory and consistent results and expected performances (the area under the curve value 68%, confusion matrix 68%, Kappa (K) analysis 65%). The electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and vertical electrical sounding (VES) data interpretations reveals five regional hydrological layers (i.e., coarse gravel and sand, silty sand mixed lithology, clayey sand/fine sand, fine sand/gravel, and clayey basement). The preliminary interpretation of ERT results highlights the complexity of the hydrogeological strata and reveals that GWpot is structurally and proximately constrained in the clayey sand and silicate aquifers (sandstone), which is of significance for the determination of drilling sites, expansion of drinking water supply and irrigation in the future. Moreover, quantifying the spatial distribution of aquifer hydrogeological characteristics (such as reflection coefficient, isopach, and resistivity mapping) based on Olayinka’s basic standards, indirectly and locally verify the performance of the MIF model and ultimately determine new locations for groundwater exploitation. The combined methods of regional GWpot mapping and hydrogeological characterization, through the geospatial MIFs model and aquifer geoelectrical interpretation, respectively, facilitate decision-makers for sustainable GRM not only in the Karak watershed but also in other similar areas worldwide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrology in Water Resources Management)
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Article
Performance Evaluation of a Two-Parameters Monthly Rainfall-Runoff Model in the Southern Basin of Thailand
Water 2021, 13(9), 1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091226 - 28 Apr 2021
Viewed by 793
Abstract
Accurate monthly runoff estimation is crucial in water resources management, planning, and development, preventing and reducing water-related problems, such as flooding and droughts. This article evaluates the monthly hydrological rainfall-runoff model’s performance, the GR2M model, in Thailand’s southern basins. The GR2M model requires [...] Read more.
Accurate monthly runoff estimation is crucial in water resources management, planning, and development, preventing and reducing water-related problems, such as flooding and droughts. This article evaluates the monthly hydrological rainfall-runoff model’s performance, the GR2M model, in Thailand’s southern basins. The GR2M model requires only two parameters: production store (X1) and groundwater exchange rate (X2). Moreover, no prior research has been reported on its application in this region. The 37 runoff stations, which are located in three sub-watersheds of Thailand’s southern region, namely; Thale Sap Songkhla, Peninsular-East Coast, and Peninsular-West Coast, were selected as study cases. The available monthly hydrological data of runoff, rainfall, air temperature from the Royal Irrigation Department (RID) and the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) were collected and analyzed. The Thornthwaite method was utilized for the determination of evapotranspiration. The model’s performance was conducted using three statistical indices: Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Correlation Coefficient (r), and Overall Index (OI). The model’s calibration results for 37 runoff stations gave the average NSE, r, and OI of 0.657, 0.825, and 0.757, respectively. Moreover, the NSE, r, and OI values for the model’s verification were 0.472, 0.750, and 0.639, respectively. Hence, the GR2M model was qualified and reliable to apply for determining monthly runoff variation in this region. The spatial distribution of production store (X1) and groundwater exchange rate (X2) values was conducted using the IDW method. It was susceptible to the X1, and X2 values of approximately more than 0.90, gave the higher model’s performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrology in Water Resources Management)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

1.Title: Quantitative hydrological response of climate change and anthropogenic impacts on runoff characteristics of Kunhar River, Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Saifullah 1, Muhammad Adnan 2, Muhammad Zaman 3, Dr. Andrzej Walega 4, Shiyin Liu 2, Muhammad Imran Khan 5, Alexandre S. Gagnon 6, Sher Muhammad 7
Affiliations: 1 Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Pakistan
2 Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
3 Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 380000, Pakistan
4 Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Management, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
5 Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
6 School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
7 International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal
Abstract: Pakistan is considered as a highly water stressed country in the world and changing climate has devastating effects on its water resources. The present study was conducted to evaluate the overwhelming effects of human activities and climate change on stream flow of Kunhar River basin, Pakistan. A non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was applied to check the seasonal and annual variations among climatic variables. Double mass curve and flow duration curves were drawn to determine the changing trend of rainfall-runoff relationship. The overall result of precipitation of the basin showed significant increasing trends with Z-test value 2.68. The mean temperature showed significant decreasing trends with z-test value -2.15. But the stream flow showed no trend with Z-test value -0.51 on the basis of annual and monthly variations. SWAT model was successfully calibrated (1972-1981) and validated (1983-1996). SUFI-2 method was used in SWAT-CUP for calibration and validation. The coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values were 0.83 and 0.7 for calibration and 0.8 and 0.67 for validation period respectively. By using method of reconstructing nature runoff, it was concluded that the total variations during post change period in stream flow was about 16.07m3/sec. About 86.13% changes were due to climate change and 13.865 % variations were due to human activities. It was concluded that the station Naran was more vulnerable to human activities climate change as compare to other stations. Because all other stations showed approximately no trend for all variables. The existing trends and variability which are caused by human activities (irrigation, urbanization, recreation activities etc.) and climate change have serious impacts on the river flows that should be considered by the water managers to conserve water for future.
Keywords: river runoff; hydrological process; climate change; SWAT model; trend

2. Title: Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Trends in Meteorological Droughts in the Wadi Mina Basin, Northwest Algeria
Authors: Mohammed Achite 1,2, Andrzej Wałęga 3,  Abderrezak Kamel Toubal 1, Hamidi Mansour 2 and Nir Krakauer 4
Affiliations: 1 Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Laboratory of Water & Environment, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Chlef, Algeria
2 University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, P. Box 1015 El M’naouer 31000, Oran, Algeria
3 Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Management, University of Agriculture in Krakow,  Mickiewicza 24/28 Street, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
4 Department of Civil Engineering, the City College of New York, New York 10031, NY, USA
Abstract: Drought has become a recurrent phenomenon in Algeria in the last few decades. Significant drought conditions were observed during years of late 1980s and the trend continued in the late 1990s. The agricultural sector and water resources have been under severe constraints from the recurrent droughts. In this study, spatial and temporal dimensions of meteorological droughts in the Wadi Mina basin (4900 km²) have been investigated from vulnerability concept. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method and GIS was used to detail temporal and geographical variations in the drought vulnerability based on severity of drought events at annual time steps. This study is applied to rainfall monthly records for the period (1970–2010) for 16 rainfall stations located in the Wadi Mina basin. The annual SPI series trends of 16 stations in the basin for the period 1970–2010 have been analyzed using the linear regression, Mann–Kendall test and the Sen’s slope estimator. The results showed that the SPI was able to detect historical (several wet periods and several dry periods) droughts of 1982/83, 1983/84, 1989/90, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1996/97, 1998/99, 1999/00, 2004/05 and 2006/07. However, the wet years were observed in 1971/72, 1972/73, 1995/96, 2008/09 and 2009/10. 6 out of 16 stations had significant decreasing precipitation trends (at 95% confidence), whereas no stations had significant increasing precipitation trends. Measures on how to ameliorate and mitigate the effects of droughts, especially the dominant intensity types on the people, community and environment were suggested.
Keyswords: Drought; Trends; SPI; Mina basin; Algeria

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