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Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Wastewater Systems

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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water and One Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2023) | Viewed by 10483

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Satoshi Takizawa

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Guest Editor

Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Interests: water supply; water treatment technologies; removal of inorganic contaminants; management of urban water systems; safe drinking water and sanitation in developing countries
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Thammarat Koottatep

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Environment, Resources and Development, Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Interests: regenerative sanitation; low-cost treatment technology; nature-based solutions; marine plastic pollution; decentralized wastewater treatment; non-sewered sanitation

Prof. Dr. Kazuaki Syutsubo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Regional Environmental Conservation Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16−2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305−8506, Japan
Interests: energy-saving wastewater treatment technology; environmental impact of wastewater; implementation of wastewater treatment technology in Southeast Asia

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Protecting the natural water environment is one of the most important issues in Asian countries. However, water pollution control in Asian countries is a difficult task due to rapid population and economic growth, and limited resources and investments. As a result of water pollution, pristine water sources are shrinking, and drinking water sources are under threat, causing detrimental health impacts and making it difficult to achieve SDG 6. Meanwhile, because of small investment costs and rapidly evolving technologies, decentralized water supply and wastewater systems could address the above-mentioned problems in Asian countries. This Special Issue aims to share the current issues, efforts and technological developments helping to achieve SDG 6 in Asian countries. We welcome papers on safely managed sanitation in Asian countries, including fecal sludge management and sewered vs. non-sewered systems, as well as studies on supplying safe drinking water via piped and individual sources, and household water storage and treatment. Both technical and managerial studies are included in the scope of this Special Issue. Manuscripts based on laboratory-scale experiments as well as the full-scale application of water pollution control and water supply processes will be published in this Special Issue.

This Special Issue will be published in collaboration with the 13^th International Symposium on Southeast Asian Water Environment (http://www.recwet.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/asian_water2022/).

Prof. Dr. Satoshi Takizawa
Prof. Dr. Thammarat Koottatep
Prof. Dr. Kazuaki Syutsubo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

anaerobic treatment
climate change impacts
decentralized treatment
fecal sludge management
groundwater quality
household water treatment and safe storage and treatment (HWTS)
hygiene
marine plastic management
membrane filtration for small water systems
small-scale systems
safely managed sanitation
UV disinfection
water and wastewater treatment technologies
water demand management
water loss control
water pollution
water quality control in supply networks
water supply
wetland and lagoon treatment

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 4310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Sunlight- and Salinity-Driven Inactivation Kinetics of Microbial Indicators with Validation in a 3D Water Quality Model

by Chomphunut Poopipattana, Motoaki Suzuki, Manish Kumar and Hiroaki Furumai

Water 2024, 16(3), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030437 - 29 Jan 2024

Viewed by 830

Abstract

We conducted laboratory experiments under varied solar radiation and salinity levels to investigate their influences on the natural attenuation of multiple promising microbial indicators including fecal bacteria and two types of bacteriophages. Inactivation coefficients were estimated and compared following first-order kinetics. Somatic coliphage was found to be the most resistant, while fecal bacteria exhibited higher susceptibility to both factors. The estimated inactivation coefficients of E. coli were applied to a 3D water quality model and validated with a daily basis monitoring dataset. The validation revealed high consistency among modelled and monitored concentrations, with a less than 1-log concentration difference. Further, the effect of actual solar radiation and salinity on E. coli inactivation after a rainfall event was calculated and compared. The results exhibited that solar radiation is a stronger influential factor. Simulation illustrated that lower-strength radiation exposure can limit E. coli inactivation, enabling them to survive up to one week after combined sewer overflow (CSO) discharge. The model revealed a promising capacity as a tool for the timely prediction of the CSO-induced severity of microbial contamination and associated risk, as well as associated natural attenuation; thus, this model can enhance the competency of public water managers for decision making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Wastewater Systems)

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17 pages, 3325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of High-Frequency, Low-Voltage Alternating Electric Fields on Biofilm Development Processes of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

by Patthranit Kunlasubpreedee, Tomohiro Tobino and Fumiyuki Nakajima

Water 2023, 15(17), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173055 - 26 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1127

Abstract

A non-chemical solution is needed to control biofilms in water and wastewater treatment systems. High-frequency alternating electric field application offers an alternative approach that does not involve undesired electrode surface reactions. However, the effect of high-frequency alternating electric fields on bacterial cells in the attached-growth mode remains unexplored. This study investigated the impact of such fields on two stages of the biofilm development process: the initial adhesion phase (stage 1) and the early development phase (stage 2). Experiments were conducted using Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a three-channel flow cell exposed to alternating electric fields (3.05 V/cm, 20 MHz). The primary outcome of this study demonstrated that alternating electric fields decreased adhered cell numbers at both stages due to their inhibitory effect on growth. The alternating electric fields also triggered cell detachment after the initial attachment stage but not in mature biofilms. Interestingly, despite a reduction in cell counts, the amount of total biofilm biomass remained unaffected, which was likely due to increased cell size via cell elongation compensating for the decrease in numbers. No synergistic effects with respect to hydrodynamic forces were observed. These findings highlight the potential applicability of alternating electric fields to biofilm control and provide implications for water and wastewater engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Wastewater Systems)

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26 pages, 9421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia

by Mitria Widianingtias, Shinobu Kazama, Sawangjang Benyapa and Satoshi Takizawa

Water 2023, 15(14), 2642; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142642 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1621

Abstract

Bali Province, Indonesia, experiences serious water shortages and groundwater over-abstraction due to rapidly increasing water demand. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential for water reclamation and reuse in Bali Province, focusing on the operational performance of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Although the Suwung WWTP could increase its treatment capacity to produce reclaimed water for irrigation and landscape, there are multiple management issues to be addressed, including fluctuating water demand, limited customer base beyond hotels, concerns about water quality and safety, and cultural perceptions of reclaimed water. In addition, despite the organic loading rates being lower than the design value, the treatment performance of the Suwung WWTP was found to be significantly lower than that of the ITDC WWTP, which achieved high BOD, COD, and TSS removal rates by performing good maintenance of aerators and post-treatment based on dissolved air flotation (DAF). Causal loop analysis indicates that aerator malfunctioning causes multiple problems, such as low dissolved oxygen, poor BOD removal, sludge carryover, and low sludge concentrations. Therefore, regular maintenance of aerators, as well as the development of aerators robust against malfunctioning, are fundamental to producing effluents from stabilization ponds that meet the requirements for irrigation and landscape reuse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Wastewater Systems)

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Graphical abstract

22 pages, 6784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Assessment of Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

by Shekhar Khanal, Shinobu Kazama, Sawangjang Benyapa and Satoshi Takizawa

Water 2023, 15(12), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122305 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1953

Abstract

Although many households in the Kathmandu Valley rely on household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) to obtain drinking water, the safety of treated water has not been evaluated in actual usage. Therefore, we assessed the performance and maintenance of five HWTS methods used in 101 households. The choice of HWTS methods by households was primarily influenced by the raw water source, that is, jarred water users opted for boiling and groundwater users selected reverse osmosis with ultraviolet irradiation (RO-UV). While boiling and electric dispensers (ED) did not remove inorganic contaminants (ammonia nitrogen, arsenic, and manganese), ceramic candle filters (CCF) and RO-UV reduced them moderately. The HWTS methods reduced E. coli and total coliforms (TC) by 95.8 and 84.1%, respectively, but 11.8 and 69.3% of treated water samples remained positive for these two bacteria. Combined methods (CM) and RO-UV showed an inferior TC reduction compared to the simpler HWTS methods, boiling, CCF, and ED, possibly due to difficulties with regular maintenance and storage contamination. Therefore, it is recommended to choose simpler HWTS methods that meet the requirements of the household’s water sources rather than more expensive and difficult-to-maintain methods, which should be chosen only if the raw water contains high concentrations of inorganic contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Wastewater Systems)

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15 pages, 3591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot Study of Oxic–Anoxic Process under Low Dissolved Oxygen for Nitrogen Removal from Low COD/N Tropical Wastewater

by Chew Lee Leong, Seow Wah How, Mohamad Fairus Rabuni, Alijah Mohd Aris, Bee Chin Khor, Thomas P. Curtis and Adeline Seak May Chua

Water 2023, 15(11), 2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15112070 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1579

Abstract

Conventionally, nitrification in biological nitrogen removal (BNR) requires high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (>2 mg L⁻¹), making the process energy intensive. Recent studies have shown that efficient ammonium removal and energy reduction can be realized by operating the nitrification at low DO concentrations (<1 mg L⁻¹). In this study, the low-DO oxic anoxic (low-DO OA) process was operated in a pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) over 218 days to evaluate the feasibility of nitrogen removal from low chemical oxygen demand-to-nitrogen ratio (COD/N) tropical municipal wastewater. The results revealed that the low-DO OA process attained high removal efficiency for ammonium (97%) and total nitrogen (TN) (80%) under an average DO concentration of 0.6 mg L⁻¹. The effective TN removal efficiency is attributed to the occurrence of simultaneous nitrification–denitrification (SND) under low DO conditions. Further batch tests revealed that slowly biodegradable COD (sbCOD) in tropical wastewater can support denitrification in the post-anoxic phase, resulting in a high TN removal rate. Compared with high DO concentrations (2 mg L⁻¹), low DO conditions achieved 10% higher TN removal efficiency, with similar ammonium and COD removal efficiency. This study is crucial in promoting the energy efficiency and sustainability of wastewater treatment plants treating low COD/N wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Wastewater Systems)

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Review

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17 pages, 2677 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evolution of Hydro-Technologies and Relevant Associations Focusing on Hellenic World

by Andreas N. Angelakis, Jure Margeta, Miquel Salgot and Xiao-Yun Zheng

Water 2023, 15(9), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091721 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2148

Abstract

Hydro-technologies, and especially the need for developing drinking water treatments, have been known since the ancient times. Water supply treatment devices were developed even during prehistoric times but were especially improved during the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Nevertheless, after several centuries, particularly during the last two, intensive and effective efforts have been made all over the world to obtain sufficient amounts of water with the necessary quality to improve the quality of life and health of humankind. As a result, life expectancy has globally increased at unprecedented rates, especially in the developed world. This paper represents an effort to study the relationship between water history, the development of water-related technologies, and the health and quality of ecosystems, especially those affecting human beings. Thus, it should be pointed out that: The history of water is equivalent to the history of the world, and the history of water quality is equivalent to the history of quality of life (Andreas N. Angelakis). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Wastewater Systems)

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